(8) history and philosophy. Preparatory instruction is given in a 2-years sub-collegiate course. There is also a department of military science, tactics, and discipline. The classical course of 4 years leads to the degree of A. B.

For statistics and courses of other universities and colleges reporting, see Table IX of the Appendix, and for a summary thereof, the report of the Commissioner preced. ing.

INSTITUTIONS FOR THE SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION OF YOUNG WOMEN. For statistics of schools of this class reporting for 1884-'85, see Tables VIII and IX of the Appendix, and for a summary thereof, the report of the Commissioner preceding. SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL INSTRUCTION.

SCIENTIFIC.

The scientific schools of the State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Knoxville, offer, besides what has been mentioned under "Superior instruction," courses in civil, mechanical, and mining engineering, and applied chemistry, each of 4 years; also special courses in applied mathematics, in practical agriculture, in agricultural apprenticeship, and a preparatory Latin-science course, each of 2 years. There is also a Latin-science course of 4 years, which leads to the degree of bachelor of philosophy.

Vanderbilt University, Nashville, in its school of engineering, offers courses in civil engineering and in manual technology, each of 2 years. Instruction in the former course includes sanitary, dynamical, and mining engineering, with practice in the machine shop, and the theory and use of the steam-engine. The department of manual technology, founded by a recent donation of $100,000 by Mr. William H. Vanderbilt, has for its object a more thorough system of instruction in the subjects which qualify young men to become skilled artisans, designers, and superintendents of mechanical operations, and includes mathematics, natural philosophy, drawing, and shop work. For statistics of scientific schools see Table X of the Appendix, and for a summary see the report of the Commissioner preceding.

PROFESSIONAL.

THEOLOGY.-Theological instruction is given in East Tennessee and Vanderbilt Universities and Central Tennessee College (Methodist Episcopal), Fisk University (non-sectarian), Southwestern Presbyterian and Cumberland Universities (Presbyterian), University of the South (Protestant Episcopal), Carson College and Southwestern Baptist and Roger Williams Universities (Baptist), and Burritt College (Christian).

LAW.-Legal training was continued in 1884-'85 at Cumberland and Vanderbilt Universities and Central Tennessee College.

MEDICINE.-Medical studies were still pursued in the Nashville Medical College, a department of the State university; in the medical departments of the University of Nashville and of Vanderbilt University; in the Maharry Medical Department of Central Tennessee College; and in Memphis Hospital Medical College, à department of the Southwestern Baptist University. The first three named make provision for 3-years graded courses, which, however, are not obligatory. To graduate, students must have attended 2 full courses of lectures; have dissected during their entire attendance at the University of Tennessee, and during one season at the others; and must pass a satisfactory examination by the faculty. Memphis Hospital Medical College is essentially the same. Maharry, for colored students, recommends but does not require a 3-years graded course. To graduate, its students must have had 3 years of study, with 2 full courses of lectures, and must pass a satisfactory examination in the branches taught, including the outlines of Bible history and doctrine.

DENTISTRY is still taught in the dental departments of the State and Vanderbilt Universities, in 2-years courses, under the usual requirements for admission and graduation.

PHARMACY is taught in the Department of Pharmacy of Vanderbilt University, with special reference to training its students to become practical pharmacists and chemical manufacturers. The course of instruction embraces general and analytical chemistry, botany, mineralogy, and crystallography as related to pharmacy, materia medica and toxicology, and theoretical and practical pharmacy.

For statistics of all these professional schools, see Tables XI-XIII of the Appendix; for summaries of such statistics, see the report of the Commissioner preceding.

SPECIAL INSTRUCTION.

EDUCATION OF THE DEAF.

The Tennessee School for Deaf Mutes, Knoxville, founded in 1845, reports 122 pupils for 1884-85, under 7 instructors. Common school studies are pursued, one class being

taught exclusively by articulation. Instruction is given in agriculture, printing, and shoemaking. All deaf mutes in the State of proper age and physical condition are received free of expense. The State appropriated for the year $22,500. The expenses reached $24,000. The institution owns 35 acres of land, valued, with buildings, etc., at $125,000,

EDUCATION OF THE BLIND.

The Tennessee School for the Blind, Nashville, founded in 1844, had 77 pupils in 1884-'85. All blind children between the ages of 7 and 16 years are received free of expense. The total number admitted since opening has been 287. The common and higher English branches are taught, with vocal and instrumental music; also such employments as broom and mattress making, cane seating, beadwork, knitting, crochetting, and hand and machine sewing. The State appropriated $16,000 for the year. Expenditures were $17,462. Value of property belonging to the institution, $90,000.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING.

The Slater Training School, formerly the Austin Industrial School, Knoxville, a manual training school for colored youth, reports 300 girls and 4 boys. Instruction is given in carpentry, cooking, sewing, and housekeeping. In the sewing school 329 garments were made during the year, and 284 were sold. The school is supported by contributions. The board of education of Knoxville, for 1885, gave $200; the trustees of the Slater Fund, $500; friends in Boston and other cities, $1,506.

EDUCATIONAL CONVENTIONS.

TENNESSEE STATE TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION.

The nineteeth annual meeting of the State Teachers' Association was held at Jonesborough, August 4-6, 1885, the president, Frank M. Smith, in the chair. Among the subjects of addresses delivered before the association were "Common sense in the school-room;" "Modern tendency in education ;" and "Reading circles as an element in education." Mr. Lampson, in the latter address, presented the plan of a reading circle for the benefit of the teachers, and recommended that one be organized in the State, the object being to further general as well as professional culture. The State superintendent indorsed the proposition, as did many others, and a committee was appointed to perfect the plan. The association was then addressed upon "Science in the public schools," "National aid to education," "History of institute work in the State," "Some old teachers," "The teacher's mission," "Elocution," and "The newspaper and books." A resolution was adopted thanking Senator Howell E. Jackson for an able address on "National aid to education," and a committee of five was appointed to prepare and present to Congress at its next session a memorial praying for some act granting such aid. Prof. Charles F. Smith, of Vanderbilt University, in an address on "Preparatory school and college work in the South," gave a review of this system of education, showing its defects, and said: "Good academies should be established instead of so many colleges. There is too much show and too little true education." It was resolved to adopt the Southwestern Journal of Education as the official organ of the association, after which the officers for the ensuing year were elected, Prof. Eben Alexander of Knoxville being made president. The convention then adjourned.

TEACHERS' READING CIRCLE.

At the meeting of the above State Teachers' Association, the Tennessee Reading Circle was organized by the election of a State board of directors, each member signing a pledge to enter upon and faithfully pursue the course of reading outlined by the directors. It was estimated that in the 35 counties already organized, 1,000 teachers were reading the prescribed course. Cities having a regularly organized school system have boards of directors to consist of 3 members instead of 5, as in counties. Nashville, Jackson, and Union City had thus organized. The board of directors publishes each month outlines for the assistance of teachers in the Southwestern Journal of Education, Nashville.

CHIEF STATE SCHOOL OFFICER.

HON. THOMAS H. PAINE, State superintendent of public schools, Nashville.
[Second term, January 15, 1885, to January 15, 1887.]

a All the returns for both the years included in this summary are incomplete.

School age from 1876 to January, 1884, 8-14.

eThe race of 40,096 not reported.

d The sex of 86 teachers not reported.

e Actual expenditure not reported; includes funds paid teachers from private sources and in cities.

(The figures for 1883-84 in the above summary are from the report of Hon. B. M. Baker, State superintendent of public instruction; those for 1884-'85 are from the Texas School Journal, May, 1886.)

STATE SCHOOL SYSTEM.

GENERAL CONDITION.

The material for this is limited to a statistical report of the State superintendent in the Texas School Journal for May, 1886. The statistics are very imperfect, owing to the failure of many county judges to report.

Of the enrollment reported, 165,625, from 127 counties, were instructed in orthography; 181,694, from 128 counties, in reading; 125,958, from 127 counties, in penmanship: 133.675, from 128 counties, in arithmetic; 82,759, from 128 counties, in geography; 59,469, from 127 counties, in grammar; 31,930, from 123 counties, in composition; 32,456, from 126 counties, in history; 9,044, from 115 counties, in algebra; 3,998, from 9 counties, in geometry; and 5,642, from 102 counties, in natural philosophy. The number of whites of school age, from 129 counties, who could not read at beginning of term was 28,452; colored, from 91 counties, 18,908. At the end of the term 8,422 whites, from 116 counties, could not read; nor could 8,917 colored, from 82 counties. The number of whites, from 130 counties, who could not write at the beginning of the term, was 54,765; colored, from 92 counties, 26,409. Whites, from 123 counties, who could not write at the end of the term, 25,907; colored, from 88 counties, 15,072. Whites, from 129 counties, who did not understand the 4 elementary rules of arithmetic at the beginning of the term, 79,629; colored, from 91 counties, 29,536. Whites, from 127 counties, who did not understand these rules at the end of the term, 47,596; colored, from 90 counties, 22,020. Total of those who could not read at the beginning of the term, 47,360; at the end of the term, 17,339; who could not write at the beginning, 81,174; at the close, 40,979; who did not understand the 4 elementary rules of arithmetic at the beginning, 109,161; at the close, 69,616.

ADMINISTRATION.

This is still by a State superintendent of public instruction, elected for 2 years, and a State board of education, with the State superintendent as ex-officio secretary. County school affairs are superintended by 3 trustees for each county, appointed by the county judge. County judges must also appoint anuually a board of 3 examiners for testing the qualifications of teachers, which examiners must themselves be holders of first-grade certificates. This board receives $3 from each teacher examined by it. The public schools are free to all youth between the ages of 8 and 16 years, but white and colored children must be taught in separate schools. School funds are distributed in accordance with the school population, the census to be taken annually.

SCHOOL FINANCES.

The public schools are sustained from the interest of a permanent public school fund; from legislative appropriations, not to exceed one-fourth of the general revenue; and from a poll tax of $1 annually on all men of the State 21 to 60 years of age. In incorporated cities and towns, if the tax-payers so decide, an additional sum, not to exceed 50 cents on $100 of city property, may be levied.

PEABODY FUND.

The State received from this source $7,150 in 1835; of which $6,000 were for the Sam Houston Normal School, and $1,150 for Texan State scholarships at the Southern Normal School, NashviMe, Tenn.

SCHOOL SYSTEMS OF CITIES WITH 7,500 OR MORE INHABITANTS.

ADMINISTRATION.

For maintaining and controlling free public schools in cities and towus of 1,000 or more inhabitants there is in each a board of 6 trustees, elected for 3-years terms, with annual change of one-third, the mayor of such city being ex-officio chairman. Austin, Galveston, Houston, and others of the larger cities have school superintendents.

Austin, in its fourth annual report, indicates growth and activity in the attendance on its public schools, though in regard to school buildings, furniture, and appendages, it is yet poorly equipped. Of the buildings, 6 were rented; the whole number (13) included 40 graded rooms. During the 2 last years, $2,641 were expended for new buildings, decreasing the rents from $522 to $555. Public school property was rated at $54,220. The increase of school youth over 1883-84 was 1,493, a little

over 48 per cent., while of the 3,103 such youth, 67.8 per cent. were enrolled, and 52.81 per cent. were in average daily attendance. The amount paid teachers increased from $14,234 to $18,906. During the first week the demands for admission exceeded the seating capacity. Schools were classed as primary, grammar, and high, with 1,476 white pupils and 628 colored, and were in session 175 days. The State school age is 8 to 16; that of the city, 7 to 21.

Galveston reports 9 school buildings, with 3,000 sittings, in 64 rooms for study and recitation, affording sufficient accommodations for its general attendance. The buildings, with other school property, were valued at $200,500. The public schools were taught by 15 men and 49 women in sessions of 175 days. School youth increased 5,007, or early 56 per cent., over 1883-'84; enrollment in public schools by only 575, which, with the 800 in private schools, made a total gain of 1,375. Of the $152,500 expended during the year for public schools, $105,100 were for sites and school buildings, with furniture, apparatus, and libraries, which shows that the city is awakening to the rapid increase of its population, and that the great lack of school accommodations will not long be permitted to exist.

PREPARATION AND QUALIFICATIONS OF TEACHERS.

GENERAL STATE REQUIREMENTS.

Persons wishing to teach in the public schools of the State must have from their county judge certificates of both moral and intellectual qualifications, the former based upon the judge's knowledge or upon evidence satisfactory to him, the latter on the oath of the county board of examiners, or on the certificate of the State normal school or of a Texas summer normal school, that the applicants have passed the required examinations. The examinations for a third-grade certificate cover only the common school branches; for a second-grade, composition and history of the United States are added; for a first-grade, all the above, with elementary algebra, geometry, natural philosophy, school discipline, and methods of teaching. A certificate of either of these grades is only valid for a year, but may be renewed by the county judge at his discretion, without examination. Persons graduating from the full 3-years course of the State normal schools may teach in the public schools of the State during good behavior; those holding certificates of one year's attendance on this school, or certificates from a summer normal institute, may teach for 3 years.

STATE NORMAL TRAINING.

The Sam Houston Normal School, Huntsville, offers a 3-years course of strictly professional training, its object being to thoroughly prepare teachers for their work. Students completing the first year's work satisfactorily are granted second-class certificates; those completing the second year, and giving evidence of ability to govern and teach, receive a first-class certificate. Either of these is good for 3 years. Students graduating from the full 3-years course are given an unlimited State certificate. The school is divided into 7 departments, namely: professional work; natural and physical science; mathematics; English language and Latin; rhetoric, general history, and literature; vocal music and calisthenics; and elocution, drawing, and penmanship. State students (one from each senatorial district appointed by the senator, one from each representative district appointed by the representative, and 3 from the State at large appointed by the board of education) receive board free for 1 year. Books and tuition are free to all. For 1884-85, the sixth year of its existence, the school reported 159 State students, 49 pay students, and 89 graduates, 28 of them from the full course, the others from the 2-years course.

OTHER NORMAL TRAINING.

Tillotson Collegiate and Normal Institute, Austin, besides intermediate and college preparatory courses, presents an elementary and a higher normal course, each covering 2 years. The institute enrolled 132 students in 1884-'85, of whom 10 were in the normal course.

TEACHERS' INSTITUTES.

Each county judge is required by law to hold annually a summer normal institute in his county, and it is the duty of all teachers to attend as far as possible.

EDUCATIONAL JOURNALS.

The Texas School Journal, Houston and Dallas, edited by Hon. R. M. Baker, superintendent of public instruction, still continued in 1884-85 to be the official organ of the department of education, and was in its third volume.

SECONDARY INSTRUCTION.

PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS.

Austin reports a high school with a 3-years course and an enrollment of 76, an increase of 19 over 1833-84. With an average attendance of 50, it graduated a class of