late to future work. The amount of cash prizes awarded was $159.50. The superintendent says that the low average age of the successful competitors indicates that hand training may and should be begun at a very early age.

Ottawa makes return of 3,218 school youth in 1884-'85, of 1,648 enrolled in public schools, and of 1,258 held in average daily attendance; this indicates a decline of 62 in youth, of 9 in enrolled pupils, of 13 in average daily attendance, and an increase of $1,523 in expenditure for public schools. Drawing was taught by the regular class teachers, and music by a special teacher. The grades in the 7 different school buildings reported were only primary and grammar, but there was a township high school within reach for such as desired that grade of instruction. In 3 private and church schools were about 300 sittings additional to the 1,415 of the city system.

Peoria, not having responded to requests for report or return, can only be presented through its statistics of 1883-'84, which indicated 10,972 school youth, 6,241 enrolled in city schools, 4,111 in average attendance, and 108 teachers. Expenditure for school purposes, $124,040.

Quincy, besides the statistics in the foregoing table, reports 2,100 in private and parish schools, and indicates in other figures an increase since 1882-'83 of only 43 in public school enrollment, but of 205 in average daily attendance, with $155 less expenditure for school purposes. One additional school room was furnished in 1884-'85, but indebtedness on account of past expenses made progress in such work slow. The teachers continued their semi-monthly meetings required by a rule of the board of education, and in the last half of the year met also once a week for lessons in reading and elocution. Music and drawing enter into the school studies throughout the course.

Rockford presents only approximate statements as to school statistics. These indicate a considerable decline at all points, which subsequent information may perhaps alter. Its school buildings numbered 11, with 2,000 sittings. Grades, primary to high.

Rock Island does not state the number of its children of school age, but, as indicated in the table, shows an apparently fair proportion of its youth enrolled and in average attendance, under 42 teachers. The schools were graded as primary, grammar, and high. Music and drawing were taught by special teachers. In 15 private and parish schools were about 800 sittings.

The re

Springfield indicates an enrollment of 186 more pupils in its public schools than in the preceding year, and an increase of 124 in average daily attendance. ported expenditure of $60,422 for these schools-primary, grammar, high, and training schools-was $1,720 more than that of the preceding year. The city has a regular course of study for its teachers, including-besides a careful review of common branches-drawing, penmanship, language, literature, history of art, history of education, mental science, and pedagogy. At first it was meant that this course should extend through several years and lead to permanent certificates for such as successfully completed the several departments of it, as well as bring increase of salaries proportioned to the advance made by each teacher. A decision of the supreme court that legal examinations must be made by the county superintendent has somewhat hindered this, but it is kept in mind and acted on as far as may be.

A training school to prepare teachers for the city schools, with a course occupying one hour daily in methods of teaching, mental science, and pedagogy, was instituted in 1882 and has been since continued. After graduation from this school the pupil teachers become principals' assistants, and serve also as substitutes in the absence of regular teachers, for another year, when the full responsibilities of a class teacher may be assumed with fair hope of success.

COUNTRY SCHOOL SYSTEMS.

For a graduating system in country and county schools, see the report of the Commissioner preceding.

KINDERGÄRTEN.

The Chicago Free Kindergarten Association was established in 1880, with two prime aims: first, that of founding and maintaining a free normal and training class of kindergartners; second, that of extending as far as practicable through the city and elsewhere a system of free kindergärten. Its fifth annual report shows that in February, 1885, 6 young ladies completed their certificate course in the normal class. The directors had decided to discontinue this February class and made no effort to secure new members in place of these 6. But so many applied for admission that a class was finally formed in March, numbering 19 members, of whom 2 had to abandon the work because of illhealth and 2 others left the city, reducing the number to 15. At the closing exercises of the June graduating class, 27 certificates and 18 diplomas were awarded to as many young ladies, of whom 21 are reported as in active service, making a total of 55 out of 80 graduates of the normal classes engaged in either public or private kindergarten work. Later on 12 free kindergärten are reported as belonging to the system conducted under

the auspices of the association in Chicago and its immediate vicinity up to July, 1885, when another was established for the summer, free to the children of all sojourners at the "Old Hotel," Lake Bluff, where the average daily attendance of such children was 40. Total number in all the kindergärten of the association for the year, 1,771, of whem 997 were girls, and 774 boys.

PREPARATION AND QUALIFICATIONS OF TEACHERS.

GENERAL STATE REQUIREMENTS.

Illinois requires of those who wish to teach in its free schools, (1) a fairly proven moral character, and (2) a certificate of literary qualifications from one of the following sources: from an examining board of education in the village or city in which they desire to t employment; from a county or State normal school; from a county superintendent e from the State superintendent. Those from the county superintendents are of 2 grades, both valid only in the county where they are given: a first grade for two years, a second grade for one year. Those from the State superintendent are granted only on public examination, in such branches, on such terms, and by such examiners, as the saperintendent and the principals of the State normal universities may prescribe. So given, they are valid throughout the State during good behavior of their holders.

STATE, COUNTY, AND CITY SCHOOLS FOR NORMAL TRAINING.

To qualify teachers for effective work in its free schools the State sustains 2 normal universities-the Illinois State Normal University, at Normal, and the Southern Illinois Normal University, at Carbondale. Both impart instruction in the science and art of teach ing and in all the studies pertaining to a good school education, from primary to high, with ample mathematical and scientific training, and with Latin and Greek optional at both, German and French optional at Carbondale. Each school has a 3-year regalar course, the Southern offering also a fourth and a 1-year graduate course. Each has a model department. No note appears of the former summer normal institutes held for teachers already in the field. To enter the regular courses applicants must prove their intellectual and moral fitness for admission, and must pledge themselves to spend 3 years in teaching in the State public schools, or be liable to the payment of fees for tuition. Cook County Normal and Training School, Normal Park, established in 1867 to furnish competent teachers for the schools of that important county, comes under a law of 1869 authorizing such county schools, and aims to prepare its pupils for especially thorough work. Under the lead of 2 excellent successive principals, the present one, Colonel Parker, of Quincy fame, it has obtained high reputation for success in such preparation. Like the 2 State schools, it admits both sexes to its faculty and teachings. Course, 4 years, including practice in a training department each year. The highest class is now a professional training-class, given wholly to normal work.1

For statistics of these 3 teachers' seminaries, see Part 1, Table III, of the Appendix. The city of Springfield improved in 1883-184 its course of study for teachers, making it embrace the branches usually prescribed for State certificates, and also mental and moral science, pedagogy, and history of education. It further prescribes that every year 2 branches taught in the public schools shall be thoroughly reviewed, and that not only the subject-matter, but also the principles and methods of teaching each branch, shall be an essential part of the course. A bi-monthly institute is held during the school session, for discussion and review of all the important elements of good teaching. The city training school, before reported, was continued in 1834-'85, with apparently 5 candidates for teachership and a principal. These candidates come from the high school and have a 2-year course of work and instruction.

OTHER NORMAL TRAINING.

The kindergarten normal class of the Chicago Free Kindergarten Association was continned in 1884-'85, under a new principal, with a total attendance of 36, of whom 31 maned at the date of the annual meeting. The course for a certificate is of 10 mouth. in Froebel's Philosophy of Education, and practice with the kindergarten gifts and oc npations; for a diploma, 5 months more of practice work in the schools of the association attendance on an advanced course of lectures on the history and philosophy of educati›› and a proven ability to successfully organize and conduct a kindergarten. For this st there are opportunities to practice in 13 kindergärten of the association.

Teachers' courses of a year each are reported at Jennings Seminary and Aurora Normal College, Aurora; at Western Normal College, Bushnell; and at Morris Normal and Sci

The president of the Chicago board of education strongly recommends the establishment in that city of a training school for persons desiring to teach in the primary schools, and would require a certificate of qualification from such training school before appointing any new applicants for positions as teachers in these primary schools. His recommendation was put on record for consider ation, but does not appear to have been decisively acted on.

entific School, Morris. At the Danville Normal Kindergarten Training School and at the Teachers' Training School and School of Individual Instruction, Oregon, the time, in ordinary cases, appears to be a year or more. At the Northern Illinois Normal School, Dixon, the course is of 2 years; at the Northern Illinois College and Normal School, Fulton, of 1 year, with an option as to longer continuance for a certificate of higher grade.

Hedding, Carthage, Eureka, Ewing, German-English, Illinois, McKendree, Monmouth, Mt. Morris, Chaddock, Shurtleff, Westfield, and Wheaton Colleges, and Lincoln University, have normal courses of 3 months to 3 years; Northwestern University, a normal class each term, with lectures 1 hour a week.

For statistics of normal schools, see Table III of the Appendix.

TEACHERS' INSTITUTES.

Each county superintendent is required to hold annually a teachers' institute, with a session of at least five days, and two or more adjoining counties may hold an institute together. These institutes are generally held in the summer recess of the public schools, and county boards are authorized to make appropriations for them. Instruction at such institutes is free to teachers that hold certificates good in the counties where they are held; others pay a fee of $1, unless such fee has been paid before without securing a certificate.

EDUCATIONAL JOURNALS.

The Word-Carrier, a monthly publication, meant to aid educational influences among the Indians in the Northwest, continued its issue from a Chicago press in 1884-'85, being then in the 2d volume of its new series. The Practical Teacher, from a like press, had Col. F. W. Parker's vigorous editorship in its 8th volume, from September, 1884, to June, 1885, with fair prospects of continuance; while the Present Age, going on from January 3 to June 12, 1884, seems to have then ceased. The Schoolmaster, which had taken in June, 1884, the additional title of "Intelligence," dropped the former name and retained the latter, passing into its 5th volume January 1, 1885. It is a semi-monthly. From its office and under the same editor, Mr. E. O. Vaile, came also the Week's Current, meant to give fresh educational and general news for schools and families. The New Method, a monthly, published first at Chicago and afterward at Englewood, in the interest of a school for the cultivation of the sense of hearing in the deaf, seems to have closed its first volume in October, 1884. Additional to these appears, also from Chicago, the Correspondence University Journal, organ of that university, which proposes to furnish instruction by correspondence to any person, in any study. This was in its first volume at the close of 1884, and began a second, January, 1885.

Besides these Chicago journals, there still appeared from Normal, Ill., the Illinois School Journal, which was in its 4th volume from May, 1884, to April, 1885; and from East Illinois College, Danville, the Normal Mirror, in its 2d volume.

SECONDARY INSTRUCTION.

PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS.

The boards of education in incorporated cities and villages are substantially authorized to establish high schools by a permission given them to establish "schools of different grades." School townships may have them, through a majority vote in favor of establishing them, after notice given of a vote upon the subject fifteen days before the time for an annual election of a trustee or trustees. Number of high schools reported in 1884-'85, 160.

SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION.

COLLEGES FOR YOUNG MEN OR FOR BOTH SEXES.

The chief collegiate institution of this State has been, since 1868, the Illinois Indusfrial University, Urbana. In June of 1885, an Act of the legislature, to take effect July 1 of that year, changed this title to the University of Illinois. The change appeats to indicate an idea that the agricultural, engineering, and natural science courses, which belonged to it as one of the land grant colleges of 1862, may possibly have overshadowed the literary and liberal ones, and that a State University must be broad enough to take all such studies in with equal welcome. Place has been given these in a School of Eng lish and Modern Languages and a School of Ancient Languages and Literature, which form a "College of Literature and Science" and prepare for the general duties of life or for any business that requires literary and scientific training. The arrangements for these lines of study appear to be excellent, but the drift at the University is evidently much more toward technical and modern language studies than toward the old classical curriculum. Of 330 students in 1883-'84, the studies of 294 are indicated, and of them

186 were in agricultural, engineering, architectural, chemical, or natural science courses, 94 in modern languages, and only 8 in Latin and Greek. In 1884-'85 the studies of 322 are indicated, and of them 205 were in the technical studies above mentioned, 102 in modern languages, and only 4 in ancient languages.

In Table IX of the Appendix may be found the statistics of 29 other universities and colleges in this State. In most cases their work seems to be done with fair facilities, good courses, sufficient buildings, and at least living means. But in too many other cases there is evidently a struggle for existence, in which, every few years, some drop away, while others only tide over their difficulties through special aid from friends. Such aid came to the amount of $109,870 for 9 colleges in 1834-'85, as may be seen in Table XXIII of the Appendix.

Of the 29 colleges referred to, 16 offered normal courses of three months to three years; 21 had business departments; 3, arrangements for instruction in stenography; 2 trained for type-writing; one of these last, Saint Viateur's, and also Westfield College, in telegraphy; and nearly all in French, German, music, and art. Illinois Wesleyan University had post-graduate and non-resident courses; also a department of physiology and health; Knox College, physical training and military drill under an army officer, to secure robust health.

A new institution for superior instruction, the Correspondence University, received in January, 1885, a charter from the legislature of Illinois. Having united with it the Correspondence University of Ithaca, N. Y., it presents for 1884-'85 a faculty of 36 or more professors, each of repute in some special line, to which his instruction will be specifically directed. This instruction is to be by correspondence, and to embrace preparatory, collegiate, and post-graduate studies, leading to the degrees of A. B., Sci. B., Lit. B., Ph. B., &c., according to the subjects pursued and the attainments proven. The seat of the University, for correspondence, is at 162 La Salle street, Chicago. Its teaching force is composed of professors and instructors connected with many of the best colleges of the United States. The topics for study embrace the sciences, arts, mathematics, languages, philosophy, history, political science, law, and theology.

INSTITUTIONS FOR THE SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION OF YOUNG WOMEN. Nearly all the colleges for young men in this State, including the University, are open also to young women. In Table VIII of the Appendix may be found the titles and statistics of colleges especially for young women, the instruction in most of which is apparently of fair collegiate character, though not of the highest type. Of these the Woman's College, Evanston; Knox Seminary, Galesburg; and Ferry Hall, Lake Forest, are departments, respectively, of Northwestern University, of Knox College, and of Lake Forest University, occupying buildings separate from the institutions with which they are connected. Another, St. Mary's School, Knoxville, lost its buildings by fire in 1883, but prosecuted its work in a neighboring college building, and now presents an elegant new structure, among the most beautiful of its kind in all the West.

SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL INSTRUCTION.

SCIENTIFIC.

At the University of Illinois the scientific courses provided are in agriculture, engineering, natural science, and military science. For the prosecution of these and other courses a wide range of studies is presented, from which each student is expected to select at least 3, affording as many class exercises daily. To secure a diffusion of the sciences relating to great industries, it is required that at least one of the 3 studies be chosen from a list of 45 different ones presented, that cover almost the whole field of industrial training. Aids to such training are provided in a spacious mechanical building and drill-hall, with large appliances for practical work; a chemical building with 5 laboratories; a veterinary hall; a museum of zoology and geology, as well as one of engineering and architecture; a school of art and design; and a domain of 623 acres, including a stock farm, experimental farm, orchards, gardens, nurseries, &c.

Nearly all the denominational colleges in the State have scientific courses, usually of 4 years, but none of them equal in thoroughness those presented by the University. The Dearborn Observatory, of the University of Chicago, though painfully embarrassed by the financial difficulties of that university, continued its careful astronomical observations, and appears to have done very serviceable work.

The Sagar Grove Industrial School, Kane county, is understood to have gone forward with its training in scientific agriculture and horticulture, in connection with school studies.

The Chicago Manual Training School, next only in interest to that of Washington University, St. Louis, was substantially in its second year of work in 1884-'85, the school exercises having begun in February, 1884. For this second year 77 new students were

added to the 66 of the first year, making, with 4 in a partial course, 147, under 7 professors and instructors. The object of the school continued to be "instruction and practice in the use of tools, with such instruction as may be deemed necessary in mathematics, drawing, and the English branches of a high school course." The full work contemplated includes carpentry, wood-turning, pattern-making, iron-chipping and filing, forge work, brazing and soldering, the use of machine shop tools, and such other like instruction as may be deemed advisable. The working hours are divided, as equally as possible, between manual and mental exercises.1

PROFESSIONAL.

THEOLOGICAL TRAINING appears to have been continued in the 22 colleges and seminaries mentioned in the reports from this Bureau for 1882-'83 and 1883-'84, sixteen of them having 3-year courses, usually following a collegiate one; 3, courses of 2 years; St. Viateur's gives some theological instruction in its general course; at McKendree College, Lebanon, a complete course in systematic theology is proposed.

The full titles of all these, with their location, denominational status, and reported statistics, may be found in Table XI of the Appendix.

The Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Chicago, is understood to have received from Mrs. Cyrus H. McCormick, of that place, $100,000 in 1884-'85, making about $300,000 from her and her husband, besides some large donations from other members of the family. LAW SCHOOLS with 2-year courses were still existent in 1884-'85 at the Bloomington College of Law of Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington; at the Union College of Law of Northwestern University; at the University of Chicago, with its seat at the latter place; at McKendree College, Lebanon, and at Chaddock College, Quincy. The first had still no preliminary examination to test the qualification for such study; the others required evidence of at least a common-school education.

MEDICAL TRAINING was carried on, as before, in fair courses, by the Rush Medical College, of Chicago; the Chicago Medical College; the Chicago College of Physicians and Surgeons; the Woman's Medical College, of the same city; and the Quincy College of Medicine, a department of Chaddock College, Quincy-all of the regular school.

Of the eclectic school, the Bennett College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery, Chicago, was still the only representative.

The homeopathic included, as before, the Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital, Chicago, and the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College.

All these schools require at least a good common-school education as a preparation for entrance on their courses, with three years of study under a medical preceptor, and from 20 to 26 weeks of clinical and lecture teaching in 2 of these 3 years. At the Chicago Medical College the lecture courses cover 3 years of graded studies. All combine clinical with lecture training.

PHARMACEUTICAL INSTRUCTION is understood to have been maintained at the Chicago College of Pharmacy, with the usual requirements of 4 years' experience, and attendance on 2 lecture courses of 5 months each, in order to graduate as a licensed pharmacist. MIDWIFERY had from 1880 to 1883 a representative school at Chicago, with a 22 weeks' annual course, but subsequent information respecting it is wanting.

SPECIAL INSTRUCTION.

TRAINING IN ART.

The School of Art and Design of the University of Illinois affords the students of the several colleges which form that university, (1) an opportunity to acquire such a knowledge of free-hand drawing as their chosen courses may require; (2) facilities for pursuing studies in industrial designing, or other branches of fine art. The course is of 4 years; the first 2 in the general principles of art and design, the last 2 in special designing and painting. The study of plane geometry and projection drawing is recommended as a preparation for the course.

At the 12 institutions for the higher instruction of young women which may be found in Table VIII of the Appendix, there are arrangements for teaching drawing and paintng, and like arrangements in about the same number of colleges for young men or for both sexes, the young lady students being especially patronizers of these arts.

The art schools of Chicago embrace now, according to official information, the Art Institute, formerly called the Academy of Fine Arts, and the Society of Decorative Art, a former Academy of Design being, at least for the present, in abeyance. The Art Institute has been substantially maintained since 1879 by a group of well-known business

That this school and the St. Louis one have met or anticipated a real need, appears from the fact that, closely following them, have come others of like character in Boston, Baltimore, New Haven, Omaha, Philadelphia, and Toledo, with one at Tulane University, New Orleans.