LEWIS COUNTY.

John S. Koster, Rep., 4,260; Edgar S. Merrell, Dem., 3,282; Chas. W. Peeples, Pro., 80.

LIVINGSTON COUNTY.

Otto Kelsey, Rep., 5,462; Patrick Hendricks, Dem., 4,018; C. J. McKenzie, Pro., 309.

MADISON COUNTY.

E. J. Fish, Rep., 7,465; W. F. Bridge, Dem., 3,682; H. J. Taylor, Pro., 301. MONROE COUNTY.

1. Merton E. Lewis, Rep., 6,836; M. S. Mindrick, Dem., 4,563; Wm. Lippelb, Soc. Lab., 133.

2. James M. E. O'Grady, Rep., 6,938; Benjamin Haag, Dem., 4,326; E. Morse, Pro., 128; M. Berman, Soc. Lab., 131.

3. Wm. W. Armstrong, Rep., 5,225; M. J. O'Brien, Dem., 4,117; Wm. Richards, Soc. Lab., 98

4. Frederick E. Gott, Rep., 6,163; Jacob Haight, Dem., 5,101; A. Cole, Pro., 174: M. Gross, Soc. Lab., 95.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY.

E. L. Schmidt, Rep., 6,764; S. Brumley, Dem., 5,111; Platner, Pro., 132. NEW-YORK COUNTY.

1. Arthur Pezold, Rep., 1,621; Daniel E. Finn, Tam., 3,402; C. Rathjens, Dem. (S. M.). 185; Edwin J. Bean, Pop., 10; R. Lovestrand, Soc.-Lab., 24; G. F. Carr, Pro., 19.

2. Wm. H. Kilboy, Rep., 2,794; T. J. Barry, Tam., 4,308; A. J. Smith, Pop., 23; J. H. Wyburn, Pro., 16; J. Hammer, Soc.-Lab., 146.

3. L. J. Hoenninger, Rep., 2,990; W. H. Leonard, Tam., 4,584; J. H. Mullen, Pop., 15; Wm. Smillie, Nat. Dem., 93; F. Fais, Soc.-Lab., 47; J. McNickle, Pro., 31.

4. John P. Denny, Rep., 2,247; Pat'k H. Roche, Tam., 3,653; P. Murphy, Soc.Lab., 781; G. H. Epstein, Nat. Dem., 524; J. J. McKenna, Ind., 335; P. H. Masengarb, Pro., 22.

5. Richard A. Van Cott, Rep., 4.778; H. Weston, Tam., 3,067; J. A. Hooper, Dem. (S. M.), 373; E. Knell, Soc.-Lab., 59; A. Aarons, Pro., 34.

6. J. Palmieri, Rep.. 3,111; T. P. Sullivan, Tam., 4,644; J. V. Gillen, Dem. (S. M.), 224; H. Kahlbaum, Soc.-Lab., 266; Wm. J. Jones, Pop., 26; G. Knevits, Pro., 22.

7. Wm. C. Baxter, Rep.. 3.899; E. W. Hart, Tam., 4,492; M. Conklin, Dem. (S. M.), 143; G. Myers, Pop., 22; A. R. Lewis, Pro., 51; R. Blumenthal, Soc.Lab., 48.

8. Chas. S. Adler, Rep., 2,772; Maurice Rose, Tam., 1,600; W. F. Miller, Pop., 11; Solomon Bernan, Soc.-Lab., 672; A. McKeon, Pro., 5.

9. J. D. Blackburn, Rep., 4,051; J. F. MacCabe, Tam., 4,363: J. G. Norman, Dem. (S. M.), 183; Chas. Healey, Pop., 41; C. G. Teche, Soc.-Lab., 93; B. C. Hedges, Pro., 43.

10. J. J. Sullivan, Rep., Kempner, Tam.. (S. M.),

Otto

; C. H. Loos, Dem. Wm. Retzloff, Pro.. G. Sieburg, Soc.-Lab.,

11. Edmund C. Lee, Rep., 3,060; W. H. Gledhill, Tam.. 4,015; A. C. Thomas, Dem. (S. M.), 138; J. Boyd, Soc.-Lab., 122; H. Osborne, Pro., 20.

12. Rudolph Maas, Rep., 2,247; J. Schulum, Tam., 2,958; J. Gilkinson, Pro.. 9; A. Jonas, Soc.-Lab., 1,363.

13. Wm. Corbitt, Rep., 2,745; P. F. Frainor, Tam., 3,848; E. Billhardt, Nat. Dem., 69; Chas. Kaiser, Soc.-Lab., 189; G. A. Betsford, Pro., 11.

14. C. C. Wisseman, Rep., 3,235; Jacob Fritz, Tam., 4,379; J. A. Smith, Dem. (S. M.), 139; J. Staiber, Soc.-Lab., 473; J. T. Keyes, Pro., 16.

15. R. C. Van Horn, Rep., 2,960; T. F. Myers, Tam., 3,256; J. J. Walsh, Dem. (S. M.), 1,023; J. M. Orr. Pro., 26; Nathan Bendon, Soc.-Lab., 140.

16. Wm. Volkel, Rep., 2,742; Benj. Hoffman, Tam., 3,817; T. F. Leonard, Dem. (S. M.), 164; K. Loudon, Soc.-Lab., 1,014; J. F. Nubel, jr., Pro., 8.

17. D. F. Lloyd, Rep., 2,804; J. A. Dempsey, Tam., 3,949; J. A. Manser, Pro., 19: Joseph Finn, Pop., 37; D. J. Gleason, Dem. (S. M.), 465; F. Richter, Soc.-Lab., 152.

18. James P. Kelker, Rep., 2,694; John F. Daly, Tam., 4,847; M. J. Kelly, Dem. (S. M.), 305; Wm. J. Ghent, Pop., 105; James Hunter, Soc.-Lab., 255; John Benney, Pro., 20.

19. Rob't Mazet, Rep., 7,201; G. F. Burslem, Tam., 3,378: A. A. Whitman, Dem. (S. M.), 663; John J. Daly, Pop., 29; P. J. O'Brien, Soc.-Lab., 95; Wm. Tremore, Pro., 15.

20. Chas. H. Edlich, Rep., 3,005; J. P. Corrigan, Tam.. 4,811; T. B. Wakeman, Pop., 183; E. T. Banks, Nat. Dem., 197; N. Berger, Soc.-Lab., 117: E. N. Garnsey, Pro., 27.

21. Geo. C. Austin, Rep., 8,272; T. J. Murray, Tam., 4,047; G. J. Vestner, Dem. (S. M.), 609; F. J. d'Elseaux, Soc.-Lab., 102; E. H. Mead, Pro., 30.

22. Abram Lewis, Rep., 2,535; C. H. Dalhauser, Anti-Mach. Rep., 836; D. D. Tooher, Tam.. 4,561; James S. Holy, Pop., 64; M. Fey, Soc.-Lab., 149; G. W. Strebel, Pro., 23.

23. Richard Gilleland, Rep., 5,772; T. J. Hayden, Tam., 454; J. M. Thompson, Dem. (S. M.), 326; M. J. Leonard, Pop., 67: C. E. Thompson, Soc.-Lab., 121; Geo. Munro, Pro., 440.

24. Henry Zweifel, jr., Rep., 3,212: J. B. Fitzgerald, Tam., 3,670; F. S. Campbell, Dem. (S. M.), 214; W. Klingenberg, Soc.-Lab., 322; W. H. Dimond, Pro., 22.

25. Patrick H. Murphy, Rep., 5,966; A. Govan, Tam., 2,243; J. B. Shope, Dem. (S. M.), 432; A. Weldon, Pop., 41; H. C. Taylor, Pro., 26.

26. Frank A. Sovak, Rep., 3,091; P. J. Andrews, Tam., 3,158; Chas. Franz, Soc.Lab., 537; P. St. J. O'Sullivan, Dem. (S. M.), 191; F. du Souchet, Pro., 8.

27. Francis E. Laimbeer, Rep., 5,472; C. A. Molloy, Tam., 1,883; C. Č. Ferris, Dem. (S. M.), 387; E. G. Barton, Pro., 18. 28. John F. Sherman, Rep., 2,861; Jos. I. Green, Tam., 4,244; C. Wallstrom, Soc. Lab., 589; G. L. Lowenthall, Dem. (S. M.), 209; C. Knappman, Pro., 12.

29. Lawrence E. Brown, Rep., 6,835; E. L. Purdy, Tam., 1,980; M. M. Schlesinger, Dem. (S. M.), 1,037; J. H. Yarnall, Pro., 30.

30. T. W. Brickner. Rep., 4,035; G. W. Meyer, jr., Tam., 4,658; J. J. Daly, Pop., 134; E. Brickmann, Soc. Lab., 595; J. W.

Ennis, Dem. (S. M.), 254; C. L. Kidder, Pro., 13.

31. Harvey T. Andrews, Rep., 7,660; Eckerson, Tam., 3,380; G. E. MorDem. (S. M.), 460; A. T. Hull,

F. L gan,

Pro., 51.

32. Frederick Horn, Rep., 4,433; T. F. Donnelly, Tam., 4,792; M. J. Gonnoud, Dem. (S. M.), 199; P. Rock, Pop., 41; Aaron Henry, Soc. Lab., 415; C. C. Austen, Pro., 15.

33. James P. Degnan, Rep., 4,145; J. F. Walsh, Tam., 4,060; Wm. T. Glover, Dem. (S. M.), 267; P. H. Von Elling, Soc. Lab., 196; C. N. Mazza, Pro., 22.

34. P. W. Reinhard, Rep., 7,045; L. W. Reddington, Tam., 6,597; A. J. Spang, Demn. (S. M.), 280; B. Wilcke, Soc. Lab., 306; F. Ficke, Pop., 66; D. Crandall, Pro., 44.

35. D. Matthewson, Rep., 7,805; Wm. Gill, Tam., 6,693; G. R. Hamilton, Dem. (S. M.). 387; C. W. Hoadley, Pop 88; James McQuillan, Soc.-Lab., 580; J. G. Patton, Pro., 610.

NIAGARA COUNTY.

1. Henry E. Warner, Rep., 4,022; Edward J. Turner, Dem., 3,719; Walter E. Doty, Pro., 195; D. C. Sullivan, 52.

2. Frank A. Dudley, Rep., 3,891; A. M. Armstrong, Dem., 3,317; E. B. Townsend, Pro., 116; G. Miller, 330.

ONEIDA COUNTY.

1. Geo. E. Philo, Rep., 5,138; Walter Embley, Dem., 4,127; J. C. Hatch, 78; John Williams, 2,046; F. D. Gesser, Soc. Lab., 840.

2. Wm. C. Sanger, Rep., 5,357; A. G. Williams, Dem., 3,009; E. B. Kenyon, Pro., 215.

3. Wm. B. Graves, Rep., 6.374; John J. Dooley, Dem., 3,880; Isaac Kent, Pro., 229.

ONONDAGA COUNTY.

1. Wm. J. Bellen, Rep., 4,603; Wm. H. Hoffman, Dem., 3,125; S. Thornton, Ind. Rep., 2,238.

2. Edwards Ten Eyck, Rep., 4,405; S. E. McCluskey, Dem., 3,338; I. Sawmiller, Ind. Rep., 1,553; H. Waack, Soc. Lab., 260.

3. Joseph Bondy, Rep., 4.387; N. C. McKeever, Dem., 4,108; L. Stillwell, Ind. Rep., 997; R. Berggren, Soc. Lab., 19.

4. Edward M. Wells, Rep., 4,817; B. E. Farley, Dem., 3,891; H. H. Boggs, Ind. Dem., 1,752; E. L. Lake, 152.

ONTARIO COUNTY.

Murray Benham, Rep., 7,225; Herbert L. Case, Sil. Dem., 5,546; Bolivar Ellis, Nat. Dem., 176; Preston Gates, Pro., 214. ORANGE COUNTY.

1. L. F. Goodsell, Rep., 7,332; F. D. Tuthill, Dem., 4,177; Henry R. Hunter, Pro., 198; S. W. Felter, Soc. Lab., 49.

2. Louis Bedell, Rep., 6.423; D. P. Schultz, Dem., 5,075; B. S. Henning, Prɔ., 112; E. B. Taylor, 121.

ORLEANS COUNTY.

Fred'k L. Downs, Rep., 4,349; Chas. E. Hart, Dem., 3,308.

OSWEGO COUNTY.

1. Lewis P. Taylor, Rep., 3,558; James Carroll, Dem., 3,535.

2. Thos. M. Costello, Rep., 5,656; Albert S. Barker, Dem., 2,936; Henry G. Tyler, Pro., 125.

OTSEGO COUNTY.

Chas. B. Gorham, Rep., 8,073; James Young, Dem., 5,816; Elijah Newell, Pro., 430. PUTNAM COUNTY.

Emerson A. Addis, Rep., 2,330; T. B. Truesdell, Dem., 1,031.

QUEENS COUNTY.

1. Chas. Beckel, Rep., 5,737; Thos. F. Kennedy, Dem., 5,908; J. A. Allen, Nat. Dem., 237; L. H. Thompson, Pro., 70; P. Siegel, Soc. Lab., 643.

2. H. S. McKnight, Rep., 5,411; E. Richardson, Dem., 3,171; E. T. Johnson, 36; L. Hopp, Soc. Lab., 105.

3. Morton Cromwell, Rep., 6,835; Louis C. Ott, Dem., 3,546; E. J. Healy, Nat. Dem., 262; C. C. Baylis, Pro., 70.

RENSSELAER COUNTY.

1. Edward McGraw, Rep., 6,129; Robert Gilbraith, Pro., 125; George C. Lewis, Nat. Dem., 5. 2. Henderson Peck, Rep., 4,161; Wm. Hutton, jr., Dem., 6,005; C. H. Hammond, Pro., 460.

3.

George Anderson, Rep., 6,439; Geo. W. Wittreck, Dem., 4,146; F. Harde, Pro., 15.

RICHMOND COUNTY.

Geo. Garby, Rep., 5,691; Walter H. Holt, Dem., 4,712; Wm. A. Short, Ind., 434; Z. W. Bliss, Pro., 168.

ROCKLAND COUNTY. Frederick Whitner, Rep., 4,129; A. D. Blauvelt, Dem., 3,324.

ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY.

1. Ira C. Miles, Rep., 7,541; S. E. Hartley, Dem., 2,873; J. R. Griffin, Pro., 227. 2.

M. V. B. Ives, Rep., 7,716; J. H. Mills, Dem., 2,690; Wm. Leonard, Pro., 187.

SARATOGA COUNTY.

Geo. W. Kavanagh, Rep., 9,423; Wm. J. Delaney, Dem., 5,048; E. F. Humphrey, Nat. Dem., 198; L. B. Dederick, Pro., 424.

SCHENECTADY COUNTY. Thomas W. Winne, Rep., 4,519; John C. Myers, Dem., 4,206; C. E. H. Wilson, 121.

SCHOHARIE COUNTY.

W. E. Bassler, Rep., 3,965; Geo. M. Palmer, Dem., 4,135; Pro., 107.

SCHUYLER COUNTY.

Oliver H. Budd, Rep., 2,718; Geo. W. McNenier, Dem., 1,616; L. C. Wakelee, Pro., 140.

SENECA COUNTY.

Harry M. Glen, Rep., 3,641; Thos. J. Yawger, Dem., 3,481.

STEUBEN COUNTY.

1. James S. Harrison, Rep., 6,691; Eugene Wade, Dem., 3,750.

2. Joel Clark, Rep., 6,149; J. B. Hargrave, Dem., 4,141.

SUFFOLK COUNTY.

1. Erastus F. Post, Rep., 5,431; A. E. Parry, Dem., 2,434; S. R. Strong, Nat. Dem., 221; E. M. Price, Pro., 322.

2. Carll S. Burr, jr., Rep., 3,750; A. E. Burr, Dem., 1,565; M. B. Blydenburgh, Nat. Dem., 219.

SULLIVAN COUNTY.

Geo. W. McLaughlin, Rep., 4,183; John F. Wood, Dem., 2,440; G. F. Galbraith, 84. TIOGA.

D. B. Witter, Rep., 4,823; C. F. Poole, Dem., 2,761; E. F. Belden, Pro., 253. TOMPKINS COUNTY.

Frederick E. Bates, Rep., 5,240; N. Pearson, Dem., 3,629; John G. Cobb, Pro., 272.

ULSTER COUNTY.

1. Wm. S. Van Keuren, Rep., 4,838; Jacob Rice, Dem., 4,676; McGuill, Pro., 59. 2. H. J. Pratt, Rep., 5,680; F. S. Winant, Dem., 4,198; Wygant, Pro., 205. WARREN COUNTY.

Taylor J. Eldridge, Rep., 4,568; Wm. M. Cameron, Dem., 2,388; H. H. Knox, Pro., 57.

WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Wm. R. Hobbie, Rep., 8,010; Henry C. Day, Dem., 3,206; Wm. Dunden, Nat. Dem., 191; F. W. Hewitt, Pro., 274.

WAYNE COUNTY.

Geo. S. Horton, Rep., 7,884; Lewis H. Clark, Dem., 4,327; D. F. Russell, Pro., 227.

WESTCHESTER COUNTY.

1. Alfred E. Smith, Rep., 6,603; S. J. Stilwell, Dem., 4,763; B. D. Eiclen, Dem. (S. M.), 394; Wm. H. Terrell, Pro., 94; G. C. Chadeayne, Soc. Lab., 320.

2. Robert Emmett, jr., Rep., 6,992; C. T. Secor, Dem., 5,826; J. M. Wainwright, Dem. (S. M.), 384; H. Eberle, Soc.-Lab., 147; R. S. Collins, Pro., 105.

3. James W. Husted, Rep., 5,987; Ralph Baker, Dem., 4,158; J. C. Darrow, Nat. Dem., 199; Barrett, Pro., 185;

John, Soc. Lab., 14.

WYOMING COUNTY.

Mortimer N. Cole, Rep., 4,952; Cyril B. Lombard, Dem., 2,596; Chas. R. Buck, Pro., 269.

YATES COUNTY.

M. W. Raplee, Rep., 3,385; E. H. Voorhees, Dem., 1,987.

Republicans elected, 114; Democrats, 35; Independents, 1; total, 150.

MONETARY EVENTS SINCE 1786.

The following summary of monetary events since 1786 were compiled in July last by A. T. Huntington, Chief of the Division of Loans and Currency of the Treasury Department:

1786.-Establishment of the double standard in the United States with a ratio of 1 to 15.25; that is, on the basis of 123.134 grains of fine gold for the $5 piece, and 375.64 grains of fine silver for the dollar, without any actual coinage.

1792.-Adoption of the ratio of 1 to 15, Ind establishment of a mint with free and gratuitous coinage in the United States;

the silver dollar equal to 371% grains, the eagle to 2471⁄2 grains fine. 1803.-Establishment of the double standard in France on the basis of the ratio of 1 to 15%.

1804.-Introduction of the silver standard in Russia on the basis of the ruble of 17.99 grams of fine silver, followed in 1871 by the coinage of imperials or gold pieces of 5 rubles, of 5.998 grams, therefore, with a ratio of 1 to 15.

1816.-Abolition of the double standard in England, which had had as its basis the ratio of 1 to 15.21, and adoption of the gold standard on the basis of the pound sterling at 7,322 grams fine in weight.

1816. Substitution for the ratio of 1 to 15.5 in Holland, established by a rather confused coinage, of the ratio of 1 to 15%.

1819. Abolition of forced currency in England.

1832. Introduction of the monetary system of France in Belgium, with a decree providing for the coinage of pieces of 20 and 40 francs, which, however, were not stamped.

1834. Substitution of the ratio of 1 to 16 for that of 1 to 15 in the United States by reducing the weight of the $10 gold piece from 270 to 258 grains. In 1837 the fineness of United States gold coins was raised from .899225 to .900, and the silver coins from .8924 to .900, giving a ratio of 1 to 15.988, and fixing the standard weight of the silver dollar at 412 grains.

1835. Introduction of the rupee in India (a silver coin weighing 165 grains fine), and creation of the moheer (value of 15 rupees, containing 165 grains of fine gold. rupees), containing 165 grains of fine gold.

1844. Introduction of the double standard in Turkey, with the ratio of 1 to 15.10. 1847.-Abolition of the double standard in Holland by the introduction of the silver standard on the basis of a 1-florin piece 0.945 grams fine the coinage of which had already been decreed in 1839. 1847.-Discovery of the gold mines of

California.

1848.-Coinage in Belgium of pieces of 10 and 25 francs in gold, a shade too light. These pieces were demonetized and withdrawn from circulation in 1884.

1848.-Replacing the ratio of 1 to 16 in Spain, which had been in force since 1786, by that of 1 to 15.77.

1850. Introduction of the French monetary system in Switzerland without any actual coinage of gold pieces.

1851.-Discovery of the gold mines of

Australia.

1853.-Lowering of the weight of silver pieces of less value than $1 to the extent of 7 per cent in the United States, and limitation of their legal-tender power to $5.

1853. Maximum of the production of gold reached in California, when it amounted to $65,000,000.

1854. Introduction of the gold standard in Portugal on the basis of the crown of 16.257 grams fine. Before this period the country had the silver standard, with a rather large circulation of gold coins stamped on the basis of 1 to 15% in 1835 and 1 to 16% in 1847.

1854.-Modification of the ratio of 1 to 15.77 in Spain by raising it to 1 to 15.48 and by lowering the plaster from 23.49 grams to 23.36 grams fine.

1854. Introduction of the silver standard, as it existed in the mother country, in Java, in place of the ideal Javanese money, and coinage of colonial silver pieces.

1857.-Conclusion of a monetary treaty between Austria and the German States, in accordance with which 1 pound of fine silver was stamped into 30 thalers, or 52% florins of South Germany, or 45 Austrian florins, resulting in 1 thaler equalling 1 German florins, or 11⁄2 Austrian florins.

1861.-Law decreeing the coinage of gold pieces of 10 and 20 francs exactly equal to French coins of the same denomination in Belgium.

1862.-Adoption of the French monetary system by Italy.

1865.--Formation of the Latin Union between France, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy on the basis of a ratio of 1 to 15%. 1868.-Adoption of the French monetary system by Rumania, with the exclusion of the 5-franc silver piece, which was, however, stamped in 1881 and 1883.

the

1868. Admission of Greece into Latin Union. The definite and universal introduction of the French monetary system into the country was effected only in 1883.

1868.-Adoption of the French monetary system, with the peseta or franc as the unit, by Spain. The coinage of gold alphonses d'or of 25 pesetas was made only in 1876.

1871.-Replacing of the silver standard in Germany by the gold standard. Coinage in 1873 of gold pieces of 5, 10 and 20 mark pieces, the latter weighing 7.168 grams fine.

1871.-Establishment of the double standard in Japan with the ratio of 1 to 10.17 by the coinage of the gold yen of 1.667 grams and of the silver yen of 26.956 grams, both with a fineness of 0.900.

1873.-Increase of the intrinsic value of the subsidiary coins of the United States. Replacing of the double standard by the gold standard. Reduction of the cost of coinage of gold to one-fifth per cent, the total abolition of which charge was decreed in 1875. Creation of a trade dollar of 420 grains with a fineness of 0.900.

1873. Suspension of the coinage of 5franc pieces in Belgium.

1873.-Limitation of the coinage of 5francs on individual account in France. 1873.-Suspension of the coinage of silver in Holland.

1873.-Formation of the Scandinavian Monetary Union. Replacing of the silver standard in Denmark, Sweden and Norway by that of gold on the basis of the krone. Coinage of pieces of 10 and 20 kroner, the latter weighing 8.961 grams, with a fineness of 0.900.

1874.-Introduction of the system of contingents for the coinage of 5-franc silver pieces in the Latin Union,

1875.-Suspension of the coinage of silver on individual account in Italy. 1875.-Suspension of the coinage of silver on account of the Dutch colonies.

1875. Introduction of the double standand in Holland on the basis of the ratio of 1 to 15.62 by the creation of a gold piece of 10 florins, weighing 5.048 grams fine, with the maintenance of the suspension of the coinage of silver.

1876. Great fluctuations in the price of silver, which declined to 46%d., representing the ratio of 1 to 20.172, in July. Recovery, in December, to 581⁄2d. Average price, 52%d.

1877.-Coinage of 5-franc silver pieces by Spain continued later, notwithstanding the decline of silver in the market.

1877.-Replacing of the double standard in Finland by that of gold on the basis of the mark or franc.

1878.-Act of United States Congress providing for the purchase from time to time, of silver bullion, at the market price thereof, of not less than $2,000,000 worth per month as a minimum, nor more than $4,000,000 worth per month as a maximum, and its coinage as fast as purchased into silver dollars of 4121⁄2 grains. The coinage of silver on private account prohibited.

1878.-Meeting of the first international monetary conference in Paris. Prolongation of the Latin Union to January 1, 1886.

1879.-Suspension of the sales of silver by Germany.

international monetary

1881. Second conference in Paris.

1887. Retirement of the trade dollars by the Government of the United States in February. Demonetization of the Spanish plasters, known as Ferdinand Carolus, whose reimbursement at the rate of 5 pesetas ended on March 11. New decline of silver in March to 44d., representing the ratio of 1 to 21.43. Silver, 44%d.

1890.-United States-Repeal of the act of February 28, 1878, commonly known as Bland-Allison law, and substitution of authority for purchase of 4,500,000 fine ounces of silver each month to be paid for by issue of Treasury notes payable in coin. (Act of July 14, 1890.) Demonetization of 25,000,000 lei in pieces of 5 lei in Rumania in consequence of the introduction of the gold standard by the law of October 27.

1891. Introduction of the French monetary system in Tunis on the basis of the gold standard. Coinage of national gold coins and billon.

1892. Replacing of the silver standard in Austria-Hungary by that of gold by the law of August 2. Coinage of pieces of 20 crowns, containing 6.098 grams fine. The crown equals one-half florin. Meeting of the third international monetary conference at Brussels. Production of gold reaches its maximum, varying between 675,000,000 and 734,000,000 francs.

1893. Suspension of the coinage of silver in British India and of French trade dollars on individual account. Panic in the silver market in July in London, when the price fell below 30d., represent ing the ratio of 1 to 31.43. Repeal of the purchasing clause of the act of July 14,

was

A

gold,

The act of April 2, 1792, established the first monetary system of the United States. The bases of the system were: The gold dollar or unit, containing 24.75 grains of pure gold, and stamped in pieces of $10, $5 and $2.50, denominated, respectively, eagles, half eagles and quarter eagles; the silver dollar or unit, containing 371.25 grains of pure silver. mint was established. The coinage was unlimited and there was no mint charge. The ratio of gold to silver in coinage 1:15. Both gold and silver were legal tender. The standard was double. The act of 1792 undervalued which was therefore exported. The act of June 28, 1834, was passed to remedy this, by changing the mint ratio between the metals to 1:16.002. This latter act fixed the weight of the gold dollar at 25.8 grains, but lowered the fineness from 0.916 2-3 to 0.809225. The fine weight of the gold dollar was thus reduced to 23.2 grains. The act of 1834 undervalued silver as that of 1792 had undervalued gold, and silver was attracted to Europe by the more favorable ratio of 1:15%. The act of January 18, 1837, was passed to make the fineness of the gold and silver coins uniform. The legal weight of the gold dollar was fixed at 25.8 grains, and its fine weight at 23.22 grains. The fineness was, therefore, changed by this act to 0.900 and the ratio to 1:15.988-1-.

Silver continued to be exported. The act of February 21, 1853, reduced the weight of the silver coins of a denomination less than $1, which the acts of 1792 and 1837 had made exactly proportional to the weight of the silver dollar, and provided that they should be legal tender to the amount of only $5. Under the acts of 1792 and 1837 they had been full legal tender. By the act of 1853 the legal weight of the half dollar was reduced to 192 grains and that of the other fractions of the dollar in proportion. The coinage of the fractional parts of the dollar was reserved to the Government.

The act of February 12, 1873, provided that the unit of value of the United States should be the gold dollar of the standard weight of 25.8 grains, and that there should be coined besides the following gold coins: A quarter eagle, or $2.50 piece; 2 $3 piece; a half eagle, or $5 piece; an eagle, or $10 piece, and a double

eagle, or $20 piece, all of a standard weight proportional to that of the dollar piece. These coins were made legal tender in all payments at their nominal value when not below the standard weight and limit of tolerance provided in the act for the single piece, and when reduced in weight they should be a valuation in proporlegal tender at tion to their actual weight. The silver coins provided for by the act were a trade dollar, a half do.lar, or 50-cent piece, a quarter dollar, and a 10-cent piece; the weight of the trade dollar to be 420 grains Troy; the half dollar, 12 grams; the quarter dollar and the dime, respectively, one-half and one-fifth of the weight of the half dollar. These silver coins were made legal tender at their nominal value for any amount not exceeding $5 in any one payment. The charge for converting standard gold bullion into coin was fixed at one-fifth of 1 per cent. Owners of silver bullion were allowed to deposit it at any mint of the United States to be formed into bars or into trade dollars, and no deposit of silver for other coinage was to be received.

The act of February 28, 1878, directed the coinage of silver dollars of the weight of 412% grains troy, of standard silver, as provided in the act of January 18. 1837, and that such coins, with all standard silver dollars theretofore coined, should be legal tender at their nominal value for all debts and dues, public and private, except where otherwise expressly stipulated in the contract.

The Secretary of the Treasury was authorized and directed by the first section of the act to purchase from time to time silver bullion at the market price thereof, not less than $2,000,000 worth nor more than $4,000,000 worth per month, and to cause the same to be coined monthly, as fast as purchased, into such dollars. A subsequent act, that of July 14, 1890, enacted that the Secretary of the Treasury should purchase silver bullion to the aggregate amount of 4,500,000 ounces, or so much thereof as might be offered, each month, at the market price thereof, not exceeding $1 for 371.25 grains of pure silver, and to issue in payment thereof Treasury notes of the United States, such notes to be redeemable by the Government, on demand, in coin, and to be legal tender in payment of all debts, public and private, except where otherwise expressly stipulated in the contract. The act directed the Secretary of the Treasury to coin each month 2,000,000 ounces of the silver bullion purchased under the provisions of the act into standard silver dollars until the 1st day of July, 1891, and thereafter as much as might be necessary, to provide for the redemption of the Treasury notes issued under the act. The purchasing clause of the act of July 14, 1890, was repealed by the act of November 1, 1893.

The act of June 9, 1879, made the subsidiary silver coins of the United States legal tender to the amount of $10. The minor coins are legal tender to the amount of 25 cents.