comparatively small attendance in 5 of the classes, pupils in these 5 were soon consolidated with other classes. Both the interest and attendance are said to have been well maintained till the close of the day schools, when only those who were expecting to be promoted or to graduate remained. At the final exercises, June 13, 35 from the first grades and 22 from the book-keeping classes received diplomas of graduation, which aroused great enthusiasm.

For the Girls' Normal School and the high schools, see "Preparation of teachers" and "Secondary instruction," further on.

San José again revised its course of study, making several changes, to take effect at the beginning of the school year 1885-'86. The chief of these was a transfer of such studies as reading, spelling, history of the United States, English grammar, and common arithmetic from the high school to the grammar grades, adding thus a year to the grammar course and reducing the high-school course to 3 years. Further changes, such as the introduction of kindergarten training and some forms of industrial education, are suggested for consideration. Drawing and music enter into the schedule of studies throughout all the grades, as before. The evening school noticed in the report for 1883-84 was discontinued. Besides the 2,738 pupils in public schools, 616 were reported in private and church schools.

In all the cities above mentioned high schools, as well as primary and grammar schools, continued to form a part of the school systems, though, under the existing constitution, no funds are received from the State for high-school purposes.

KINDERGÄRTEN.

In Table III of the Appendix may be found reports of 2 schools of this class for training teachers; in Table V reports of about 30 more for elementary training in Froebellian methods, most of them in San Francisco, some in other cities of this State.

PREPARATION AND QUALIFICATIONS OF TEACHERS.

GENERAL STATE REQUIREMENTS.

All applicants for employment as teachers in the public schools must be at least 18 years old, and must file with the superintendent of the county in which they wish to teach a certificate of qualifications, either from the State board of education or from the county examining board. The certificates are for 2, 4, or 6 years, or for life, according to proven qualifications and experience. Those from the State board for life are termed diplomas.

STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS.

The State continues its 2 normal schools at San José and Los Angeles for the education of teachers for the public schools. Each has an elementary 2-year course, leading to a certificate for 2 years, and an advanced 3-year course, leading to a diploma and firstgrade county certificate. Attendance at the former was 566 in 1884-'85, of whom 108 graduated; at the latter 231, of whom 35 graduated and were either teaching or about to teach. State appropriation to the San José school, $40,000 for the year; to that at Los Angeles, $15,000.

OTHER PREPARATION FOR TEACHING.

This consists of the following: (1) Two private training schools of Miss Marwedel and Mrs. Kate Wiggin, in San Francisco, for preparing young lady kindergartners; (2) a 1-year normal class at San Francisco, composed of graduates from the girls' high school, the number in 1884-'85 limited to 66, admitted in the order of their rank at graduation, 64 of them getting normal diplomas; (3) a 3-year normal course in the Stockton high school, reported in 1883 and supposed to be still existent; (4) instruction in normal studies and methods at Hesperian, Pacific Methodist, and Pierce Christian Colleges, and at a newly reported Sierra Normal College, Auburn. Hesperian offers to its pupils special instruction in the theory and practice of teaching without extra charge; Pierce Christian, like instruction through the collegiate year, with a normal course of a month or six weeks at the close of the session. Pacific Methodist has a special principal for its normal department, and reports 28 students in it, not otherwise connected with the college. Sierra Normal, established in 1882-183, has preparatory and normal courses of 44 weeks each; drills in methods of teaching, school government, and school law of California are offered, and also instruction in the history and philosophy of education and in school supervision; but, though a considerable corps of students is reported, there is no indication how many of them are under specific normal training.

A recent amendment of the constitution substantially disposes of the former city examining boards, and limits the power of examining and certifying teachers to county boards and county superintendents.

SECONDARY INSTRUCTION.

PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS.

Since 1879 no State school money apportioned on the basis of school population goes toward the support of schools of a higher grade than grammar. Where high schools exist in cities, they are sustained from special local levies; but, as before stated under "City systems," they do exist in all the cities reporting to this Bureau. San Francisco has 3one for boys, one for girls, and a commercial high school, the total attendance in the 3 reaching 1,319 in 1884-'85, of which number 325 were in the boys', 125 in the commercial, and 869 in the girls' school. Oakland reports 1 for both sexes, with 379 pupils under 9 teachers; Sacramento and San José 1 each, under 5 teachers, pupils not given. Los Angeles shows high-school rooms and teachers, but makes no return of pupils.

OTHER SECONDARY SCHOOLS.

For statistics of business colleges, private academic schools, and preparatory departments of universities or colleges, see Tables IV, VI. VII, and IX; for summaries of same, see corresponding tables in the report of the Commissioner preceding.

SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION.

COLLEGES FOR YOUNG MEN OR FOR BOTH SEXES.

The University of California, Berkeley, continued in 1884-'85 its 3 regular 4-year courses in the college of letters (classical, literary, letters, and political science), leading to the degrees of A. B., Lit. B., and Ph. B., respectively, besides graduate courses leading to higher degrees. There were also, as in preceding years, courses at large, special and limited courses, with one in military science and drill that led to no degree. In the 3 first mentioned there were 151 students, 51 of them in the classical course, 52 in the literary, and 48 in that of letters and political science. Besides these there were 2 graduate students, one of them a candidate for the degree of master of arts, the other for that of master of letters, and 3 resident graduates not candidates for a degree.

For courses leading to degrees in agriculture, mechanics, mining, civil engineering, and chemistry, see "Scientific instruction" further on.

All courses are open alike to both sexes, and all the undergraduate ones except the professional (law, medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy) are free of charge for tuition to persons qualified for admission. Since 1884 graduates of approved high schools in the State have been admitted without examination on recommendation of the principal of the school from which each comes and on his certificate that the candidate has completed all the studies preparatory to the course that he desires to enter.

Besides the University, 12 institutions for young men, or for both sexes, claim collegiate rank, and in most cases prove the claim by fair courses and apparently sufficient bodies of instructors, though naturally there are considerable differences in the degree of thoroughness. The Roman Catholic colleges, which for some years were very unsatisfactory, have improved at many points, though one of them (St. Vincent's, Los Angeles) still welcomes even primary pupils, and devolves on 2 professors most of the collegiate instruction; while St. Augustine, Benicia (Prot. Ep.), which formerly came short of full college training, now presents full and rich 4-year curricula, classical, literary, scientific, and commercial, together with military drill, and excellent moral and Christian influences that remind one of the English Rugby under Arnold's principalship.

Washington College, Washington, still remains unheard from since 1878-'79.

For statistics, location, and prevailing influence of the reporting colleges, see Table IX of the Appendix; for summaries of the same, the report of the Commissioner preceding.

INSTITUTIONS FOR THE SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION OF YOUNG WOMEN.

All the departments of the California, Southern California, and Pacific Universities, Pierce Christian, Pacific Methodist, California, and Hesperian Colleges, are open alike to both sexes; Washington College, heretofore reported among this number, not heard from. Colleges especially for the higher training of young women are: Young Ladies' Seminary, Benicia; Harmon Seminary, Berkeley; Mills Seminary and College of Notre Dame, San José; to which, from 1884-'85, must be added Ellis College, Los Angeles, opened with full courses, good buildings, and fair promise.

1 Hesperian College, Woodland, also admits primary pupils.

Mills Seminary, which has had almost colegiate rank, developed, at the opening of 1885-'86, into a full-blown woman's college, retaining its seminary work.

For their statistics and prevailing influence, see Table VIII of the Appendix; for a summary of their statistics, a corresponding table in the report of the Commissioner preceding.

SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL INSTRUCTION.

SCIENTIFIC.

The University of California still offers 4-year scientific courses in agriculture, mechanics, mining, civil engineering, and chemistry; also graduate courses for the degrees of mechanical engineer, civil engineer, mining engineer, master of science, and doctor of philosophy, which courses, however, seem to be but little prosecuted, though graduate students desiring to pursue advanced studies for the above degrees find every facility which the libraries, laboratories, and museums of the University offer. The general library contains 27,000 volumes, against 22,000 in 1883-'84. The museums include the State geological collections, and others of great value from all parts of the world. The laboratories are planned after careful study of the best arranged ones in this country and Europe. Of colleges outside of the University, 9 offer scientific courses of 2 to 4 years.

There is also a school of practical civil, mining, and mechanical engineering, surveying, and drawing, under private direction at San Francisco.

For statistics of those schools that have reported, see Table X of the Appendix, Parts 1 and 2.

PROFESSIONAL.

THEOLOGY Continued to be taught in 3-year courses at the Pacific Theological Seminary, Oakland (Congregational), and at the San Francisco Theological Seminary, San Francisco (Presbyterian). Both test by examination the qualifications of candidates for admission who do not present evidence of academic or collegiate training. The former had, in 1884-'85, under 9 instructors, 4 students, of whom 3 graduated; the latter, under 3 instructors, 4 students, one of whom graduated. Volumes in its library, 16,000; unbound pamphlets, 8,000.

Pierce Christian College, College City, and Hesperian College, Woodland, both "Christian," give, as before, instruction in the sacred Scriptures, Christian evidences, and other things which, to some extent, prepare for ministerial work. At the University of Southern California (Methodist Episcopal) students looking toward the ministry are offered instruction in Hebrew and in historical and systematic theology, studies which, with others prescribed by the church, they are expected to follow up after entrance on ministerial work.

LAW.-The University of California, in its Hastings College of the Law, San Francisco, shows still a 3-year course of 32 weeks each year. All the classes are trained in moot courts. Applicants for admission must be 18 years of age, of moral character, and good education and culture. To graduate, they must complete the prescribed course and pass all the examinations. Such as do, receive the degree of B. L., and are admitted to the bar of the State courts. March 18, 1885, as before stated under "New legislation," it was required by law to add to its course lectures on the duties of municipal officers in San Francisco, and upon legal ethics, and morality in business.

MEDICINE. Cooper Medical College, San Francisco, and Toland Medical College, of the same city, the latter a department of the University of California, report, for 1884-'85, the former, 83 matriculates and 19 graduates, under 16 instructors; the latter, 56 matriculates and 12 graduates, under 19 instructors. Both are "regular," have ample courses: Cooper, 3 annual summer ches of 23 weeks each, and an intermediate one of 18 weeks, making substantially a 4-year course of 22 weeks each year; Toland, a graded 3-year course of 9 months each year.

66

Besides these, a new regular" school appears in connection with the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, with 18 professors, a 3-year graded course of 25 weeks each year, and an intermediate one of 8 weeks in the last year. An article of the Act establishing it in 1884 says that its standard for admission shall be as high, its course as varied and thorough, and its requirements for graduation as rigid, as in the recognized first-class colleges of medicine in the United States.

The "Women's Medical College of the Pacific Coast" makes also a new appearance in the year 1883, announcing a third annual session to begin January 5, 1884, and to continue 20 weeks, the course of study graded and extending through 3 years.

All these have examinations for admission of candidates that present no other satisfactory evidence of preparation for medical studies.

The deputy superintendent of public schools, in San Francisco, after two visits to the University In 1884-'85, arraigns these statements as to facilities, and seems to show great room for doubt as to the thoroughness of the practical instruction in scientific lines.-Municipal Reports of San Francisco, 1884-85, pages 618 to 622.

California Medical College, Oakland (elective), with a regular winter term of 26 weeks, and an intermediate or summer term of 12 weeks, annually, recommends, but does not require, a 3-years' graded course of study. For admission to its instruction, candidates must present evidence of good character, and, if without a diploma from a high school, college, or university, must submit to an examination as to their preparation for medical study. Matriculates of 1884-'85, 26; graduates in that year, 5. Faculty, 9 professors and a demonstrator.

Hahnemann Medical College of San Francisco (homœopathic), with a faculty of 19, a full graded course of 3 years, covering 5 months each year, and an apparently optional intermediate term of 6 weeks yearly, has also an examination of all non-graduates applying for admission. Matriculates of 1884-'85, its second year, 17; graduates of the year, 6.

Before being admitted to practice in the State, all graduates of these or other medical schools must secure the approval of a State board of medical examiners.

DENTISTRY.-The College of Dentistry in the University of California, with 10 professors and 18 other instructors, has an annual session of 36 weeks, and a regular course of 2 years. For admission there are fairly high requirements; for graduation, the standard of the best schools of its class. An Act to regulate the practice of dentistry in the State through a board of seven examiners, themselves engaged in the practice, was passed March 12, 1885.2

The College of Pharmacy in the State University, with 4 professors and 4 assistants, continues its two-years course of 24 weeks each.

For admittance the applicant must have had a good English education up to the highschool grade, or pass an examination in the common English branche. Instruction in Latin, sufficient to enable the student to read prescriptions accurately, is given. Candidates for the degree of "graduate in pharmacy" must be recommended by the faculty and the examining board to the regents of the University, who confer the degree. A woman was among the graduates of 1884.

For statistics of the above medical schools, so far as reported, see Table XIII of the Appendix; for their summary, report of the Commissioner preceding.

SPECIAL INSTRUCTION.

TRAINING IN ART.

The School of Design of the San Francisco Art Association reports for 1884-'85, 78 pupils in the regular classes, 22 in the Saturday class, and 17 in the life class. Officers-a director, assistant director, and teacher of life class.

Music, drawing, and painting enter into the arrangements of nearly all the colleges, both for young men and young women, and considerable numbers of the students appear to have prosecuted courses in these lines. In the public schools of the chief cities drawing has commonly a place, and it has a full and special development at Oakland.

EDUCATION OF THE DEAF AND OF THE BLIND.

The California State Institution for the intellectual and manual improvement of these classes of unfortunates, Berkeley, continued in 1881-'85 its combination of the manual and oral systems for the deaf, with finger reading for the blind. Of the deaf, there are reported at the close of that year 133 (81 males, 52 females), making a total of 279 since the foundation of the institution; and 32 of the blind, making a total of 123 from the opening of the school. The instruction of both classes includes all branches commonly taught in common schools and seminaries, with printing, wood working, and gardening for the deaf. A few are prepared for college. A bakery and cooking school, for which $5,000 has been appropriated, was under way and was expected to be opened in January or February of 1885. As noted under "New legislation," provision for instruction of the blind in productive occupations that would prepare for self-support was made by the legislature in March, 1885.

EDUCATION OF THE FEEBLE-MINDED.

Under the head of “New legislation" it may be seen that imbecile youth will hereafter have provision for training in letters and industries.

EDUCATION OF ORPHANS.

For statistics of attendance and instruction in homes for orphan children in the State, see Parts 1 and 2, Table XXII of Appendix.

1 After January, 1886, the course will be 3 years.

2 Laws of California, 1885, pages 110-112

INDUSTRIAL AND REFORMATORY TRAINING.

The City and County Industrial School, San Francisco, which seems to have come under greatly improved supervision and management in January, 1885, presents a total of 406 inmates for 1884-'85, of whom 162 came over from the previous year, 171 were received during the year, 49 recalled by the school committee, 19 surrendered by parents and guardians, and 5 that had escaped were captured and returned. Of the 406 thus made up, 175 were granted indefinite leave of absence, 44 were discharged, and 7 escaped, leaving 180 remaining in the school, July 1, 1885. The average belonging in school studies, which include a fair English educational course, was 82; the average daily attendance, 73. Saturday and Sunday evenings were given to miscellaneous reading. A band leader trained in music from 14 to 16 of the inmates. The industrial element in the school included labor on the farm as well as in a tailor-shop and a shoe-shop, and by exchanging manufactured shoes for leather and findings it was hoped that the shoe-shop might be made self-sustaining.

EDUCATION OF CHINESE YOUTH.

The full account of this work for 1883-'84 came too late for the report of that year; there were, however, in the 15 California mission schools, under control of the American Missionary Association, 1,864 pupils under 27 teachers. In 1884-'85 were reported 18 schools, with 1,457 pupils, under 38 teachers. The schools were all in the hands of devoted and efficient teachers, well located and fairly on the way to become permanent. The school at Alturas, in the northeastern part of the State, though established for the Chinese, was open to all, and the Indians in the vicinity so largely availed themselves of the privilege that they greatly outnumbered the Chinese. The mission at Stockton, the first established by the American Missionary Association in California, was closed in 1884, but reopened in 1885 with a better attendance and greater promise than before.

EDUCATIONAL CONVENTIONS.

PACIFIC ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGIATE ALUMNE.

Following the example at the East, a temporary organization of the Pacific Association of Collegiate Alumnae was effected at San Francisco August 29, 1885. There were present graduates of Ann Arbor, Cornell, Vassar, and Berkeley. Miss Jackson of Cornell taking the chair, Miss Hamlin of Ann Arbor explained that the purpose of the associa tion was to encourage special lines of graduate study, to maintain intellectual culture, and promote fellow feeling and co-operation among educated women from different institutions. She stated that the results already reached had been chiefly in the lines of research in local history, sanitary science, physical training of women, and health statistics in co-educational colleges. So valuable have been these last that the Bureau of Educational Statistics of Boston, Mass., has requested the use of them, and when compiled it is believed that they will materially modify the popular impression on this subject. There were found to be in the State 50 alumnæ of Berkeley, and from 15 to 20 of Ann Arbor, Vassar, Cornell, Oberlin, and Wellesley. A committee was appointed to arrange for a permanent organization.

Of the State Teachers' Association no report has come to hand.

CHIEF STATE SCHOOL OFFICER.

Hon. WILLIAM T. WELCKER, State superintendent of public instruction, Sacramento. [Term, January 8, 1883, to January 3, 1887.]