Banks.-There were in 1887 206 national banks, with aggregate cap. of $37,861,300; 37 state banks, with cap. of $2,071,590; 16 savings banks, with cap. of $906,200; 4 loan and trust cos.; 1 life ins. co. belonging to the state; 25 fire and fire marine cos.; 1 accident co., 23 co-operative cos. ; total amount insurance written, fire and marine, $497,989,172.59; life, $10,250,044.

Education. The total expenditures for school purposes in Ohio are about $10,000,000. One mill on the dollar constitutes the state tax for the educational fund. The number of school-houses in 1882 was about 12,264; enrolled pupils, 751,101; teachers employed, 24,135; average monthly wages of men teachers, $39; women, $29. Total value of public school-houses and grounds, $23,610,858. Education is compulsory, but the law is not strictly enforced. There are public normal schools at Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dayton, Columbus, and Steubenville, and 7 private schools. Two educational journals are published. Among the 34 collegiate institutions are the University of Cincinnati, Ohio University at Athens, and the colleges of Hiram, Marietta, Oberlin, Kenyon (Gambier), and Wittenberg (Springfield). Nearly all the universities and colleges have scientific departments. The state university and agricultural and mechanical college at Columbus was founded in 1870, with a state endowment of $700,000; has buildings and grounds that cost $300,000; an income of $30,000 from its endowment; and is, in these respects, the strongest based institution in the state. There are 4 theological seminaries, 1 law school, 11 schools of medicine, pharmacy, surgery, and dentistry; 5 schools of design. Pupils of school age enrolled, 1887, 1,102,721; whole number public schools, 12,039; graded, 771; men teaching, 10,829; women, 13,848; av. monthly pay, men, $58.50; women, $43; receipts for public schools, $14,081,692.93; expenditures, $4,121,879.81; permanent school fund (est.), $1,707,109.90.

Libraries.-In 1853 a general school law was passed to raise a fund by a tax of onetenth of a mill on the dollar yearly "for the purpose of furnishing school libraries and apparatus to all the common schools of the state. Within three years thereafter 332,579 volumes were placed in the school libraries. The law was suspended in 1857-58, and the libraries were suffered to go down by negligence. In 1860 the law was re-enacted, and in 1865 350,000 volumes were in the common school libraries. But the system was too attenuated. The small and poor districts had not sufficient funds to maintain continuous care of a library, so that books became scattered and lost almost as fast as fresh purchases were made. The small local school libraries have since been turned over to town library associations under a general law passed in 1867. A law of Feb., 1868, authorized the city councils of any city of the second class to levy a tax, not exceeding one-half of a mill on the dollar, for a free public library and reading-room, providing suitable accommodations are furnished without expense to the city." Under the action of this benign law noble public libraries are maintained in every large city, and smaller ones of great value in all small towns; and a local pride and public spirit is stimulated to promote their growth by private donations of every kind, to render them more creditable to the town which supports them. The free public library of Cincinnati is probably the largest library ever created from a public fund derived from annual taxation. The library building was begun in 1868, partially occupied with about 31,000 volumes in 1870, and finished and dedicated Feb., 1874. It was at that time the finest library building in America, having a shelf capacity of 250,000 volumes. It opened with 70,000 volumes, and by June 30, 1880, by purchase and donations, the number had swelled to about 121,651 volumes. The number of readers in attendance on Sundays then averaged 1000. The annual income at the same time was $20,000, and increasing with the growth of the city. The creation of this public library at Cincinnati is a sample of the ambitious and successful development of smaller public libraries all over the state.

Publications. In 1887 the newspapers and periodicals of the state numbered 940, of which 87 were dailies, 5 tri-weeklies, 19 semi-weeklies, 678 weeklies, 5 bi-weeklies, 16 semi-monthlies, 123 monthlies, and 17 quarterlies.

Religious Organizations.-The Methodist denomination is strongest in numbers and value of property; the Roman Catholic next; and the Presbyterians third. Twentythree names of Christian denominations appear on the census books, ranging in the number of their organizations from 2 to 2572.

Public Charities.-These consist of the Athens asylum for the insane, maintained at an annual cost of about $120,000; the Cleveland asylum, about $100,000; the Columbus asylum, about $190,000; Dayton asylum, from $90,000 to $100,000; Lucas county asylum, $25,000; Longview, for colored insane, $2,000; the deaf and dumb asylum at Columbus, from $75,000 to $80,000; the blind asylum, from $40,000 to $50,000; the asylum for imbeciles, from $75,000 to $90,000; the soldiers' and sailors' orphans' home, from $75,000 to $100,000; the girls' industrial home, from $40,000 to $50,000; the reform farm school, $60,000 to $70,000; and the Toledo house of refuge, $20,000 to $30,000. The state penitentiary at Columbus is maintained at an expense of about $200,000 a year, against which is credited the receipts from convict labor, which in 1881 were $190,614. The inmates are employed in various trades and their work is let out to contractors. Faithful and good work is credited to the convict at the rate of five days less on the time of his sentence for each month of such labor, and a proportion, not to exceed one-tenth, of his earnings. If he passes his whole term of imprisonment without violating prison rules, he will be restored to citizenship.

Ohio.

The total public debt of Ohio, 1883, Nov. 15, was $4,522,515, due as follows:

Statement of the receipts, disbursements, and balances of each of the foregoing funds:

1,665

$4,522,515

By the bulletins of the U. S. census returns of 1880, showing the outstanding bonded indebtedness of cities and towns containing a population of 7,500 or upwards, it appears that Ohio towns and cities stand below the average of all the states in their city debts per capita, and above the average of the cities of the western states.

It also appears by the same table that New England pays the lowest interest on its city debts, the middle Atlantic states next, the southern states third, and the western states the highest.

Total funded debt year ending Nov. 15, 1887, $3,341,665; assessed val. real estate, $1,185,011,625; personal property, $520,172,094; receipts, $6,512,089.77; expenditures, Collections of internal revenue, 1886, $6,289,811.04; rate state tax on $100, 29 cts. $13,898,226.86. The militia aggregates 5099 officers and men; unorganized, 450,000.

Temperance Legislation.-The legislature, Apr., 1883, passed a high license liquor law; in Dec., the liquor dealers declared it unconstitutional, and petitioned for its modification; this was opposed by the women's temperance association, which asked that a prohibitory amendment to the constitution be submitted to the people; feeling ran high, and, in 1884, the legislature repealed the local option feature.

Government.-The capital is Columbus. The O. system of state government is like that of Illinois. The constitution of 1851, with some amendments, and the laws passed under it, are now codified and published. The conditions of suffrage are to be a male, 21 years of age, native or naturalized, to be a resident one year in the state, 30 days in the county, and 20 days in the township, village, or ward, preceding the election where the vote is offered. The second Tuesday in October is the day of general elections. The legislature consists of a senate of 36 members, and a house of representatives of 110 members elected for two years. The sessions are biennial, beginning the first Monday in January in even years. The governor has a salary of $8,000; lieutenant-governor, $800; secretary of state, $3000; auditor, $3000; treasurer, $3000; comptroller of the treasury, $2000; attorney-general, $1500 and fees; and commissioner of schools, $2000. Their term is two years, except the auditor's, which is four years, and the comptroller and school commissioner, who have three-year terms. The board of public works consists of three members, elected one at each general election for two years. The commissioner of railroads and telegraphs, superintendent of insurance, supervisor of public printing, gas commissioner, and state and law librarians, are appointed by the governor. The state board of agriculture consists of 10 members, five of whom are chosen annually for two years at a convention composed of the presidents of the county agricultural societies. Under the apportionment of 1880 the state was entitled to 23 members of congress. The total popular vote in 1888 was 840,361.

Judiciary.-The judicial power of the state is vested in a supreme court, in district courts, courts of common pleas, courts of probate, justices of the peace, and such other courts inferior to the supreme court as the general assembly may from time to time establish. The supreme court consists of five judges, a majority of whom are necessary to form a quorum or to pronounce a decision. It has jurisdiction in quo warranto, mandamus, habeas corpus, and procedendo, and such appellate jurisdiction as may be provided by law. It must hold at least one term a year at the capital, and elsewhere as may be required by law. Supreme judges are elected for five years at general elections, one each year, and the judge having the shortest time to serve is the chief-justice for the year. The state is divided into nine common pleas districts, bounded by county lines. Hamilton county constitutes one district. Each district consisting of three or more counties is sub-divided into three sub-districts, in each of which one judge is elected for two years by the voters of that sub-division. Courts must be held at least once a year in every county in the district, and two or more judges may hold court in a county at the same time, taking cases alternately on the docket in their order. District courts are composed of the judges of the court of common pleas of a district, and one judge of the supreme court, who, with two of the former, constitute a quorum, and have the same original jurisdiction as the supreme court and such appellate jurisdiction as may be fixed by statute. A probate judge is elected for three years by each county. The probate court has jurisdiction in probate and testamentary matters, the appointment of administrators and guardians, the settlement of their accounts and those of executors, and the power to limit and authorize their action. It is empowered also to try municipal cases involving the awards of damages for the condemnation of private property for public use; is a court of record, and has the issuing and record of marriage licenses. Vacancies of judges are filled by the governor for an unexpired term. The legislature has power to increase or diminish the number of judges, alter districts, and establish other courts. Judges may be removed by a concurrent resolution of both houses of the legislature, if two-thirds of all the members concur. Justices of the peace are elected in every township for three years.

The following is the list of governors:

Charles Foster, 1882-1881; George Hoadly, 1884-1886; Joseph B. Foraker, 1886-1890.

1816..

George Clinton, V.P.

1812.. James Madison, P.
Elbridge Gerry, V.P.
James Monroe, P..
D. D. Tompkins, V.P.
1820.. James Monroe, P.
D. D. Tompkins, V.P.

1824.. Henry Clay, P

Ohio.

ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTES FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT.

Elec- Candidates for whom

Electors.

1808.. James Madison, P..

66

Charles C. Pinckney, P.

Charles C. Pinckney, P. No
Rufus King, V.P.

Rufus King, V.P.

De Witt Clinton, P.

Jared Ingersoll, V.P.
Rufus King, P.

John E. Howard, V.P.
John Quincy Adams,P.
Richard Rush, V.P.
Andrew Jackson, P.

record

64

46

16 19,255

John C.Calhoun, V.P.

18,457

John Q. Adams, P... )

Nathan Sanford, V.P. 1828.. Andrew Jackson, P.. John C. Calhoun, V.PS 1832.. Andrew Jackson, P. M. Van Buren, V.P.. 1836.. Wm. H. Harrison, P. Francis Granger, V.P 1840.. Wm. H. Harrison, P. John Tyler, V. P. 1844.. Henry Clay, P..

T.Frelinghuysen, V.P 1848.. Lewis Cass, P.

Wm. O. Butler, V.P.. 1852.. Franklin Pierce, P.

William R. King, V.P. 1856.. John C. Fremont, P.. Wm. L. Dayton, V.P. 1860.. Abraham Lincoln, P. Han. Hamlin, V.P.. 1864.. Abraham Lincoln, P. And. Johnson, V.P... 1868.. Ulysses S. Grant, P.

Schuyler Colfax, V.P. 1872.. Ulysses S. Grant, P.. Henry Wilson, V.P..

1876.. R. B. Hayes, P..

Wm. A.Wheeler, V.P.
1880.. Jas. A. Garfield, P.
C. A. Arthur, V.P..
James G. Blaine, P..
John A. Logan, V.P.

1884..

21 280,223
22 281,852

22 330,698

22 375,048

23 400,082

Samuel J. Tilden, P.
W. S. Hancock, P.
Wm. H. English, V.P.
Grover Cleveland, P.
T. A. Hendricks, V.P.)

244,321 James Black, P.

Charles O'Conor, P.... 1,163

2,162

The 23 electoral votes, 1888, were cast for Harrison and Morton.

Population. In 1800, 45,365; 1820, 581,295; 1840, 1,519,467; 1860, 2,339,511; 1880, 3,584,248-79,895 colored; foreign born, 386,009, including 192,597 from Germany, 143,267 from Great Britain and Ireland; males, 1,613,936; females, 1,584,126; dwellings, 586,604; families, 641,907; persons to sq. m., 7846; engaged in agriculture, 397,495. Pop. 1888, est. 4,500,000. There are 88 cos.; for pop., 1880, see census tables, vol. XV. The largest cities, 1888, were Cincinnati, 330,000; Cleveland, 250,000; Toledo, 100,000; Columbus, 95,000. In 1887 Dayton had 80,000; Springfield, 26,000; Zanesville, 22,500; Akron, 25,000; Youngstown, 25,000; Sandusky, 22,000.

OHIO, a co. in s.e. Indiana, adjoining Kentucky; bounded on the e. by the Ohio, on the n.w. by Laughery creek; 100 sq.m.; pop. '80, 5,563-5,239 of American birth. The surface is uneven and hilly, and the soil fertile. The principal productions are corn, wheat, barley, oats, and potatoes. Co. seat, Rising Sun.

OHIO, a co. in w. Kentucky, bounded on the s. w. by Green river, watered by Rough creek; on the Paducah and Elizabethtown railroad; 730 sq.m.; pop. '80, 19,669-1464 colored. The surface is rolling and well-wooded, and contains coal and iron. The soil is fertile, and the principal productions are corn, tobacco, wheat, potatoes, wool, and hay. Co. seat, Hartford.

OHIO, a co. in n.w. West Virginia, adjoining Pennsylvania, bounded on the w. by the Ohio, intersected by Wheeling creek; on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad; 100 sq.m.; pop. '80, 37,457-856 colored. The surface is uneven and hilly, and contains deposits of bituminous coal. The soil is fertile, and produces good crops of corn, wheat, hay, and oats. There are many iron manufactories. Co. seat, Wheeling.

OHIO RIVER, a river of the United States of America, called by the French explorers after its Indian name, La Belle Rivière, and one of the three great affluents of the Missis sippi, is formed by the union of the Allegheny and Monongahela, at the western foot of the Alleghanies, at Pittsburg, in Pennsylvania, and flows w.s. w. 975 m., with a breadth of 1200 to 3000 ft., draining, with its tributaries, an area of 214,000 sq. miles. In its course it separates Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois from West Virginia and Kentucky.

OHIO RIVER, a river of the U. S., and one of the three great affluents of the Missis sippi, ranking in length and volume next to the Arkansas. The distance from where the

Ohio begins by the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela at Pittsburg to its mouth is 975 m.; but the entire length of the river should include the whole length of the Alleghany, the longest of its river sources, which is not less than 300 m. more. According to tradition, which is disputed by some, the river was discovered by de la Salle in 1669-70. He had for years been gathering information concerning it from the Iroquois who visited his seignory at La Chine above Montreal, and finally reached its source by the way of Niagara and up Cattaraugus creek; from which his Indian guide is supposed to have led him to French creek, one of the w. sources of the Allegheny, and only 14 m. from lake Erie. It is supposed that his canoes were carried from Cattaraugus creek over to French creek, though it is possible that the portage may have been made from the upper waters of the Genesee river. With canoes launched in autumn on the stream of the Allegheny the discovery of the Ohio followed naturally, and was arrested only by the falls where Louisville now stands. There La Salle turned back, still undecided whether the stream emptied into the gulf of Mexico or into the Pacific ocean, but inclining to the latter opinion. It must have been from the time of this voyage that the river acquired the title of La belle rivière-the beautiful river, which it was subsequently called by the French. The source of the Allegheny is in the center of Potter co., Penn., the middle of the n. tier of counties, where the table-lands receive the rainfalls which hesitate which way to flow-whether to join the waters of the St. Lawrence, or to seek the valley that leads them to the gulf of Mexico. See ALLEGHENY RIVER. The junction of the Monongahela at Pittsburg forms the Ohio. These rivers, rising one n. and the other s. in the Alleghany range, meet in the heart of wooded hills like those through which they have flowed, and the Ohio for 500 m. of its course below, plows its way through a valley deepening and widening as it goes till the rounded hills along this part merge into the rolling prairies of southern Indiana and Illinois, and disappear in the lowlands below the junction of the Wabash. Its entire valley has been eroded by the action of the water, and though everywhere beautiful in a state of nature, is nowhere picturesque or wild. The geologic formations along its entire line are nearly level and little disturbed by any violent convulsion. The area of its drainage is 214,000 sq.m.; embracing a small part of the state of N. Y., onethird of Pennsylvania, two-thirds of Ohio, all of West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, small portions of North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, two-thirds of Indiana, and the s.e. part of Illinois. In this area are included the great valleys of the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, which join the Ohio only near its mouth. The shores through much of the upper half of the river present a series of plateaus and broken bluffs that indicate successive wearings below the plane of its former flow, and exhibit a broad valley from 5 to 10 m. in width between its bounding hills. The immediate shores at ordinary stages of the water are cut through alluvium generally, with the marks of recent wearing of water and caving of banks. From Pittsburg to Portsmouth the adjacent hills are mined for coal or iron in many places, and the loading of both into barges in the river is done to an unusual extent by those who own both mines and boats and market their own productions. The s.e. part of Ohio as well as w. of Pennsylvania is a landscape spotted with the smoke of furnaces for the manufacture of iron. Among the abrupt hills below Pittsburg the river is only 1000 ft. wide at low water, and 1200 at high water. It widens gradually below and its high stages frequently cover a vast extent of bottom lands. The range between its high and low stages of water is very great, 60 ft. being the greatest difference, and 45 ft. the mean difference. The navigation below Louisville is good for large steamers at all seasons, and is usually maintained for most of the summer up to Wheeling, and in good stages of water up to Pittsburg; but is often too low in summer to permit the "down river boats" to make their trips up to Cincinnati. For rafting and for coal and iron barges it is good at all seasons. At Louisville are the only rapids. These fall 27 ft. in 23 m., and are passed by means of a ship canal with locks for the largest river steamers, and affording an abundant water-power. The immense passenger travel formerly by river steamers has largely been transferred to the railways. The rate of the current varies from one to three m. an hour, depending on the volume. The rivers which flow to the Ohio from the n. are the Allegheny, Muskingum, Hocking, Sciota, Big and Little Miamis, and the Wabash; from the s. the Monongahela, Little Kanawha, Great Kanawha, Sandy, Licking, Kentucky, Green, Cumberland, and TenThe principal cities and towns upon its banks are Pittsburg, Wheeling, Elizabethtown, Marietta, Parkersburg, Pomeroy, Gallipolis, Ironton, Portsmouth, Cincinnati, Covington, Newport, Laurenceburg, Madison, Louisville, New Albany, Leavenworth, Evansville, Paducah, and Cairo at its mouth where it joins the Mississippi.

nessee.

OHIO WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, at Delaware, Delaware co., Ohio, was founded in 1844, under the auspices of the Methodist church in Ohio. In 1877 the Ohio Wesleyan female college, founded in 1853 was united with the university. Its building is now known as the Monnett hall of the university, and is the home of the lady pupils. The productive endowment is over $250,000, the annual income $32,000. The grounds used for academic purposes lie in the lots, about half a mile apart. One is the original campus of the university, containing twenty-nine acres, and having on it four large buildings. The other is the campus of the Monnett hall, containing ten acres, and having on it one very large building. The cabinet rooms are ample and admirably arranged. The collection contains about 100,000 specimens. In the departments of conchology