The following table shows the census of the city and county from 1800 to 1840, inclusive, and of the city and districts for 1790. Dr. Mease states the population of the city, in 1753, at 14,563; in 1760, at 18,756; and in 1769, at 28,042.

According to the census of 1840, Philadelphia county and city contain 3 furnaces, 1 rollingmill, 186 houses in foreign trade, 63 commission houses, 2,078 retail stores, 16 fulling-mills, 29 woollen manufactories, 45 cotton manufactories, (containing 40,862 spindles,) 32 dyeing and printing establishments, 10 tanneries, 11 distilleries, 19 breweries, 1 glass-house, 1 glass-cutting establishment, 7 potteries, 12 sugar refineries, 10 paper manufactories, 47 printing-offices, 13 book-binderies, 8 daily newspapers, 17 weekly newspapers, 7 semi-weekly and tri-weekly newspapers, 26 periodicals, 20 rope-walks, 17 flouring-mills, 13 grist-mills, 13 saw-mills, 1 oil-millbesides a vast amount of capital and men employed in the manufacture of machinery, locomotives, houses, steamboats, ships, drugs, silk, soap and candles, coaches, and in gardening, nurseries, butchering, &c., &c.

A range of low rocky hills, of the primitive granitic formation, crosses the upper section of the county, imparting an agreeable diversity to the surface, and affording many beautiful sites for the country seats of wealthy citizens. That part of the county on which the city and its suburbs are situated, is a broad and elevated plain, gently sloping towards each river, and composed principally of gravel and clay-the deposit, doubtless, of some ancient ocean. Below the city, around the mouth of the Schuylkill, was originally a vast alluvial marsh, over which the waters flowed at every tide; but, by drainage and embankment, this tract has been converted into excellent meadows, yielding abundant pasturage for thousands of cattle.

Besides the Delaware and Schuylkill, the principal streams of the county are Poquessin cr., the northeastern boundary, and Darby cr., the southwestern-both tributaries of the Delaware; and between these are Pennypack cr., Sissinockisink cr., Frankford cr., formed by Tacony and Wingohocking crs., Gunner's run and Cohocksink cr.; and on the other side of the county are the Wissahiccon, Falls cr., and Mill cr., tributaries of the Schuylkill-besides several small creeks and runs on the flats below the city.

The CITY OF PHILADELPHIA extends entirely across a neck of land, about two miles wide, between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers; and pre

sents a front along the Delaware, including the suburbs of Kensington and Southwark, of nearly four miles, and one mile and a half along the Schuylkill. It is 120 miles from the ocean, by the course of the river, and 60 in a direct line; and lies in N. lat. 39° 56′ 54′′, and in W. lon. (from London) 75° 8' 45". The distance from Philadelphia to New York, by the usual route, is 87 miles; to Baltimore 95; to Washington city 136; to Harrisburg 100, and to Pittsburg 300. It is impossible to comprise, in a work of this kind, the complete statistics of a city so large as Philadelphia.

The city contains, (in addition to the manufactories already enumerated,) more than 100 churches of which are, Episcopal 15, (including the old Swedes' church;) Catholic 6; Unitarian 1; Presbyterian 27; Independent Congregational (in Broad-st.) 1; Dutch Reformed 4; Baptist 12; Methodist 18; Friends' 8; Congregational 1; German Reformed 1; Jews' Synagogues 3; Lutheran 4; Moravian 1; Swedenborgian 2; Mariners' 3; Universalist 2. Of scientific and literary institutions there are the University of Pennsylvania, including its medical department; two other medical schools; the Girard College; the American Philosophical Society; the Pennsylvania Historical Society; the Academy of Natural Sciences; the Franklin Institute; the Atheneum; the Philadelphia Library, and 7 other public libraries: of benevolent institutions-the Pennsylvania Hospital, the United States Naval Asylum, Asylums for the Deaf, Dumb, Blind, and Insane, for Indigent Females, five Asylums for Orphans, the County Almshouse, the Friends' Almshouse, Wills' Hospital for indigent lame and blind, and about seventy benevolent societies; eight museums, or collections in science and art; sixteen banks; the Merchants' Exchange; the county offices; the United States Mint; the United States Navy Yard; five theatres; Penitentiary and Prison; two magnificent bridges, (besides some six or seven others, equally splendid, in the county;) five railroads, &c., &c.

Philadelphia did not grow up, as have many cities, by hazard; or by the gradual addition of house to house, and by the conversion of crooked by-paths and narrow lanes into crowded streets, without a regular plan, as the commercial necessities of an augmenting village population might seem to require. The establishment of a large city was an early and favorite plan of William Penn; and in his "Concessions to Adventurers and Purchasers in the Province," published in July, 1681, before he left England, he had agreed

"That so soon as it pleasethe God that the abovesaid persons arrive there, a certain quantity of land or ground plot shall be laid out, for a large town or city, in the most convenient place upon the river for health and navigation; and every purchaser and adventurer shall by lot, have so much land therein as will answer to the proportion which he hath bought or taken up upon rent."

The city owes its distinguishing regularity, its wide Market-street and Broad-street, its spacious and beautiful public squares, to the wise forecast of Wm. Penn. Its name, too, a Greek word signifying brotherly love, was conferred by him, as he himself says, before the city was born, and is a token of the benevolent principle by which he intended his province should be governed. It was the intention of the founder that the city should be much less compact than it has since become that it should resemble "a greene country towne;" and he had intended, too, that the river bank should be left entirely open for general use from the water up to the north side of Front-street. For many years he resisted all solicitations for permission to build warehouses on the bank where Water-street now is.

Col. Wm. Markham, a young kinsman of the proprietor, was dispatched in May, 1681, with a number of colonists, to announce to the natives and Swedes the grant of the province to Wm. Penn, to conciliate their good will, and prepare for the arrival of the proprietor with a larger

number of colonists. In the autumn of the same year Penn sent out three commissioners to manage his affairs, Wm. Crispin, John Bezar, and Nathaniel Allen, with special instructions to select a site and lay out the great city. The following extracts from his instructions, for which we are indebted to the Memoirs of the Penn. Hist. Society, will show the vastness of the founder's original designs:

"The creeks should be sounded on my side of Delaware river, especially Upland, in order to settle a great towne, and be sure to make your choice where it is most navigable, high, dry, and healthy. That is, where most ships may best ride, of deepest draught of water, if possible, to load or unload, at ye Bank or key side, without boating and litering it. It would do well if the river coming into yt creek be navigable, at least for boats up into the country, and yt the scituation be high, at least dry and sound, and not swampy, wch is best knowne by digging up two or three earths, and seeing the bottom.

"Such a place being found out for navigation, healthy scituation, and good soyle for provision, lay out ten thousand acres contiguous to it in the best manner you can, as the bounds and extent of the libertyes of the said towne.

"The proportion in the said towne is to be thus: every share or five thousand acres shall have an hundred acres of land, out of ye ten thousand acres. If more than one be concerned in the share, as it may easily fall out, then they to agree of ye dividing ye same as they shall think fit, still keeping to proportion, as if one hundred pounds will have an hundred acres, five pounds will have five acres.

"That no more Land be surveyed or sett out, till this be first fixt, and ye people upon it, wch is best, both for Comfort, Safety, and Traffique. In the next season, the Lord willing, I shall be with you, and then I shall proceede to larger Lotte: This was ye Resolution of a great part of the Purchassers at London, the fifteenth day of Septemb 1681, and I find it generally ap proved.

"If it should happen yt the most Convenient place for this great Towne should be already taken up in greater quantity of Land than is Consistent wth the Town Plott, and yt Land not already improved, you must use yor utmost skill to perswade them to part wth so much as will be necessary, that so necessary and good a designe be not spoiled, that is, where they have Ten Acres by ye Water side, to abate five, and to take five more backward, and so proportionably, because yt by the Settlement of this Towne, the remaining five in two or three years' time will be worth twice as much as those Ten before; yea, wt they take backward for their water-side Land will in a little more time, be really more vallucable than all their Ten forward was before; urging my regard to them if they will not break this great and good Contrivance; and in my Name promise them wt gratuity or priviledge you think fitt, as having a new graunt at their old rent; yea, halfe their quit-rent abated-yea, make them as free Purchasers, rather than disappoint my mind in this Township: though herein, be as sparing as ever you can, and urge the weak bottome of their Graunte, the D. of Yorke having never had a graunt from the King &c Be impartially just and Courteous to all, That is both pleasing to ye Lord, and wise in itselfe.

"If you gain yor point in this respect, (of wch be very carefull) fall to dividing as before according to shares; then subdivide in wch observe yt you must narrower spread by the Water side, and run Backwarde more or lesse, according to the Compasse you have by the Waterside, to bring in the hundred Shares for their Proportion in the said Ten Thousand Acres.

"But if you cannot find land enough by ye Water side to allow an Hundred Acres to five Thousand Acres. Get wt you can, and proportionably divide it, though it were but fifty acres

for a Share.

"Be sure to Settle the figure of the Towne so as yt the streets hereafter may be uniforme downe to the Water from the Country bounds, lett ye place for the Store house be on the middle of the Key, wch will yet serve for Market and State houses too. This may be ordered when I come, only let the Houses built be in a line, or upon a Line as much as may be.

"Pitch upon the very middle of the Platt where the Towne or line of Houses is to be laid or run facing the Harbour and great River for the scituation of my house, and let it be not the tenth part of the Towne, as the Conditions say (viz) yt out of every hundred Thousand Acres shall be reserved to mee Ten, But I shall be contented with less than a thirtyeth part, to witt Three Hundred acres, whereas severall will have Two by purchaseing Two Shares, yt is Ten Thousand Acres, and it may be fitting for mee to exceede a little.

"The Distance of each House from the Creek or Harbor should be in my Judgt a measured quarter of a Mile, at least two hundred paces, because of building hereafter, streets downewards to ye Harbor.

"Let every House be placed, if the Person pleases in ye middle of its platt as to the breadth way of it, that so there may be ground on each side, for Gardens or Orchards or fields, yt it may be a greene Country Towne, wch will never be burnt, and allwayes be wholsome.

"I Judge yt you must be guided in yor breadth of Land by wt you can get, yt is unplanted,

and will not be parted wth, but so far as I can guesse at this Distance methinks in a Citty, each share to have fifty Poles upon ye Front to ye River, and ye rest Backward will be sufficient. But perhaps you may have more, and perhaps you will not have so much space to allow, Herein follow your Land and Scituation, being always just to proportion."

The city on the original plan would have occupied 12 square miles, to accommodate all the purchasers. Several sites were examined and spoken of by the commissioners, among which was one at Chester; another on the high bank at and below the mouth of Poquessin cr.; another at Pennsbury manor, and the present site, which was recommended by the commissioners; but neither was definitely fixed upon until after Penn's arrival in 1682, when, with the consent of the colonists, he reduced his plan nearly to the limits of the present city proper, and made up the proportion of lots to the colonists in the land adjoining the city, which was called Liberties; one of these Liberties was west of the Schuylkill, the other took the name of the Northern Liberties.

The arrival of Wm. Penn, and his reception at New Castle and Chester, have been noticed on pages 13 and 299-301. Tradition states that he made the voyage from Chester to Wicacoa in an open boat with a few friends, in the latter part of November, 1682. At Wicacoa he found dwelling three Swedes, brothers, named Andries, Swen, and Oele Swenson, (since converted into Swanson,) of whom he afterwards purchased the site of the city, giving them other lands in exchange. The site of the city at that day presented a high bold bank along the Delaware, fringed with a grove of tall pine-trees, which the Indians called Coaquanock. The early Jersey colonists had noticed this place. Proud states that

In the Tenth month, O. S. (December) 1678, arrived the Shield, from Hull, Daniel Towes commander, and anchored before Burlington. This was the first ship that came so far up the river Delaware. Opposite to Coaquanock, the Indian name of the place where Philadelphia now stands, which was a bold and high shore, she went so near it, in turning, that part of the tackling struck the trees-some of the passengers expressing, "It was a fine situation for a town."

In this bank many of the first and early adventurers had their caves, or holes for their resi dence, before any houses were built, or better accommodations prepared for them. The first house erected on this plot of ground, was built by George Guest, and not finished at the time of the proprietor's arrival. This house was then building in Budd's row, near that called Powell's dock. He, for many years afterwards, kept a tavern there called the Blue Anchor.

John Key-who was said to be the first born child of English parents in Philadelphia, and that in compliment of which William Penn gave him a lot of ground-died at Kennet, in Chester co., on the 5th of July, 1767, in the 85th year of his age; where his corpse was interred, in the Quakers' burying-ground, the next day, attended by a great concourse of people. He was born in a cave, long afterwards known by the name of Penny-pot, near Sassafras street. I have seen him myself more than once, in the city-to which, about six years before his death, he walked on foot, from Kennet, (about thirty miles,) in one day. In the latter part of his life he generally, in the city, went under the name of first-born.

In the latter part of the year 1682,* the proprietary, having finished his business with the In

* It is thought by others that the city was not fully laid out until 1683, as Penn says in his letter to the Society of Free traders, 16th Aug. 1683, "Philadelphia-the expectation of those that are concerned in this province-is, at last, laid out, to the great content of those here that are any ways interested therein. I say little of the town itself, because a platform will be shewn you by my agent, in which those who are purchasers of me will find their names and interests. But this I will say, for the good providence of God,—that, of all the many places I have seen in the world, I remember not one better seated; so that it seems to me to have been appointed for a town, whether we regard the rivers, or the conveniency of the coves, docks, springs, the loftiness and soundness of the land, and the air, held by the people of these parts to be very good. It is advanced, within less than a year, to about fourscore houses and cottages, such as they are, where merchants and handicrafts are following their vocations as fast as they can, while the countrymen are close at their farms. Some of them got a little winter corn in the ground last

dians, undertook, with the assistance of his surveyor-general, Thomas Holme, to lay out a place for the city.

The following is an extract from Thomas Holme's description:

"The city, as the model shows, consists of a large Front-street on each river, and a High-st., near the middle, from river to river, of one hundred feet broad; and a Broad-street, in the middle of the city, from side to side, of the like breadth. In the centre of the city is a square of ten acres, at each angle to build houses for public affairs. There is also in each quarter of the city a square of eight acres, to be for the like uses as Moorfields, in London; and eight streets, besides the said High st., that run from river to river, or from Front to Front; and twenty streets, besides the Broad-street and two Front-streets, that run across the city from side to side. All these streets are fifty feet broad."

William Penn-in answer to a remonstrance and address to him from several of the adventurers, freeholders, and inhabitants, in the city of Philadelphia, (respecting the front, or bank lots along the side of Delaware,) who claimed the privilege to build vaults, or stores, in the bank, against their respective lots-thus expresses himself, in 1684:-"The bank is a top common, from end to end. The rest, next the water, belongs to front-lot men no more than back-lot men. The way bounds them. They may build stairs, and, at the top of the bank, a common exchange, or walk,—and against the street common wharfs may be built freely; but into the water, and the shore, is no purchaser's."

Within the space of the first year after the proper requisites for a regular settlement were obtained, between twenty and thirty sail of ships, with passengers, arrived in the province-including those which came before, and about the same time with the proprietary. The settlers amounted to such a large number, that the parts near Delaware were peopled in a very rapid manner-even from about the falls of Trenton, down to Chester, near fifty miles, on the river; besides the settlements in the lower counties, which, at the same time, were very considerable. As the first colonists were generally Quakers, and in their native country had suffered much on account of their religion, both in person and property, their great and primary concern is said to have been the continuance and support of their religious public worship, in every part of the country where they made settlements, in such manner as their situation and circumstances then permitted.

The Quakers had meetings for religious worship, and for the œconomy of their society, so early as the fore part of the year 1681, at the house of Thomas Fairlamb, at Shackamaxon, near, or about the place where Kensington now stands, nigh Philadelphia; and in the next following year, 1682, at the place itself where the city is since built, in a boarded meeting-house erected there for that purpose.

Their brick meeting-house in the city, at or near the centre, was built in
That on the bank, in Front-street, in

Their great meeting-house in High-street, in
That on the hill, in Pine-street, in

And the present meeting-house in High-street, in

1684

1685

1695

1753

1755

The number of marriages of the people called Quakers, in Philadelphia alone, during the first thirty-two years of the province, or between the years 1682 and 1714, inclusive, was about 314. In this, (1781,) and the two next succeeding years, (1782-'83,) arrived ships, with passengers or settlers, from London, Bristol, Ireland, Wales, Cheshire, Lancashire, Holland, Germany, &c., to the number of about fifty sail. Among those from Germany were some Friends, or Quakers, from Krisheim, or Cresheim, a town not far from Worms, in the Palatinate. They had been early convinced of the religious principles of the Quakers, by the preaching of William Ames, an Englishman; for which they had borne a public testimony there, till the present time-when they all removed to Pennsylvania, and settled about six or seven miles distant from Philadelphia, a place which they called Germantown.

These adventurers were not all young persons, able to endure the hardships unavoidable in subduing a wilderness, or as equally regardless of convenient accommodations as young, healthy, and strong men, accustomed to labor and disappointment; but there were among them persons advanced in years, with women and children, and such as, in their native country, had lived well, and enjoyed ease and plenty.

season; and the generality have had a handsome summer crop, and are preparing for their winter corn. They reaped their barley, this year, in the month called May-the wheat in the month following; so that there is time, in these parts, for another crop of divers things before the winter season. We are daily in hopes of shipping, to add to our number; for, blessed be God, here is both room and accommodation for them. I bless God, I am fully satisfied with the country and entertainment I got in it; for I find that particular content which hath always attended me where God, in his providence, hath made it my place and service to reside.