those topics on which they are usually given, an outline of heads of thought and references to books are given, and students are required to write their own lectures.

DECLAMATION.-Weekly declamations in class are had. The class studying any author in which suitable passages occur, are required to declaim such passages, and their delivery specially criticised as to whether it brings out the precise shades of meaning which have been noticed in the critical study. An important end is to have these passages learned by heart.

HISTORY OF LITERATURE.-The only good way to master a literature is by picking out representative authors of representative eras; then representative works of these authors; and lastly representative passages from the works. The representative passages should be studied with all possible thoroughness, and their representative character grasped; the works also as æsthetic wholes should be carefully handled, and understood in their relations to their author, their age, the whole literature. Such study is kept up through the whole course. A summary of the whole is reserved for the Senior year, when a compendium of English Literature is gone over.

DIFFICULTIES. To a teacher who can teach any language the only difficulty of importance in teaching English is that of getting the students to work up the lesson beforehand—the fatal facility of extemporizing English. In order to understand, and master, and love an author, we must dwell on him word by word and line by line. The main formal helps to conquer this difficulty are thorough drill in etymology, translating into a foreign tongue, and abundant use of writing; but a thorough conquest must doubtless come from the enthu siasm and vigor of the teacher.

Finally, it is to be noticed that this Lafayette course of philological study is not intended as a substitute for the usual study of rhetoric and oratory, the writing of themes as an art, vocal culture, and the like. All these are also studied at Lafayette as at other colleges. It is to be classed with the study of the Latin and Greek classics. It is also interesting for the classical scholar to notice (we use the language of the inaugural address of that most judicious and learned supporter of this new department, President McPhail) that "such a study of English is also a study of Greek and Latin; a study of exactly that part of them which it is most important for us to know, namely, that which enters into our own language; and a study of them exactly in that way which will make what we learn of them most useful, available, and thoroughly known, namely, in connection with those English words and phrases to which they. have given rise."

"We do not then substitute English for Latin and Greek; but rather pursue the mutual and coördinate study of all three for the better understanding and acquisition of the whole. We expect more knowledge of Latin and Greek from our ten terms of ancient languages plus two of English, than from twelve of ancient."

The following extracts from Prof. March's "Method of Philological Study of the English Language" will exhibit in detail the recitation drill adopted by the author with his classes in the English classics in Lafayette College.

NOTE.

METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE; by Francis A. March, Professor of the English Language, &c., in Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1865.

In the following extracts from his method of studying Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, which are introduced here to illustrate the method pursued by Prof. March with his classes in Lafayette College, the figures (432, 460, &c.) refer to sections in Fowler's School Grammar, and + means together with unless when it is suffixed to the number of a page or section, when it means and the following. For fuller information, and as a convenient and suggestive manual for teachers, we refer them to the volume itself, with the remark that the Method, which opens with Bunyan-(his Times, Life, &c.,) is progressive, and passes from Bunyan to Milton, Shakspeare, Spenser, and Chaucer.

BUNYAN-HIS TIMES, LIFE, WORKS, LANGUAGE.

INTRODUCTORY.-Write an account of the life and works of Bunyan; especially of the Pilgrim's Progress, the circumstances under which it was written, its character, its influence and fame.-(See Chambers' Cyclopædia of English Literature, or Cleveland's Compendium of English Literature, and works there referred to.)

What famous Englishmen lived at the same time with Bunyan? Was he an associate of any of them? How old was he when the Paradise Lost was published? Does he show any knowledge of it? What important events occurred in England during his life? In America? Did he take part in any of them? When and where was the Pilgrim's Progress written? How old was Bunyan then? What scholastic preparation had he for writing a great work? What preparation from self-culture, preaching, writing? From religious experience? Had he, on the whole, been long and well-trained for this work? What external circumstances helped him? His imprisonment? What books had he in prison? Was it a good thing that he had those only? Were the times favora ble to such a work? How so? Did the Pilgrim's Progress take rank at once among the great works of genius? Does it now? On what grounds?

What is an allegory? 432. Had Bunyan scriptural example for this mode of teaching? What difference between an allegory and a parable? 432, 460. Are there any beings in classic mythology analogous to the characters of Bunyan? What difference between an allegory and a myth? Did Bunyan write other allegories? What famous English metrical allegory? What are the pe culiar merits of the Pilgrim's Progress?

In studying the life and times of each author, the student should look up information every where. The habit of investigating and writing out results makes the full man and the exact man at once; it divests composition of ninety-nine parts of its horrors, and it quickens thought ninety-nine times as much as beating the brain for original brilliances. If books are not to be had, the teacher should give the needed facts and thoughts in a lecture, and the students should take notes and rewrite.-Preface.

BEGINNING OF THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS.

As I walked through the wilderness of this world, I lighted on a certain place where was a den, and laid me down in that place to sleep; and, as I slept, I dreamed a dream. I dreamed, and, behold, I saw a man clothed with rags, standing in a certain place, with his

face from his own house, a book in his hand, and a great burden upon his back.

I looked, and saw him open the book and read therein; and, as he read, he wept, and trembled; and, not being able longer to contain, he brake out with a lamentable cry, saying, What shall I do? (Study Becker's Syntax, 404-415, and Rhetorical Forms, 470–476. an analysis. A model is given in Appendix A.)

Write

Read the first clause? "As-world." Is it a leading or a dependent clause? Read the leading clause! "I-place." What kind of sentence is it-declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or optative? 404. What is the verb? 175, IV. The subject? 174. What words make the predicative combination? 405. On is the sign of a combination between what words? Lighted+on place is what kind of combination? 407. Does on place complete or extend the predicate? 408. Why so? Is it an adjunct of time, place, mode, or cause? 408. Certain+place is what kind of combination? 406. Is not certain superfluous? If so, have we tautology, pleonasm, or verbosity? 473. A+place is what kind of combination? 406. Colloquial form of lighted? What grammatical equivalent for lighted on a place? 412. Can you give a better expression? If so, explain why you think it better! What is the next clause? Why do you give "As-world" before "Where-den?" What kind of clause-subordinate or coördinate? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411. As an adverb it modifies what? What kind of abverb is it-of place, time, cause, condition, or manner? 411, III. What grammatical equivalents for as I walked? 412+. What is the connective? 396, IV. The verb? 175, IV. Subject? 174. Predicative combination? 405. Through is a sign of combination between what two words? Walked through wilderness is what kind of combination? 407. Does through wilderness complete or extend the predicate? 408. Why so? Is it an adjunct of time, place, mode, or cause? 408. The wilderness is what kind of combination? 406. Which note in 370 describes this use of the? Of is a sign of combination between what words? Wilderness+of world is what kind of combination? 406. Why so? Does of usually connect two nouns in an attributive relation? Is any other preposition like it in that respect? What reason for this in its meaning? This+world is what kind of combination? 406. Is of this world logically a partitive or appos itive? 359, 362, VII. What grammatical equivalent for this clause, using a possessive case? 357, IV. Using an adjective for wilderness? for of world?

What is the next clause? "Where-den." What kind of clause-subordinate or coördinate? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411, II. What noun does it describe? What grammatical equivalent for where containing a relative pronoun? 412, 396, VIII. What is the connective? 396, IV. The verb? 175, IV, Subject? 174. Predicate? 353, 408. Of the three predications mentioned in 353 as possible, which is this? Can not position be predicated? Can an adverb of place be a true predicate?—(Unabridged Gram., 539, II., 5.) A +den is what kind of combination? 406. What peculiarity of collocation in this clause? 356. Is this case described in 356? A grammatical equivalent giving the present idiom for this clause? One reversing the collocation? One abridging this clause so as to include it in the former? Have the three first clauses the best possible collocation? Why not put the leading clause first? How could the others be arranged then? What objection to each arrangement? Can grammatical equivalents be used which will make the clause now first in place the leading clause? Would it not be better to say, I was walking when I lighted? Why not?

What is the next clause? What kind of clause-subordinate or coördinate? 409. Coördinate with what? (Name a clause always by giving its verb; e. g., in answer to the last question, say, The clause in which lighted is the verb.) Is it copulative, adversative, disjunctive, or casual? 410. What is the connective? 410. The verb? 175, IV. Subject? 174. Direct object? 360. Predicative combination? 405. First objective combination? 407. What kindcompleting or extending? 408. Is laid me a true reflective? 286. What

grammatical equivalents for it? 374. V., VI. Would not I assumed a recumbent position be better? 473. Would not I lay be better? Why not? 473. What is the second objective combination? Is it completing or extending? 408. Why so? An adjunct of time, place, mode, or cause? 408. What is the third objective combination? What combination is in the sign of? That+ place is what kind of combination? 406. What grammatical equivalent for in that place? 412. Would it not be better rhetorically not to repeat the word place? Why not? What is the fourth objective combination? What grammatical equivalent for to sleep? 413, 5. Why is to sleep called an abridged sentence? Is the grammatical equivalent which you give for it a subordinate or coördinate sentence? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411. In Does to here have its proper force as a preposiCan you illustrate by using a noun and preposibetter here, rhetorically, to repose or to sleep?

what government? 411, 1, 5. tion? What force? 388, II. tion in the clause? Which is Why? 473.

Who is the I in this sentence? Is walked through the wilderness, etc., allegorical? 432. What is the literal meaning? The metaphorical? Is the language drawn from the Bible? (Judges, xi., 16; Psalm xxiii., 4; and study Cruden's Concordance.) Is lighted on a certain place a biblical expression? (Gen., xxviii., 11.) Is the use of den allegorical? What are its two meanings? Is there a biblical association intended? (Hebrews, xi., 38.) Is I laid me, etc., biblical? (Psalms iii., 5; iv., 8: Gen., xxviii., 11.) Did Bunyan have Gen., xxviii., 10+distinctly before him here? Can you state a simile in which the Pilgrim's Progress shall be compared to Jacob's ladder? 467.

What is the next clause? Is it subordinate or coördinate? 409. Coördinate with what clause. (Name the clause by its verb.) What is the connective? 410. The verb? 175, IV. The subject? 174. Predicative combination? 405. Objective combination? 407. What attributive combination? 406. What name is applied in 385, VIII., 360, to an objective relation like that of dream? Is cognate objective or factitive object the better name for dream? Why? Is dreamed a dream a biblical expression? Gen., xxxvii., 5–10. Is there not tautology, pleonasm, or verbosity in this clause? 473.

What is the next clause? Is it subordinate or coördinate? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411, III. Completing or extending? 411, III. An adjunct of place, time, cause, condition, or manner? 411, III. What is the verb? 175, IV. The subject? 174. The predicative combination? 405. Does slept denote momentary or continued action? Why not say I was sleeping? 255. Why not say while sleeping? Why not say during the season of repose? Why not put this clause after dream?

The next clause? What kind of sentence-declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or optative? 404. What kind of combination? 405. Is this anadiplosis? 435.

The next clause? Of what clause is behold the verb? What is its subject? 380, VIII. What kind of sentence? 404. The clause has the syntax of what part of speech? 305. What is the verb in the clause with and? Its subject? 174. Direct object? 360. Clothed combines with what? What kind of combination? 406. Rags combines with what? What kind of combination? 407. Which word is the sign of this combination? Standing combines with what? What kind of combination? 406. Is in a certain place necessary to the sense? Is there tautology, pleonasm, or verbosity in the clause? 473. What combination is in the sign of? What attributive combinations with place? 406. What combination is with the sign of? What grammatical equivalent for with his face? 412+. What combination is from the sign of? Face+house? 406. Does from usually denote an attributive combination? What ellipsis here? 354, 403. Does from his own house mean from home? Why prefer the former expression? What attributive combinations with house? 406. Is his own house etymologically an equivalent for his house that he owned? What does book combine with? What ellipsis with it-with, or having, or who had, or being? 354, 493. Why so? What ellipsis between book and hand? What combination is in the sign of? What does and connect-two sentences, or like parts of the same sentence? 401. Supply an ellipsis after and so that it may connect two Sentences! What attributive combinations with burden? 406. Burden is

parsed like what preceding word? Upon is the sign of what combination-burden+back, or borne+back? Is upon his back equivalent to an adjective or to an adverb? Are the traits mentioned in a natural order--(1,) clothed, (2,) standing, (3,) facing, etc.? Why repeat I dreamed at the beginning of this sentence? 435. Is it a poetical form? (Compare Longfellow's Hiawatha.) What grammatical equivalent to incorporate it in the next clause? Would not I sew in my dream be better? Grammatical equivalent for clothed with rags? 412+. Why not say ragged? Prov., xxiii., 21. What is the metaphorical sense? Isaiah, lxiv., 6. What is the rhetorical effect of in a certain place? 473. place repeated too often? Amend the language, or defend it! Metaphorical sense of face from his own house? Luke, xiv., 33. What book is in his hand? Metaphorical sense of burden upon his back? Psalm xxxviii., 4. What danger from frequent ellipsis? 470. Can you supply, or omit, or alter any words so as add to the perspicuity or liveliness of the sentence? 470+.

Is not

What is the next clause? What kind of sentence-declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or optative? 404. What kind of combination? 405.

What is the next clause? Is it subordinate or coördinate? 409. Coördinate with what clause? (Name it by its verb.) Is it copulative, adversative, disjunctive, or casual? 410. What is the connective? 410. The verb? 175, IV. The subject? 174. By what figure is the subject omitted? 354. What is the rhetorical effect of ellipsis? 403. What direct object? 360. What relation has him to open? Why is the subject of the infinitive put in the objective? Is it usually the same when expressed as the object of the preceding verb? 388, VI. Government of open? 388, III. Does it complete or extend the predicate? 408, I., e. What grammatical equivalent for him open? Which note in 370 describes the use of the here? Why not say that book? What does and connect? Read combines with what? What kind of combination? 408. Read therein is what kind of combination? 408. Composition of therein? Which pronoun is there from? 236. What grammatical equivalent for therein containing the pronoun that? 396, VIII.

Next clause? What kind of clause? 409, 410. Coördinate with what clause? (Name it by its leading verb.) What is the connective? 410. Verb? 175, IV. Subject? 174. Combination? 405. What is wept from? Is it a weak or strong verb? 276. Why not weped? 85-87.

Next clause? What kind of clause? Subordinate or coördinate? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411. As an adverb it modifies what? What kind of abverb? Of place, time, cause, condition, or manner? 411, III., 2. What grammatical equivalent for as? 412+. Is not while more precise? Is it not better? Does read denote continued action? Is not while he was reading better? Why not put this clause after wept? What effect on the perspicuity of and trembled? What effect on the anadiplosis? 435.

Next clause? What kind of clause? 409. Coördinate with what clause? Is the order natural-(1,) wept, (2,) trembled, (3,) cried? What rhetorical figure? 444. Which word is the connective? 410. The verb? 175, IV. Subject? 174. By what figure is the subject omitted? 354. What rhetorical effect has the ellipsis? 403. What biblical reference here? Acts, xvi., 30+.

Is it an allusion? 433.

Next clause? What kind of clause? 409. Coördinate with what clause? The connective? 410. The verb? 175. IV. The subject? 174. What attributive combinations with he? 406. Not combines with what? Kind of combination? 407. Being combines with what? Kind of combination? 406. Able combines with what? Longer combines with what? What combination is to the sign of? Does to have its usual meaning as a preposition here? Give a grammatical equivalent for able to contain which shall use some other preposition? Is contain used now as it is here? What grammatical equivalent for it in use now? 412+. What is the biblical idiotism? 1 Corinthians, vii., 9. Explain the meaning of contain himself? What does himself mean? What does out combine with? Kind of combination? 407. Kind of adjunct? 408. What connection of thought between the common meaning of brake and its meaning here? What is broken in this case? Connection of thought between the common meanings of out and its meaning here? Forth from what does