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manded by McClellan in person, and consisted of the entire command of Burnside, McDowell's corps, now under the command of Hooker; Sumner's corps, Franklin's corps, Banks' corps, commanded by Williams, and Sykes' division of Fitz John Porter's corps.

Lee looked anxiously for the arrival of the divisions of McLaws, R. H. Anderson, A. P. Hill and Walker, but they did not come up until late in the day. At dawn the work of carnage began, and continued for twelve hours; 200,000 men struggled for the mastery. Blood flowed in streams, and the field was strewn far and wide with the dead and dying; the deathly grapple was yet indecisive, and at sunset when the worn armies desisted from strife one of the best examples of a drawn battle which history records was presented. Both armies rested upon the field that night, and when on the next morning the Confederates fell back across the Potomac to Shepherdstown, Virginia, McClellan's army was too much demoralized to follow.

The Federal force actually engaged numbered 87,164, of which 4,320 were cavalry; their loss was 2,010 killed, 9,416 wounded, and 1,043 missing a total of 12,469. The Confederates had during the day 70,000 men engaged, and left upon the field 3,000 dead, and 2,000 severely wounded. Of the killed on both sides many rotted in the sun, and, long after, their bones were bleaching on the mountain sides and in the valley of the little stream.

FROM THE POTOMAC TO FREDERICKSBURG.

For many days after the battle of Antietam the Federal army exhibited a "masterly inactivity." The ever-vigilant Lee was being reinforced, and was rapidly remobilizing his army and getting ready for his adversary, when he should once more invade the soil of Virginia. McClellan's force on the 1st of October numbered 150,000 men, and on the 6th Halleck telegraphed him, saying: "The President directs that you cross the Potomac and give battle to the enemy or drive him South. Your army must move while the roads are good." But two weeks passed away, and still no advance was made. Halleck once more telegraphed him: "The President does not expect impossibilities, but this good weather must not be wasted in inactivity." November 1st the entire force once more crossed the Potomac and entered Virginia. It moved leisurely south along the eastern base of the Blue Ridge, while Lee kept up a parallel movement on the west side. On the 7th a heavy snow storm set in. Everything betokened the beginning of winter. "Patience ceased to be a virtue" with the authorities at Washington, and that night at 12 o'clock Lincoln ordered McClellan to turn over the command of the army to General Burnside. The new commander determined to advance at once to Fredericksburg, masking his intention

by a feint towards Gordonsville. Lee readily interpreted his action, and while Burnside marched along the north bank of the Rappahannock to Falmouth, he continued down the south bank and took position at Fredericksburg. Here he destroyed the bridges, and prevented the crossing of Burnside until he had time to surround himself with fortifications.

Fredericksburg lay midway between the contending armies, and it was evident that its destruction was sealed whenever either army should enter it.

THE BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG.

On the morning of the 10th of December Burnside's pontoon bridges. arrived from Washington, and on the next day an effort was made to cross the river in front of the town, but the fire from the Confederate sharpshooters was persistent and directed with such unerring precision that the place was abandoned; but on the 12th the Federals succeeded in crossing three miles further down the river. Lee was awaiting the advance with 80,000 men lying behind the fortifications. "Stonewall" Jackson commanded on the right, and Longstreet on the left. Of the Federal force, Franklin was on the left, Hooker in the center, and Sumner on the right. The battle began at 11 o'clock A. M.: the first attack was made on the position of General Jackson by Meade with a brigade belonging to Franklin's grand division. It went into the charge with 4,500 men, and was instantly hurled back, leaving on the field 1,760 dead and wounded. The battle raged until nightfall, when Burnside having been repulsed at every point of attack was forced to recross the river, and on the next morning to abandon his position and fall back to Falmouth. His loss was 13,711, while that of the Confederates was only 5,309. The year 1862 closed, and left the two armies lying as at the close of the battle. Here they went into winter-quarters, and Burnside having proven himself no more satisfactory to the Washington Government than his predecessor, was soon after superseded in the command by Major-General Hooker, who gloried in the sobriquet of "Fighting Joe."

THE ARMY OF NORTH-WESTERN VIRGINIA AT THE CLOSE OF THE

SECOND YEAR'S WAR.

As the year closed, it was asserted both in the North and South that General Lee's army was rapidly dwindling away from desertion. This elicited a reply from the Commander-in-Chief, in which he likened the sufferings of that army to those of the French in their retreat from Moscow, and closed with the tribute: "This army cut and fought its way to the Potomac, crossed that stream, moved on to Frederick and Hagerstown, had a heavy engagement at Boonesboro, another at Crampton's Gap, fought the

greatest pitched battle of the war at Antietam, and then recrossed the Potomac into Virginia. During all this time, covering the full space of a month, the troops rested but four days. And let it be always remembered to their honor that of the men who performed this wonderful feat, one-fifth were barefooted, one-half in rags, and the whole halffamished. **** Their difficulties were increased by the fact that cooking utensils in many cases had been left behind, as well as everything else that would impede their movements. It was not unusual to see a company of starving men have a barrel of flour distributed to them which it was utterly impossible for them to convert into bread with the means and in the time allowed them.

"Do you wonder, then, that there should have been stragglers from the army? That brave and true men should have fallen out from sheer exhaustion, or in their efforts to obtain a mouthful to eat along the roadsides? Or that many seasoned veterans--the conquerors in the Valley, at Richmond and at Manassas-should have succumbed to disease, and been forced back to the hospital? * * * * That there has been unnecessary straggling is readily admitted, but in a large majority of cases the men have only to point to their bleeding feet, tattered garments, and gaunt frames for an answer to the unjust charge. No army on this continent has ever accomplished as much or suffered as much as the Army of Northern Virginia within the last three months. At no period during the first Revolutionary war, not even at Valley Forge, did our forefathers in arms encounter greater hardships or endure them more uncomplainingly."

HOOKER HALTS ON THE BANKS OF THE RAPPAHANNOCK.

General Hooker took command of the army, but no advance was made; the condition of the army and the long winter were his excuses, but spring opened and but one engagement broke the long silence of the lines along the banks of the Rappahannock.

That was on the 17th of March, when a Federal force of 3,000 crossed the river at Kelley's Ford and advanced to within six miles of Culpeper Court House, when they were engaged by the brigade of General Fitzhugh Lee. The engagement continued some hours, but at last the Federals were driven from the field after having inflicted a loss of one hundred upon the Confederates, among which number was the gallant Pelham, of Alabama, the "boy Major." He was but twenty-two years of age, and had participated in all the battles of Virginia. His remains were taken to Richmond, where for awhile they lay in state in the Capitol, where they were covered with floral tributes.

THE BATTLES OF THE RAPPAHANNOCK, CHANCELLORSVILLE AND FRED

ERICKSBURG.

It was now the month of April, and Hooker, the successor of Burnside, busied himself with the reorganization of his powerful army. Its grand divisions were substituted by seven corps: the 1st (Reynolds), 2d (Couch), 3d (Sickles), 5th (Meade), 6th (Sedgwick), 11th (Howard), and 12th (Slocum). His forces numbered 120,000 infantry and artillery, 13,000 cavalry, and 400 pieces of artillery. Confronting him on the south side of the river lay the Army of Northern Virginia, 62,000 strong. It consisted of Jackson's corps in four divisions, commanded respectively by A. P. Hill, Rodes, Colston and Early; two divisions of Longstreet's corps, those of Anderson and McLaws; Longstreet himself, with the remainder of his command, having been sent to the south side of James river. Of Lee's force, the cavalry numbered 3,000 men.

The 27th of April at length arrived, and it seemed that the "grand hesitation" was at an end, for Hooker on that day ordered a general advance. With a view of concealing his real intention he sent Sedgwick, 30,000 strong, to make a feint of crossing the river at Burnside's Ford, three miles below Fredericksburg, while he was to move secretly and rapidly to the right of his column, and, crossing both the Rappahannock and Rapidan above their confluence, take a position near Chancellorsville. This town, consisting of a hotel and several private residences, is situated on the road leading from Orange Court House to Fredericksburg, and is eleven miles north-west of the latter. Here the roads leading from German Mills and Ely's, United States and Banks' Fords, intersect.

The battle-plan of Hooker was not a simple one, but a combined operation consisting of three parts: first, his own movement and flank attack of Lee; second, Sedgwick's attack upon Fredericksburg; and third, Stoneman's cavalry movement to the rear of the Confederate position.

Lee was not slow to divine the designs of his enemy, and at once set about disposing of his little army to the best advantage for repelling the shock of battle which he now knew was at hand. General Barksdale's brigade and General Early's division were left to face Sedgwick's advance upon Fredericksburg, and Lee with his entire remaining available force began the march to Chancellorsville, where by throwing the bulk of his army in front of Hooker, he expected to check his advance. On Saturday, May 2d, the town was reached, and Jackson in the front began the work assigned him in the mighty contest. For two hours his division passed in review of Sickles' position on the left. The 23d Georgia regiment was guarding the flank of his train, and upon this regiment was poured the first fire. Sickles ordered General Birney to open fire and then charge the passing train; the order was executed

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FOLEY'S STATUE OF "STONEWALL" JACKSON,

in the Capitol Grounds, Richmond.

The Inscription reads: "Presented by English gentlemen as a tribute of admiration for the soldier and patriot, THOMAS J. JACKSON, and gratefully accepted by Virginia, in the name of the Southern people. Done A. D. 1875. In the Hundredth Year of the Commonwealth." "Look! there is JACKSON, standing like a Stone Wall."

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