nest is on the ground, often under shelter of a tuft of heath. The young run about very soon after they are hatched. "Grouse" remain in coveys (broods) from the time they are hatched till late in the autumn, after which they "pack" or assemble in large bodies. A cream-colored variety of moorfowl is sometimes found in the north of Eng. land. The moorfowl is easily domesticated, and breeds readily in an aviary, if supplier with heath for food.

MOORING (allied probably to Dutch marren, to delay, fasten; Eng. marline, for fastening the sail to the bolt-rope; Lat. mora, delay), a fastening to retain a ship in a given position. This may be either by her own anchors, or (which is the more common meaning of the term) by fixed and permanent buoy, which, on its part, is anchored to the bottom. A chain-mooring is where a strong chain is stretched for some distance on the bottom, being securely anchored or otherwise made fast at each end, and perhaps in intermediate places. Numerous buoys are then floated from it, and it becomes the mooring ground for many vessels. Chain-moorings are frequent in all large harbors where comparatively small vessels require to ride.

MOORISH ARCHITECTURE. See ARABIAN ARCHITECTURE.

MOORS (Lat. mauri, meaning dark; Spanish, moros) are a people who form the great majority of the population of Barbary. Their appearance indicates their origin, which is a mixture of the Mauri (from whom they derive their name), Numidians, Phenicians, Romans, and Arabs, who have successively held possession of the country. In consequence, they are found to vary considerably in appearance and character in different parts of Barbary, but all show more or less strongly the symptoms of a considerable infusion of Arabian blood. They are a well-formed race, with fine oriental features, and a mild and melancholy expression of countenance. They are more friendly and sociable than the Bedouins and Berbers, who inhabit the deserts and mountains; but are inferior to them in mental ability, besides being voluptuous and cruel. They constitute, generally speaking, the tradesmen, artizans, merchants, and agriculturalists of Barbary; but a considerable number lead a pastoral life. The dress of the Moors consists of a piece of woolen cloth, five ells in length by one and a half in breadth, called a "haique," which is thrown over the shoulders, and fastened round the body; it also serves as a covering by night. This, when supplemented by a pair of slippers, a red cap, and a hood, constitutes the sole habiliment of the people generally. In the towns, the "caftan" is generally worn over the haique. The Moors employ the Arabic language, but with many corruptions and deviations from the original, and these appear to increase toward the west.

As the Arab conquerors of Spain invaded that country from Africa, where they had largely recruited their forces, they were naturally enough called Moors, and in Spanish history the terms Moors, Saracens, and Arabs are synonymous. From this mixed Moorish-Arab race sprung the Moriscoes, who were permitted by Ferdinand the Catholic to remain in Spain after the expulsion of their countrymen, on condition of their embracing Christianity. A cruel persecution, which was originated by Philip II., drove them to rebellion (1567-70), and in 1571 many emigrated to Africa; those who remained being, to the number of 500,000, expelled in 1610 by Philip III.

The Moors first appear in modern history as the allies of the Vandals in their invasion of Africa, and were continually rebelling against the Byzantine emperor. They were next, after a severe struggle, conquered and converted by the Arabs in 707. In 1091 they were summoned by the latter into Spain, to aid in stemming the tide of Christian conquest; and after faithfully supporting the Arab calif of Cordova, etc., till his dominions fell into the hands of the king of Leon and Castile, they retired in 1238 to Granada, where they founded their kingdom. The kings of Granada carried on a vigorous, and, at the same time, chivalrous warfare with the kings of Castile; but at length, weakened by internal discord, were compelled to succumb to Ferdinand the Catholic in 1492. The Moors, or at least that portion of them who refused to adopt Christianity, were then expelled from Spain, and, in revenge, founded in 1518 the piratical states of Algiers and Tunis. Their subsequent history cannot be separated from that of Algiers, Tunis, and

Могоссо.

MOORSHEDABAD', a city in Hindustan, in a district of the same name, and in the province of Bengal, of which it was formerly the capital; 124 m. n. of Calcutta; pop. 46,182. Its name originally was Muksoosabad. Including Cossimbazar it extends 8 m. on both sides of Bhagiratty or Cossimbazar river, a branch of the Ganges. The city was never fortified except by an occasional rampart during the Mahratta invasion in 1742. The streets are so narrow as to be impassable for European carriages. The buildings are generally of mud. Most of them are of one story, with tiled roofs. Even the palace of the nawaub is hardly noticeable. A long, narrow, winding street runs from the market, containing poor huts, and this is intersected by other streets still narrower and very unpleasant. On account of defective drainage the place is very unhealthy, and in 1814 many Europeans suffered in the general mortality. It has an extensive inland traffic, and the river is constantly covered with boats. The staple products are silk and indigo. The town is favorably situated for commerce. A Mohammedan college, called

Moran.

Nizamat college, was founded here several years ago, to which an English professorship was attached. In 1757 Calcutta became the capital of Bengal.

MOORUK (Casuarius Bennettii), a recently discovered bird of the same genus with the Cassowary (q.v.), of which it was at first regarded as a mere variety, a native of the island of New Britain. It is about 5 ft. in full height, 3 ft. to the top of the back, is of a reddish color, mixed with black, and has a horny plate instead of a helmet-like protuberance on the top of the head. The claw of the inner toe of each foot is very long. It becomes extremely tame and familiar in captivity; may be fed on potatoes, maize, or any similar food; and is apt to prove troublesome by swallowing anything, however indigestible, that may come in its way.

MOOSE. See ELK.

MOOSEHEAD LAKE, the largest lake in Maine, from which the Kennebec river takes its rise. It lies on the borders of Somerset and Piscataquis counties, about 75 m. n. by e. of Augusta; is 36 m. in length, from 3 to 10 in width; and is surrounded by a thickly wooded country that is sparsely inhabited. The forests abound in game, includ ing the deer and caribou; and the lake, with the neighboring region, is much frequented by sportsmen. In the winter the lumbermen of the Kennebec cut much of their timber near its banks.

MOOSH, a t. of Asiatic Turkey, capital of a small pashalic of the same name; population estimated at 6.000. It is pleasantly situated on the sides and summit of a conical hill near the Murad Chaï, or eastern arm of the Euphrates, 75 m. s.e. of Erzeroum. The plain in which it stands is about 40 m. in length and 12 or 14 m. În breadth, and is wellwatered. The climate is variable. It contains 100 villages, and produces grain, tobacco, and wine of good quality. The town presents a poor appearance. It is inhabited by Turks and Armenians, the latter, having the trade of the place, are wealthy, and pay an annual tribute of £2,000, from which the Turks are exempt. There are 7 mosques, 4 churches, and several large, well-furnished bazaars. Coarse cotton cloth is manufactured here. The chief articles of export are tobacco and cattle. But a small quantity of European manufactures is imported.

MOQUE GUA, a t. of Peru. capital of a province of the same name, 68 m. n.w. of Tacna, on the great route w. of the Cordilleras. In the province are many large vineyards, which produce great quantities of wine and brandy. Pop. 9,000.

MOQUIS, the name of a tribe of Indians living in n.w. Arizona, on the Little Colorado and San Juan rivers. They are known as far back as the middle of the 16th c., when they were visited by the Europeans, and received from them certain domestic animals, including sheep, the breed of which they continue to hold. Missionaries were sent among them by the Franciscans, but in the latter part of the 17th c. there was a general rising of the Moquis, when the missionaries were exterminated. An attempt in 1723, on the part of the viceroy of Mexico, to subdue this tribe, was unsuccessful; but 25 years later a new Franciscan mission had been effectual in making converts among them. Since that time they became peaceable, only resisting the attacks of the Apaches and Navajoes, who became their bitter foes, and have harassed them greatly. They are agricultural; are divided into 9 subdivisions, or families; and dwell in villages of houses built after the manner of the Indians of New Mexico. At the time when the United States government first took them in charge the Moquis were estimated to number 8,000; but in 1855 they were severely afflicted by an epidemic of small-pox, and their numbers much reduced; and, again, they suffered from famine in 1866. Their number in 1884 was reported at 1813. They are not intemperate, and their women are noted for

chastity.

MORA, a genus of trees of the natural order leguminosa, sub-order casalpinica, con taining only one knows species, M. excelsa, discovered by sir R. Schomburgk, and described by him as the most majestic tree of Guiana. The timber is said to be equal to oak of the finest quality. It is already a considerable article of commerce, under the name of mora wood. It is darker than mahogany. It is valued for ship-building.

MO'RA (Lat.) is a word often used in Scotch law to denote delay caused by negligence. In Eugland and Ireland the corresponding word is laches (q.v.).

MORA, a co. in n.e. New Mexico, adjoining Texas; 5,000 sq.m.; pop. '80, 9.7519,542 of American birth. The surface, especially in the w. portions, is mountainous, intersected in the w. by a ridge from the Rocky mountains. Most of the county is a wide, treeless plain. The Canadian river and Mora creek flow through it. The principal productions are Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and wool. There are manufactories of flour and wool. Co. seat, Mora.

MORA, FRANCIS, D.D. See page 883.

MORA CEE, a natural order of exogenous plants, or, according to many botanists, a sub-order of urticea (q.v.). The moracea are trees or shrubs with rough leaves and sometimes with climbing stems; they have a milky juice; the flowers are very small; the fruits of many flowers are often inclosed in a succulent receptacle, or the calyx becom ing fleshy, all the fruits of a head or spike become combined into one. There are about 200 known species, natives of temperate and tropical climates. Some are valu able for their fruit, some for the caoutchouc obtained from their milky juice, and dif

Moran.

ferent parts of others are applied to various uses. Among the species are figs, mulberries, Osage orange, fustic, and contrayerva.

MORADABAD', a t. of British India, capital of a district of the same name, is situated on a slightly elevated ridge between the Ramgunga and the Ganges, 90 m. e.n.e. of Delhi. There is a large jail, capable of holding 1800, for native convicts. West of the town, and separated from it by the jail, are the cantonments for the troops, agreeably situated amid luxuriant trees; the chief duty of the troops is to guard the convicts. Pop. (at census of N. W. Provinces, 1872) 62,417.

*MORAINE'. The masses of rock which, by atmospheric action, are separated from the mountains bounding the valleys along which glaciers flow, find a temporary resting place on the surface of the ice, at the margin of the glacier, and are carried along with it, but so slowly that they form a continuous line along each margin. These lines of débris are called lateral moraines. When two glaciers unite, the two inner moraines unite also, and form one large trail in the middle of the trunk glacier, and this is called a medial moraine. A large portion of these rocky fragments at length reaches the end of the glacier, and here the melting ice leaves it as a huge mound, which is known as a terminal moraine. See GLACIER. See Supp., page 883.

MORALES, LUIS DE, 1509-86; b. Spain; studied the works of the Spanish masters, and was called El Divino, "the divine," from his preference for sacred subjects. His Saviors and Magdalenes are exact representations of suffering borne with meekness. His best work is the "St. Veronica" in the church of the Barefooted Trinitarians in Madrid. MORALITIES. See MYSTERIES.

MORALS. See ETHICS.

MORAN, BENJAMIN, b. Penn., 1820; at first a printer in Philadelphia. He made a tour of England, on foot, in 1850, publishing an account of it in 1853, under the title of The Footpath and the Highway. In 1854 he became private secretary to James Buchanan, then American minister to England. In 1855 he was appointed secretary of the American legation in London, where he remained till 1874, when he became minister to Portugal, which post he still retained till 1882. He d. 1886.

MORAN, EDWARD, b. Lancashire, Eng., 1829; removed with his parents while young to Philadelphia, and became a pupil there of James Hamilton, a well-known marine painter. His work early indicated much aptitude for this class of subjects, and his paintings were of a good order of merit from the first. He went to London in 1862, remained abroad long enough to profit by the study of the great marine painters of England and the continent, and returned to reside in New York in 1869. His works have found steady sale, and have frequently been the originals for engravings. Among them are "Outward Bound," Launch of the Life-Boat,' The Burning Yacht," Minot Ledge Light," "The Coming Storm in New York Bay,' Solitude," and "Dream Life.” Mr. Moran is careful in the finish of his pictures, and has confined his brush almost exclusively to marine subjects. He is an associate of the national academy of N. Y., and a member of the society of American artists.

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MORAN, PETER, b. Lancashire, Eng., 1842; brought by his parents to Philadelphia, where he was educated, and then put with a lithographer to learn his art. He did not like it; and deserted it for the studios of his elder brothers, where he found his vocation in a field slightly different from theirs and yet allied. His taste led him to pastoral and quiet scenes in country life, and especially to animal painting, though he has not confined himself to still-life pictures. "Twilight," "The Return of the Herd," "The Thunderstorm," "Fog on a Sea-Shore," and Settled Rain," are the names of a few of the paintings which have given him celebrity, and indicate his appreciation of the poetic aspects of still-life in nature. The "Return of the Herd" received a medal at the centennial exhibition.

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MORAN, THOMAS, b. in Lancashire, Eng., 1837. When seven years old his family came to Philadelphia, where Thomas was educated in the city schools, and then apprenticed to Mr. Scattergood, an engraver. During this apprenticeship he devoted all his spare time by day to painting in water colors and the study of painting, and his evenings to drawing. His success was immediate; his water-color paintings sold quickly at good prices. When master of water-colors, and studying from nature, he perceived the greater range of oil painting, and at 23 years of age turned his attention to that department. When 25 he visited England. In 1866 he again went to Europe, visited England, France, and Italy, and remained several years for work. He returned in 1871 and joined prof. Hayden's party of exploration to the head waters of the Yellowstone river, where he made the sketches from which he produced the picture of the "Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone," purchased by congress, and now filling a panel in the capitol at Washington. The following year he visited the Yosemite and the Sierras of California and Nevada. In 1873 he joined the U. S. exploring expedition, conducted by maj. J. W. Powell, which surveyed the wonderful canyons of the Colorado river in Colorado and Utah, and on his return completed a picture of "The Chasm of the Colorado," which was purchased by congress as a companion to the Yellowstone picture. The following year he visited the mountain of the Holy Cross in Colorado, and on his return

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to New York, where he has made his residence, he finished a picture of that mountain, which ranks as one of his grand works. These are a few of Mr. Moran's large works. Of smaller pieces he has been a prolific worker in every department of landscape art. Among these are: "The Lost Arrow," The Ripening of the Leaf," Dreamland," "The Groves were God's First Temples," "The Pictured Rocks of Lake Superior," "The Conemaugh in Autumn," "The First Ship," "The Flight into Egypt," "The Remorse of Cain,' "The Children of the Mountain,' "The Track of the Storm," "Ponce de Leon in Florida,' New York from Communipaw," and "After a Thaw." It is to Mr. Moran's skilled pencil that the world is indebted for the superb illustrations on wood that adorn the reports of both Hayden's and Powell's explorations and the most spirited recent engravings of Rocky mountain scenery. "The Wonders of the Yellowstone," which have been illustrated in chromo by L. Prang & Co., are from his water-color sketches. Mr. Moran's style is marked neither by over-care nor by carelessness of finish. In the "After a Thaw," a locomotive on the flushed flats of New Jersey, seen through a spring mist, becomes a picture of poetic beauty.

MORA'NO, a city of southern Italy, in the province of Cosenza, built on a hill in a wild and rugged neighborhood, 35 m. n.n.w. of Cosenza. Pop. 8,350. It has good manufactures of silk, cotton, and woolen fabrics.

MORAT (Lat. Moratum, Ger. Murten), a t. of, "71, 2,328 inhabitants, in the canton of Freiburg, Switzerland, on the lake of Morat, about 12 m. from Bern, famous for the victory of the Swiss and their allies over Charles the bold, duke of Burgundy, June 22, 1476. The duke, exasperated by his defeat at Grandson in March, appeared before the gates of Morat with 40,000 men. The Swiss were aided by Strasburg, Basel, Colmar, and other Rhenish cities, and by duke René of Lorraine, whom the duke of Burgundy had driven from his possessions; but the superiority of numbers was greatly on the side of the duke of Burgundy. The assault of the Swiss, however, was very impetuous, and their victory complete; the duke's camp fell into their hands, and he himself only escaped by the swiftness of his horse.

MORATA, OLYMPIA FULVIA, 1526-55; b. Ferrara; was carefully educated, and became an accomplished classical scholar. She is said to have given lectures on classi cal subjects at Ferrara in her 16th year. She afterward married a German physician named Andreas Grunthler, and was converted to Protestantism. In 1553 margrave Albert of Brandenburg pillaged Schweinfurt, where she was living, and she lost her library, and was forced to take refuge in Hammelburg. Grunthler was presently appointed a professor at Heidelberg, where she went to reside. She published many poems, written in Greek or Latin.

MORATIN, LEANDRO FERNANDEZ DE, the most eminent comic poet that Spain has produced in recent times, was b. at Madrid Mar. 10, 1760. His father, Nicolas Fernandez de Moratin, was also a poet of some eminence, but having found that literary labors afforded a precarious support, he wished his son to learn the trade of a jeweler, by which, after his father's death, he, in fact, for some time supported himself and his mother. In 1790 appeared his first and best comedy, El Viejo y la Nina; it was followed by La Comedia nuova El Baron, La Mogigata, and Elsi de las Niñas. Prince Godoy conferred several ecclesiastical benefices upon him, though the inquisition set its evil eye upon the poet. Joseph Bonaparte made him chief royal librarian; and after 1814 he took refuge in Paris. His last work was the Origenes del Teatro Español. He died in Paris June 21, 1828.

MORATIN, NICOLAS FERNANDEZ DE, 1737-80; b. Madrid; a friend of Montiano, the restorer of classical tragedy in Spain. Following the example of Montiano and Luzan, he attempted to reform the drama, and to purge it of romanticism. In 1762 he published three discourses against the older drama, under the title of Desengaños al Teatro Español. In these discourses he bitterly attacked the old characteristic Autos Sacramentales, which were suppressed by the government in 1765. In the same year that the discourses appeared he wrote a comedy, La Pentimétra, in the French manner: neither this, nor his tradgedy Lucrecia, was represented, on account of the strong prejudice then prevailing in Spain against French innovations. In 1770 he succeeded in having his tragedy of Hormesinda produced on the stage, and it was favorably received. He wrote but one more tragedy, Guzman el Buene, which was never performed. Before this, he had turned his talents in the direction in which he was to do his best work, and had published, in 1764. a collection of verses called El Poéta. This was followed the next year by Diana, a didactic poem on the chase. His most important work, a historical epic called Las Náves de Cortès Destruidas, appeared the same year. Moratin at first practiced law, but was afterward made professor of poetry in the imperial college at Madrid. He formed a club, which met at Madrid and considered the productions of contemporary literature. He was on intimate terms with the chief scholars and authors of Spain.-Cadahalso, Ayala, Montiano, the botanist Ortega, and Fajardo, the translator of Buffon. His posthumous works were published by his son Leandro, in 1821.

MO'RAVA, the chief river of Servia. It is formed by the union of two head streams -the eastern or Bulgarian Morava, which rises in the mountains to the s. of the new

Moravia.

southern frontier of Servia; and the western or Servian Morava, which rises on the western frontier. The united stream flows northward to the Danube, and has a total length of about 180 miles.

MO'RAVA, or, more properly, March (called by the ancients Marus), a river of Austria, has its origin on the southern slope of the Schneeberg, on the borders of Prussian Silesia, 3.882 ft. above sea-level. It is the chief river of Moravia, to which it gives its name, and flows s. through that crown-land, receiving on the right the Thaya, and falling into the Danube, 8 m. above Presburg. In its lower course, it forms the boundary between Lower Austria and Hungary. Its course is 184 m. in length, and it is navigable from Göding, upward of 60 m. from its mouth.

MORA VIA (Ger. Mähren), a crown-land of the Austrian empire, situated in 48° 40′ to 50 n. lat., and 15° 5' to 18° 45′ e. long. It is bounded n. by Prussian and Austrian Silesia, e. by Hungary and Galicia, s. by the duchy of Austria, and w. by Bohemia. The superficial area is about 8,480 sq.m.; and the pop. in 1880 was 2,153,406.

Moravia is inclosed and traversed on all sides by mountains, being separated from Silesia by the range of the Sudetes; from Bohemia, by the Moravian chain; and from Hungary, by the Carpathian mountains; while branches of these various chains intersect the whole country except in the s., where the land consists of extensive plains, lying about 800 ft. above the level of the sea. The numerous small rivers of the interior follow a s.e. direction, and fall into the March or Morava, from which the country derives its name, and then flow together with the latter into the Danube. The Oder, and its affluents the Elsa and Oppa, rise among the mountains on the n.e., from whence their course is soon turned directly away from the Moravian territory. There are few extensive lakes, but numerous ponds and small streams, which abound in fish. The more elevated parts of the country are not fertile, and the climate is severe; but in the mountain valleys and on the southern plains the soil is remarkably rich, and the temperature more genial than in other European countries lying in the same parallel. Moravia, which ranks as one of the richest of the Austrian dominions, has half of its area in arable land. It yields fine crops of grain, and among the other natural products grown for exportation we may instance hops, mustard, potatoes, clover-seed, beet-root; and in the s., maize, grapes, chestnuts, and many other of the less hardy fruits and vegetables. The breeding of cattle and sheep, and the making of cheese from sheep's milk, constitute an important branch of industry; in the southern districts of the Hanna (a plain famous for its fertility), horses are bred for exportation. Geese and fowls are reared in large num bers for the sake of their feathers, and the keeping of bees is conducted with great success. The mineral products include iron, alum, saltpeter, coal, graphite, wetstones, sulphur, vitriol, pipe-clay, marble, and topazes, garnets, and other precious stones.

Industry, etc. The principal branches of industry are the manufacture of linen and thread, which now enjoy a European reputation, and those for cotton goods at Sternberg. Moravia has long been noted for the excellence of its cloths, flannels, and other woolen fabrics, and for its leather goods. The minerals of Moravia, especially coal and iron, are important, and are extensively wrought. Beet-sugar is largely manufactured. Brünn (q.v.), the capital, is the chief emporium for the manufacturing trade, and Olmütz (q.v.) the principal cattle-mart.

The educational wants of the province are provided for by 12 gymnasia and about 1900 schools. The former university at Olmütz is now represented by a theological faculty, and by a large technical institute. The majority of the people belong to the church of Rome. There are about 50,000 Protestants and 40,000 Jews.

In regard to nationality, the population may be divided as follows: About 500,000 Germans, nearly a million and a half of Slavs, and 50,000 belonging to other races (including Jews). The Slavs of Moravia are mostly Czechs, with Poles and a few Croats. The Czechs are inferior in all respects to their brethren in Bohemia. The Moravian Poles, although inferior to the Germans as regards industry and cultivation, are a physically well developed, courageous, and enterprising people.

History-Moravia was anciently occupied by the Quadi, who, on their migration in the 5th c. to Gaul and Hispania, were replaced first by the Rugii, next by the Heruli and Longobardi, and finally by a colony of Slavonians, who, on their settlement in the country, took the name of Moravians, from the river Morava. Charlemagne, who brought the people under nominal subjection after they had spread themselves over a territory greater than the present Moravia, constrained their king, Samoslav, to receive baptism; but Christianity was first formally established in the middle of the 9th c. by Cyril, who must be regarded as the true apostle of the land. Moravia was made tributary to the German empire before the close of the century; but in 1029 it was incorporated with Bohemia, after having for a time been a prey to the incursive attacks of its Slavonic and Teutonic neighbors. At the close of the 12th c. Moravia was erected into a margraviate, and declared a fief of Bohemia, to be held from the crown by the younger branches of the royal house. On the death of Louis II. at the battle of Mohacz in 1526, Moravia, with all the other Bohemian lands, fell to Austria, in accordance with a preexisting compact of succession between the royal houses. Since then it has shared the fortunes of the empire, and in 1849 it was formally separated from Bohemia, and declared a distinct province and crown-land.