down, as a sign that they were in need of water. Under these circumstances, the Turks gave a proof of their kindness towards animals, that might be triumphantly quoted by the member for Galway. Α great number of donkeys had been carried up to the Acropolis by them, and they kept them, although they did not want them, until the extreme scarcity of water forbade them to keep them any longer. But rather than kill them, they contrived, by means of ropes, to let them down in the night from the citadel; and the Greeks divided the booty that had been delivered over to them.

From day to day the distress in the Acropolis increased, and despair began to creep into the boldest heart. The lower and poorer class of the Turks wished to capitulate; but the grandees rejected, with proud perseverance, to the last, every suggestion of surrender. They assured the people, at one time, that Choursit Pacha was approaching to their relief; at another time, that the Capudan Pacha had put to sea with his fleet, to come to their assistance; some proposed to kill all their women, and to make a sally into the town, and thus to sell their lives dearly. But one thing remained yet to be tried. A large sum of money was offered to any one that would attempt to make his way through the Greeks, in order to inform Choursit Pacha of the dreadful situation of the Turks of Athens. Two offered themselves for this hazardous enterprise; they got as far as Cassia, but there they were arrested. One of them was immediately killed, his head sent to Athens, and shown upon a pole to the Turks; the other was brought back to assure them, verbally, that their last hope had failed. Not a moment was to be lost, for it had been ascertained that the cisterns had only water for three days longer. They asked for a suspension of hostilities; it was granted. Two of their chiefs came from the citadel, for the purpose of treating with the Greeks-Mehmet Aga, and Hassan Aga; the first well known to the Greeks for his probity and manly courage; the other considered as a very able negotiator. They declared to the Greek magistrates, that the Turks were grown weary of this bloody warfare, and although they were enabled to hold out at least a month longer, (there being plenty of provisions in the citadel, and water enough for that time,) still they felt disposed to put an end to this war, which they had not begun, which, in the midst of tranquillity and peace, had come unawares upon them, and the cause and origin of which they had always been at a loss to find out. Have we not lived (continued Hassan Aga) for centuries together in friendship and peace? Why, then, this sudden rebellion, this dreadful, sanguinary war? If you have suffered wrongs, why did you not complain? have we never given redress? We have heard that you have taken up arms for your faith. Who molested you for it? have we ever forced you to embrace ours, and was it not in our power for centuries to have done it? Have we not all one God, and are we not all his children? Is it for his glory that you have murdered so many of us, that our houses are burnt, and that you take the fruit of our trees? We have conquered this country, it is true, but not from you, from the Franks: and were they better masters thau we? You have had some success; but have you heard that Turkey has perished? Let us make a fair agreement. These words flowed from the lips of the venerable-looking old man with much dignity and animation.

The following are the conditions of the surrender, which were at length agreed upon:

Συνθηκαι, τας οποιας εκαμον οἱ ὑπογεγραμμένοι επίτροποι της υπερτατης Διοικησεως, οἱ τε εφοροι των Αθηνών, και Καπητάνοι με τους εν τη Ακροπολεί πολιορκημένους Τούρκους, οἱ κατα πολεμηθέντες οὗτοι ὑπο των Ελλήνων και εις εσχάτην αναγκην ελθοντες επρεσβεύοντο περι των συνθηκών,

Κεφ. α. Οι Τουρκοι να παραδώσουσνν τα οπλα των και την Ακροπολιν με ολα τα εν αυτη ευρισκόμενα πραγματα ανευ τινος δολον. Κεφ β. Οι Ελληνες να φυλαξωσιν με ύλην την δυνατην επιμελειαν την ζωην και τιμην των τουρκων.

Κεφ γ. Πασα φαμιλλια Τουρκικη να λαβη ένα φορτωμα από τα ρουχάτης, εννουν τας ρουχα του ύπνου και της αλλαξίας, δυο τεντεριδες με τα σκεπασματα των, δύο σαχανια με τα σκεπασματα των.

Κεφ δ. Απο ασημικον και μαλαγματικον μαργαριταρι : συμπερι λαμβάνονται και τα μετρητα, και καδε τζεβαερικόν, (πολυπμα) όπου ητον εξ αρχης κτημα εδικον των Τουρκων, εκτος δολου των οσων ελαφυραγώγησαν απο χριστιανους, να λάβουν το ήμισυ.

Κεφ ε. Όσοι των Τουρκων θελησουν αυτο προαιρέτως να μεινουν εις τας Αθηνας, να τους συγχωρηθη ελεύθερα ή κατοικία. Όσοι δε θελησωσι να απελθωσι εις Ασιαν, να τους εμβαρκαρηση ή διοίκησις εις Ευρωπαικα καραβια δίδουσα εις πασαν φαμιλλιαν το αρκετον δια το ταξίδιον της παξιμαδι και τυρι, πληρωνουσα και τον ναυλον των.

Ταυτα εσυμφωνηθησαν μεταξυ των δυο μερων ἀμεταβλητως και απαραβάτως. Και ουτως εδόθη το παρον εις χειρας των Τούρκων εσφραγισμ ενον τη σφραγίδι της κοινότητος και υπογεγραμμενον παρα των κατωθεν Εν Αθήναις του 9 Ιουνιου 1822

Δεσπότης. (THE BISHOP.)
Οι επιτροποι της διοικήσεως

Αλεξανδρος Αξιωτης Αρεοπαγίτης
Ανδρεας Καλαμοειδαρτης Γερουσιαδίης

Οι Έφοροι των Αθηνων

Οι Καπητάνοι

Παναγης ταξιαρχος
Αναγνώστης Μενιδιατης
Νικόνης Σαρης

Συμεων Ξαχαριτζής
Αποστολής

Γεώργιος Λέλης
Γιάνις

Χριδιοδουλος Ρεντοπουλο

Agreement concluded between the undersigned Commissaries of the Government, the Ephors of Athens, and the Captains, and the Turks besieged in the Acropolis, who having been reduced to the last extremities by the Greeks, sent Deputies to negociate a Capitulation.

1. The Turks shall surrender their arms and the Acropolis, with all the objects found in it, without any reserve.

9. The Greeks shall preserve, with all possible care, the life and honour of the

Turks.

3. Every Turkish family shall receive one bundle of clothes, viz. their night-clothes,

and those requisite for change, two kettles, with their covers, two plates with their

covers.

4. Of gold, silver, and jewels, including cash, and all kind of ornaments (valuables) that belonged originally to the Turks, those excepted which they took from the Christians, they shall receive half.

5. As many Turks, as of their own accord, wish to remain at Athens, shall be allowed to live there freely. Those who wish to go to Asia, shall be embarked by the Government in European vessels, and every family shall receive as much biscuit and cheese as is necessary for the voyage, and the passage shall be paid by the Government.

This Agreement between the two parties is to remain unaltered, and to be kept faithfully. A copy to be given to the Turks, sealed with the Seal of the State, and signed as follows.

An

The 22d of June was fixed for the surrender of the fortress. immense number of country-people thronged, the evening before, into the streets of Athens; and early at daybreak all the avenues to the Acropolis were beset by the crowd, to witness the glorious event. The sun rose over the mountains of Attica in magnificent splendour; it was a day suited to the transports of liberty. At eight o'clock the gates of the citadel opened, and the Disdar with Mehmet Aga appeared, to deliver the arms into the hands of the Greek magistrates, who remained outside the gate. After this was done, the Greek magistrates and captains entered the Acropolis under immense shouting from the people. The Turkish flag was taken down from the wall, and Captain Panagi, the chief commander at Athens, gave thé first signal, by a gun, that the Acropolis was in the hands of the Greeks. But a most dreadful accident threw a gloom over the transports of the day. Captain Panagi, when about to discharge the second gun, (in consequence of some neglect or oversight, the gun going off on a sudden,) was thrown over the walls, and dashed to pieces on the rocks.

The Turks, after having got what belonged to them, according to the capitulation, were brought down from the Acropolis, and lodged in different houses, but the greater number occupied the Konaki, or the house of the waiwode. Of about two thousand individuals, only one thousand one hundred and forty had survived the siege, and half of these were almost in a dying state; the want of water, and the unwholesomeness of that which they had got from their cisterns, having brought diseases upon them.

As the Greeks had pledged themselves to send the Turks in European vessels to Asia, the foreign Consuls, and particularly the French Consul, Fauvel, expressed a wish, that this might be done forthwith; as he apprehended that the Turks were not out of danger from the fury of the populace. The Greek magistrates gave evasive answers, and a few days after the Consuls heard that a direct breach of the capitulation had already taken place, the Greeks having taken in the night seven Turks of distinction up into the fortress, and killed them there. The magistrates of Athens pretended that this had been. done by the captains without their knowledge, and that they were very sorry for it. It was represented to them that their honour was at stake if they did not hasten the embarkation of the Turks; and Fauvel offered to give one thousand francs towards the expenses of the transport, if a contract was immediately entered into with some of the vessels that were lying in the Piræus. This was done at last; but, alas! too late.

The day before the Turks were to be embarked, letters were brought to Athens from Livadia, that Choursit Pacha had passed the Thermopyle with thirty thousand men, and that he swept every thing before him. Now, shrieks of despair were heard in the streets of Athens. To the Turks themselves this news was truly dreadful; for, disarmed as they were, what could they do, if popular fury broke out against them? It is impossible to describe the confusion and despair that prevailed at Athens, on the morning that this news arrived. Great numbers left the town immediately, and fled on the road to the Piræus. The magistrates did not seem to make any efforts to tranquillize the people-the panic had become general. Only the captains and soldiers were seen in the streets, with their fierce countenances that foretold some dreadful deed. At two o'clock in the afternoon I heard the discharge of some pistols, and a wild uproar in the streets; I ran out towards the bazaar, and on the way to it, I met some soldiers carrying away a few Turkish women, whose deadly pale countenances betrayed the agonizing state of their mind. Shortly afterwards I saw some Turks weltering in their blood in the middle of the street.

The gates of the Konaki, where between three and four hundred Turks had been quartered, were shut; a Greek soldier, whom I knew, allowed me to enter. Having gone into the court-yard, a large and spacious square, I met with the most appalling and dreadful sight; numbers of dead bodies were spread about, all stripped, with gashing wounds, and from the different apartments, every moment fresh sacrifices were brought out to receive the deadly stroke. One Turkish woman, with a wound in her neck, half stripped, had escaped from one of the rooms, where the work of slaughter was going on; but as she was getting down the staircase, to fly through the court-yard, the dead bodies with which it was strewed over, presented themselves to her view, and there she stood a few moments, with her child in her arms, unperceived by the Greeks, her eyes rolling in despair, her hair dishevelled, and her countenance bespeaking horror and agony, till some ruffian got up stairs, dragged her down, and having torn the child from her arms, dashed it on the ground. When she saw her infant weltering in blood, her eye flashed with horror and indignation for one moment, and in the next she fell dead over her child. In less than two hours, about six hundred Turks were killed. Amongst them was the Turkish servant of the Princess of Wales whilst at Athens. In the evening the magistrates appeared on the bazaar, and read a letter to the crowd that had gathered there; according to which Choursit Pacha, although he had passed the Thermopyla, was yet some distance from Livadia. The soldiers shouted, and began to dance the romaika in the middle of the bazaar, with pistols in their belts, and the bloody swords in their scabbards. Wild songs resounded in various parts of the town, and a horrid merriment succeeded the terrors of the day.

Some Turks had in the confusion made their escape into the houses of the French, Austrian, and Dutch Consuls; others were rescued for money the following days, and carried safely by a French brig to Smyrna.

To relieve my mind from the horrors I had witnessed, I left Athens for the Archipelagus, and after a short excursion to the islands, I arrived again in the Piræus, at the moment when all the Athenians,

except the garrison, had gone to Salamis, Agina, or Porós (the ancient Calauria), the Turks having penetrated through the Isthmus into the Morea. For a long time an invasion of Attica was expected either from the Turks in the Morea, by the way of Megara, or from the Turks of Negropont; but, fortunately, this invasion did not take place; for had it taken place, the dissensions among the Greek captains in the Acropolis might have enabled the Turks to retake the citadel without much resistance. The most important event during the three months I stayed after the massacre of the Turks at Athens, was the discovery of a well, outside the castle, near the grotto of Pan, and of a subterraneous passage, that anciently led to it.

A passage of Pausanias, cap. 28, led to the discovery, and, singularly enough, the copy I had brought to Athens, was the only one to be found in the town at that time. The passage contains the following words: Καταβᾶσι δέ οὐκ ἐς τήν κάτω πόλιν ἀλλ ̓ ὅσον ὑπὸ το προπύλαιον, πηγή τε ὕδατός ἐστι καὶ πλησιον Απόλλονος ἱερὸν ἐν σπηλαίῳ και Πανός.”

The walls of an old Greek chapel were found, decorated with fresco paintings in the style that is still prevalent in the Greek churches. This place contained the well. It was plentifully supplied with water, in spite of the dry season; the Greeks immediately erected a battery for its defence, and joined it thereby to the Acropolis. There was also search made for the well, which, according to Pausanias, existed anciently in the temple of Minerva Polias, but without success; but the beautiful porch, where the Turks kept their powdermagazine, was opened again, and the magazine removed to a more convenient place.

All the cisterns were cleaned, and filled with water; the wall between the citadel and the town, which had done so much harm to the Turks, demolished; and the avenue to the Acropolis cleared from all incumbrances. Captain Gouras, a stern but courageous chieftain, was appointed by Odysseus, as governor of the fortress; and there is no doubt, that under his command, the fortress could stand a long and obstinate siege. Before my departure from Athens, I witnessed the ceremony with which Captain Odysseus was proclaimed the Commander of Oriental Greece (The Avaroλuñs Edλádos) by deputies of Talanto, Livadia, Thebes, and the magistrates of Athens: he was presented in the same court-yard, where the Turks had been killed, with a sword of Damascus; and he pledged himself, in the presence of all the people of Athens, to use it in defence of liberty and the faith. Since that time he has drawn it against his country, and a disgraceful death has closed the life of a man, who with more exalted and less selfish principles, might have become a bright ornament to the annals of Greece. His valour and his abilities entitled him to wear so splendid

a name.

The house of the Austrian Consul, Gropius, who had shown on all occasions the warmest interest in the cause of the Greeks, and by whom I was received with the greatest kindness, at the time Athens had been abandoned by its inhabitants, became, after the embarkation of those Turks that had been rescued immediately after the massacre, again the refuge for those unfortunate people. A great number were, for money, released by the Consul; amongst them were several Turkish ladies of distinction, as the wife of Hassan