practice and held it till 1820, when he was succeeded by Daniel Oliver till 1836, when John Delamater took the chair for two years. Dr. Mussey was also professor of materia medica and therapeutics from 1814 to 1820, when Dr. Oliver took the chair and held it till 1834. Dr. Mussey took also obstetrics in 1814 and held it till 1838. Rufus Graves lectured on chemistry in 1812 to 1815; Daniel Oliver from 1815 to 1816; James Freeman Dana from 1816 to 1826; Rev. B. Hale from 1827 to 1835, and Prof. O. P. Hubbard from 1836 to 1883. In 1838 Dixi Crosby became professor of surgery and taught that subject till 1868. Dr. Delamater also had obstetrics and materia medica from 1838 to 1840, when Dr. Crosby took obstetrics and held it till 1868, Dr. Joseph Roby taking materia medica, with theory and practice, in 1840 and 1841, Dr. Phelps taking materia medica in 1841 and teaching that till 1849, when he was succeeded by Dr. Albert Smith, who held the chair till 1870, when Dr. H. M. Field took it. Dr. O. W. Holmes held the chair of anatomy and physiology from 1831 till 1840, when Dr. E. R. Peaslee took it and held it till 1869, when he was succeeded by Dr. L. B. How. Dr. Elisha Bartlett was professor of theory and practice from 1831 to 1840, when Joseph Roby followed him till 1849. Dr. Phelps succeeded him and occupied the place till 1871, when he was followed by Dr. C. P. Frost, who now holds the position. Medical jurisprudence was first taught by Dr. S. W. Williams in 1831 to 1840; then by Dr. Phelps from 1841 to 1842; by Judge Joel Parker, 1847 to 1857; by Judge I. F. Redfield, 1857 to 1861, and by John Ordroonaux, 1864 to the present time. Diseases of women and children was taught by Dixi Crosby from 1841, in connection with obstetrics, till 1870; by Dr. Peaslee from 1870 to 1873, when he had the chair of gynecology till 1878. He was succeeded by Dr.

Munde in 1881, who now holds the chair. In 1871 Dr. Dunster took the chair of obstetrics and held it till his death, in 1888, when he was succeeded by William Henry Parish, the present incumbent. Dr. W. T. Smith took physiology from Dr. How in 1885, and now holds the chair. Dr. A. B. Crosby succeeded his father, Dr. Dixi Crosby, in 1871, having been associated with him since 1863. He died in 1877, and was succeeded by Dr. P. S. Conner in 1878. Prof. E. J. Bartlett took chemistry in 1883 and still holds it.

During the trouble between the college and the university two medical schools were maintained for a time, though no serious clashing between them ever arose. When the college case was decided a reorganization and enlargement of the teaching faculty took place. An attempt was made about this time to establish a medical school at Concord, to be more directly under the control of the legislature, from which an appropriation was sought. A somewhat eccentric Scotchman, Dr. David Ramsay, was a leader in this movement. He had been a surgeon in the United States Army and had given a course of lectures at Dartmouth on anatomy in 1808, illustrated by plates,

skeletons, etc., with which he traveled about the country, giving lectures as opportunity offered. This project was defeated.

In 1820 the New Hampshire Medical Society voted that the society annually appoint two delegates to the Medical Institution at Dartmouth College, "whose duty it shall be to attend, at the close of the lectures, the examination of candidates for medical degrees, to assist in those examinations, and also, as representatives of the society, to sign the diplomas of the medical graduates, provided that this measure be acceptable to the trustees of the college." The college trustees, at their meeting in August of that year, voted "that the measure is acceptable to this board, it being understood that it shall never subject this board to any expense." This recognition of the interest of the Medical Society has been kept up, with much pleasure and profit to the parties interested, to the present time. For some years past the State Medical Society of Vermont has also sent delegates. No medical student has been allowed to receive his diploma without the assent of the delegates of these societies, who come as the accredited representatives of the medical profession in these States.

No requirements as respects fitness for undertaking the study of medicine by previous education were made, so far as I can discover, until 1875, when the faculty voted that applicants for admission must be 18 years of age, and, unless already matriculants or graduates of some reputable college, academy, or high school, must pass an examination as to their fitness for entering upon and appreciating the technical study of medicine. As the State society's requirement for the student entering the office of a physician to begin the study of medicine was that he should be fitted to enter the freshman class in Dartmouth College, it was thought unnecessary to require anything on his entrance to the medical college.

As has been already said, attendance on one course of lectures was all that was required to obtain the degree of M. B. Two courses were always required for that of M. D., together with a successful examination and the presentation of a thesis. In the first decade of the school 53 per cent of the graduates were also graduates in arts; in the second decade, 32 per cent; in the third decade, 9 per cent; in the fourth, 7 per cent; in the fifth, 13; sixth, 14; seventh, 10; eighth, 9; ninth, 12. Previous to 1820 I find no record of the number of students in attendance on the lectures. Since that date the numbers in the next thirty-five years ranged from 63 in 1842 to 106 in 1834, averaging nearly 86. Since that date the average has been somewhat less. For at least seventy years there has been maintained a school for medical instruction, by way of recitation with dissection, and at times some work in the chemical laboratory. In 1821 the attempt was made to combine lectures and recitations and to continue the session for nine months, for a fee of $40. This was continued for two years only, I think, when the faculty returned to the

former plan, of lectures in the autumn months and recitations in the winter and spring. Schools for medical instruction by recitation have also been maintained in Manchester and Concord, and possibly elsewhere, for longer or shorter periods. Clinical instruction at the college has been of rather limited amount, as the supply of available material has never been very large. Teachers in special departments of medicine have been from time to time added to the faculty, as the demands of an advancing science of medicine have been recognized. Since the establishment of the college the medical student has had instruction from the preceptor, from whom he could often derive but little help in acquiring scientific knowledge, but could learn a good deal of the art of medicine. This teaching, supplemented by didactic lectures from men engaged in the active practice of the profession, with the aid derived from larger numbers of books, and some better ones, has had much to recommend it, especially in the way of developing men of a good deal of practical ability, self-reliant and useful. It is also to be recommended on account of its comparative inexpensiveness, a matter of great consequence to the young men of our State who study medicine, as the majority are abundantly blessed with poverty. The work done with the preceptor has grown less and less, as the rule, as the years have passed. This has resulted very largely from the fact that the opportunities for learning from books and periodicals have been greatly increased, and further from the fact that longer terms at the medical college have seemed to diminish the necessity for this kind of teaching. In many instances the work with the preceptor simply amounts to registering the name in his office, that he may at length secure from him the required certificate of time spent in medical study under his direction which is needed for graduation. This kind of work involves little expenditure of money and results in but little benefit. Study is done, when done at all, in an unmethodical, spasmodic manner, and the lack of knowledge, when the student comes to what he wishes to be his last course of lectures, is made up, so far as it can be made up at all, by most intense cramming, with the dread of rejection ever before him. has often happened that the student has done nearly all the real work of preparation for his profession within a year, and possibly in less time even than that. The general result has been that the young doctor began his professional work with a very inadequate fitness for it, an unfitness that has appeared greater and greater as the science of medicine is more and more developed. The subsequent progress of the young man would depend on his realization of his deficiencies and his making up for them by careful study of such cases as he would be called to treat, and perhaps upon his supplementing his study by attendance on post-graduate clinical courses in the city. The third plan named, and the plan which the present condition of the profession evidently demands, has never been required in this 1157-No. 3—11

State, although the conditions have been realized in many instances in a large degree by the aid of the recitation term, which is that of placing the student in close relation with professional teachers through the whole of a three or four years' course, and requiring a graded course of study, finishing and passing examinations upon the first year's study before undertaking the work of the second, and so for the following years, as is done in any college course; clinical instruction to be combined with didactic when the student was qualified by study of principles to understand their application; laboratory work to be given in its proper place and for a proper time, and all to be supplemented by hospital work, in which the student may learn the art of medicine to reinforce his acquaintance with the science. This plan has up to the present time been adopted by few schools, but more are almost monthly coming into it. Four years of study and three courses of lectures are the present advanced requirement. This involves an expenditure of time and of money so great that it doubtless keeps some men out of the profession who would otherwise greatly adorn it. The probable result, so far as the money receipts of the schools are concerned, will doubtless be a diminution of their amount. That the fees may be kept down to the means of the student, and at the same time that the revenues of the school may be adequate to secure the services of thoroughly qualified teachers, it is essential that the schools should have endowments, as has always been the case with higher schools of learning, except the medical schools. There will also be need of money for thorough equipment of laboratories. The education needed to qualify the student to undertake this advanced work to good advantage will surely be as comprehensive as that set by this society one hundred years ago. A strong plea has been put forth lately by the secretary of the most active State board of health for a year of preparatory work for medical study, to be spent in the biological laboratory. These are the ideal requirements. It is probable that they can not be fully met at present. Indeed, there is a demand and an increasing one for physicians for localities where the remuneration must be small and the work very hard-locations where the physician who has qualified himself for his work can not get an adequate return in money for the capital in money which at present he must invest in preparation, to say nothing of time. The population of the farming towns is steadily decreasing, as is also the wealth of the towns. The inhabitants require the service of the physician-which has been rendered cheerfully for very moderate remuneration-for pay that has not advanced much, if at all, in many places in the last twenty-five years. It bears no proportion to the advance in the wages of unskilled labor. These places must have doctors of some sort, and if the school will furnish them as good men as it has done in years past it will do humanity a

great service. This surely can not be done with increased demands on the time and money of the student. The country medical school has done good and valuable work in the past, and its work is as much as ever needed. If it is to live and do the work now reasonably demanded, it, as well as the city school, must have reasonable endowment.

THE CHANDLER SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND THE ARTS.

The Chandler School of Science and the Arts was founded by Abiel Chandler, a native of Concord, N. H. He had labored on a farm till he was 21 years of age, after which he fitted for Harvard College, where he graduated in 1806. For eleven years he was a teacher, and then entered mercantile life in Boston, in which he continued more than a quarter of a century as a member of the firm of Chandler, Howard & Co. By his last will he bequeathed $50,000 to endow the Chandler School and made the New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane his residuary legatee.

His reason for founding such an institution is thus stated by another:

When he became a merchant, he saw himself, though a scholar, ignorant, to a great extent, of the methods of mercantile life, whereupon he set himself to a new variety of learning. He gained it, and with it gained a fortune. But he saw other men around him, in different spheres, suffering, as he had done, from a similar want of knowledge-mechanics, traders, shipmasters, artisans, farmers, laborers.

Mr. Chandler very distinctly expresses in his will this design of the foundation, viz, "instruction in the practical and useful arts of life," "such branches of knowledge as may best qualify young persons for the duties and employments of active life." His intention was further indicated in the provision that "no other or higher preparatory studies are to be required in order to enter said department than are pursued in the common schools of New England," and that "in order to extend to the whole community, as far as is practicable, the benefits of said school, I consider it indispensable that the fees for tuition be kept low."

The full statement of the purpose and scope of the school is contained in the following extract from Mr. Chandler's will.

For the establishment and support of a permanent department or school of instruction in said college in the practical and useful arts of life, comprised chiefly in the branches of mechanics and civil engineering, the invention and manufacture of machinery, carpentry, masonry, architecture, and drawing, the investigation of the properties and uses of the materials employed in the arts, the modern languages, and English literature, together with bookkeeping and such other branches of knowledge as may best qualify young persons for the duties and employments of active life; but, first of all and above all, I would enjoin, in connection with the above branches, the careful inculcation of the principles of pure morality, piety, and religion, without introducing topics of controversial theology, that the benefits