PART II. Of the nature, extent, and limitation of the powers vested in the National Government, and the re

straints imposed on the States, reduced to different classes, as they relate

Ch. 1. To security from foreign danger; which class comprehends the powers

1. Of declaring war, and granting letters of marque and reprisal.

2. Of making rules concerning captures by land and water.

3. Of providing armies and fleets, and regulating and calling forth the militia.

4. Of levying taxes and borrowing money.

Ch. 2. To intercourse with foreign nations; comprising the

powers

1. To make treaties, and to send and receive ambassadors and other public ministers and consuls.

2. To regulate foreign commerce, including the power to prohibit the importation of slaves.

3. To define and purish piracies and felonies committed on the High Seas, and offences against the laws of nations.

Ch. 3. To the maintenance of harmony and proper intercourse amongst the States, including the pow

ers

1. To regulate commerce amongst the several
States, and with the Indian tribes.

2. To establish Post-offices and Post-roads.
3. To coin money, regulate its value, and to fix
the standard of weights and measures.
4. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting
the securities and public coin of the United States.
5. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization.
6. To establish uniform laws on the subject of
bankruptcies.

7. To prescribe, by penal laws, the manner in which
the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings
of each State shall be proved, and the effect they
shall have in other States.

Ch. 4. To certain miscellaneous objects of general utility; comprehending the powers

1. To promote the progress of science and the useful arts.

2. To exercise exclusive legislation over the district within which the seat of government should be permanently established; and over all places

purchased by consent of the State legislatures for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings.

3. To declare the punishment of treason against the United States.

4. To admit new States into the Union.

5. To dispose of, and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory, and other property of the United States.

6. To guarantee to every State in the Union a republican form of government; and to protect each of them from invasion and domestic violence.

7. To propose amendments to the Constitution, and to call conventions for amending it, upon the application of two thirds of the States.

Ch. 5. To the Constitutional restrictions on the powers of the several States; which are

1. Absolute restrictions, prohibiting the States from

1. Entering into any treaty of alliance or
confederation.

2. Granting letters of marque and reprisal.
3. Coining money; emitting bills of credit;
or making any thing but gold or silver coin
a lawful tender in payment of debts.
4. Passing any bill of attainder, ex post facto
law, or law impairing the obligation of con-

tracts.

5. Granting any title of nobility.

2. Qualified limitations; prohibiting the States, without the consent of Congress, from

1. Laying imposts on imports or exports, or duties on tonnage.

2. Keeping troops or ships of war in time of peace.

3. Entering into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power. 4. Engaging in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit delay.

Ch. 6. To the provisions for giving efficacy to the powers vested in the Government of the United States; consisting of

1. The power of making all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the other enumerated powers.

2. The declaration that the Constitution and laws
of the United States and all treaties under their
authority, shall be the Supreme Law of the land.
3. The powers specially vested in the Executive
and Judicial departments, and particularly the
provision extending the jurisdiction of the latter
to all cases arising under the Constitution.
4. The requisition upon the Senators and Repre-
sentatives in Congress; the members of the
State Legislatures; and all Executive and
Judicial officers of the United States and of the
several States, to be bound by oath or affirma-
tion to support the Constitution of the United
States.

5. The provision that the ratifications of the Con-
ventions of nine States should be sufficient for
the establishment of the Constitution between
the States ratifying the same.

Conclusion.

OUTLINES

OF

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW.

INTRODUCTION.

1. A Constitution, in its legal and political sense, signifies the fundamental principles on which a Government is formed.

2. Constitutional Law, is that branch of jurispru dence which treats of those principles-of the praetical exercise of the powers of Government in conformity with them; and of the construction to be given to them-in such their application.

3. The origin of political Constitutions is as various as their different forms; and Governments in their form are either simple or mixed.

4. The simple forms of Government are

1. Monarchy, where all power is vested in a single individual.

2. An Aristocracy, where the powers of Government are exercised by a select number, or a single body of men. And,

3. A Democracy, in which all power is retained in the hands of the People, or of the society at large.

5. A mixed Government, is where all three, or any two of the simple forms are united.

C