in the order which the subject seems most naturally to suggest, by declaring— First. The nature of the several dilapidations and the occasion and mode of their discovery. Secondly. The plans and extent of reparation and restoration proposed. Thirdly.-The costs which these would incur. Fourthly. -The means which the cathedral itself supplies. Fifthly.-The voluntary contributions which the members of the cathedral body have already guaranteed. Sixthly.-The sources from which we encourage a hope that the requisite funds may be obtained.

We proceed to give to the reader what appears to us the most interesting passage, in reference to the investigations into the general condition of the edifice by an experienced architect, Mr. Cottingham of London; and which describes also the incidental discovery of certain highly decorated remains of early architecture in the east end of the choir, which had been concealed through the introduction of a Grecian screen in 1717; and which latter appendage it was found necessary to remove, in order to judge of the extent of injury sustained by the walls beyond:

Mr. Cottingham's first care was to ascertain the actual state of the vaulting itself, immediately to the east of the choir, and here it did not appear that any material defect existed; his attention was then attracted by the peculiar sweep of the base on which the columns below stood, and by the indication of a continuation of the decorated masonry behind the rough walls from which the arch springs on either side. It was impossible not to be struck with the corresponding traces of Norman mouldings which were just perceptible here and there above the Grecian screen, and between it and the painted boards representing curtains above, whilst on traversing the clerestory gallery, the remains of Norman ornaments were everywhere to be found, and the gallery itself, as I had before pointed out was still existent at each side, returned behind the wooden coverings, up to the splays of the eastern windows, near to which was a pair of small perforated arches, of the same style with those on the north and south sides. It was not difficult to perceive from the iron braces and ties which extended on either side, the whole length of the clerestory range, that some danger or dislocation had either existed or was apprehended at an earlier period; and it was thought fit to complete the survey of this part by the removal of the whole incongruous covering of the east end of the choir, represented in its then form in plate 6. I am aware that it has been thought by some that more of the cathedral has been dismantled than was necessary. To the casual observer, or those who derive their information through circuitous channels, or who measure the requirement of the temple of God upon the same principles as they regard the reparation of their barns, it might possibly seem so; but not to insist on considerations, which must ever be paramount in importance in the believer's mind, I may venture to affirm, with the intimate knowledge I have been enabled to acquire, of facts, the occular demonstration I have obtained, the minute and personal investigation I have made of every part, that it is my firm conviction that it ought to be regarded as providential, that the examination which was instituted in the Lady Chapel did not terminate there.-I

cannot divest my mind of the impression, that it has probably been the means, I say not merely of developing the most grand and beautiful design and composition which can be found in any ecclesiastical structure, but of preventing the most disastrous ruin-the most awful sacrifice of human life. How long matters might have gone on, and we have supposed all was secure, I pretend not to guess, there would have been no warning, there was the swelling out in the high wall, whose bursting cometh suddenly at the instant. Once before, in this same cathedral, has a tower fallen, when practical masons had but a little while before pronounced it safe! The second, from its position, might probably have been more fatal-must have been far more destructive to the goodly fabric which surrounds it. The removal of the Grecian oak screen at the altar end of the choir proved these facts :—that those who had erected it, had removed in four places the ashlar of the walls, into the very core, to make room for the recesses in the screen, and had left the walls in those places without support; it also proved that the scenic decoration at the top, the painted boards to represent curtains, (what an adornment for a cathedral church!) were partially loosened from the wedges which had been driven to fix them to, and to strain the joints of the masonry; and that the wooden imitations of tassels which hung immediately over the heads of the ministering priests, as often as they officiated at the altar, were suspended on a rusty nail by small twine, little better than packthread. Το such as have been accustomed to view this portion of the cathedral of Here'ford in its debased and disguised form, the change which was effected by this removal of such heterogenous appendages is most striking, and the mutilated string courses and their broken shafts, the wrecks of former beauty and appropriate order, are, even if it were impracticable to restore them, infinitely preferable to those incongruities which have been happily removed. It appears that long before the introduction of the Grecian screen in 1717, the original arrangement had been disturbed by the introduction of a perpendicular window, to support which, the low circular arch in the centre had been constructed; on either side of this window were now to be seen the mouldings and featherings of the original early decorated lights, on a level and in communication with the lateral clerestory range; below these the Norman arcade, based upon a string course of nebule ornaments, and these sufficiently preserved to afford accurate patterns for exact restoration; but below, the beauty of beauties was to be traced-the thickness of that part of the wall is eight feet; on either side of the arch, twenty-four feet in span, were portions of shafts corresponding with the pair of Norman shafts exposed to view seven years ago, the bases of these standing on a sort of plinth, which was continued through those already referred to, as well as the capitals, of most curious detail, were perfect, and upon them were visible as far as the level of the window above, the remaining stones which formed the architrave of the exterior arch, from which it was evident that its crown must have risen to the height of thirty feet. By cautious examination of the parts walled up, it was discovered that the capitals were all perfect, and that this exquisite and grand construction, the mutilation and concealment of which it is utterly impossible to account for, was in fact made up of five arches, the interior and smallest supported by the two semi columns already described, and each of the others increasing in span as it approached

the front upon square and circular shafts alternately, the faces of each arch being beautifully decorated with the choicest Norman ornaments. Of the four lateral arches, the two first had been not only hid by the oak panelling of the screen, but were also like the two others closed up with lath and plaster, as the central arch; and when these incumbrances and desecrations were taken away, it is impossible to describe accurately the glorious effect produced, rendered more solemn and impressive by the appearance of the ancient monuments of Bishops Reynelm, Mayew, Stanbury, and Benet, whose ashes rest beneath these massive arches, of which, together with the noble triforium above, before the conquest, Athelstan had probably been the founder, and the former of those just mentioned, the completer and restorer after that era.

It is not possible to award too high a portion of praise to the indefatigable and judicious exertions of the learned Dean of Hereford, in the prosecution of the measures connected with the restoration of this beautiful and interesting fabric. Every page bears witness of the close and persevering attention he has bestowed on the great object, which attaches so onerous responsibility to the discharge of his office. We much regret that our limits will not allow of a more extended reference to the curious and important facts and discoveries detailed in the progress of the various investigations, and to the valuable and interesting historical and other notes appended to the work; but we trust that we have already quoted sufficiently to show that the merits of the volume are eminently deserving of extensive notice. We now give, as our concluding sample, the peroration of Dr. Mere- . wether's address, embodying an unaffected vein of elevated and pathetic sentiment, which cannot fail to elicit the admiration and sympathy of the reader :—

The great length to which this statement has already been extended admonishes me of the necessity of confining my remarks in conclusion, within the smallest compass, but feeling as I do, and not merely as a matter of bounden duty, a deep interest in this venerable fabric,—a cathedral, to which as its chief guardian I cannot but be attached, from my station in it, I humbly trust that its cause has not been injured by the feeble advocacy which peculiar circumstances beyond my control have tended to render less efficient than it might in other hands have been. This I confidently trust at least I have now effected :-I have laid before you, and through you, the christian public, generally, as clearly and satisfactorily as I could, the real, honest, and faithful description of the precise state and condition of this sacred edifice. If personal intreaty, as its Dean, can have any weight, I do beseech you let the sacred principle on which I have based my appeal, have its perfect work.--I ask not of you what I am not ready and zealous to do myself, -I can sincerely aver that I have ever looked upon my connection with this cathedral church as a matter of trust,—I have ever been ready to sacrifice self considerations cheerfully, to make it what it ought to be,--I have already made sacrifices for its sake, perhaps more, and greater than might ever appear, and I am ready to do so again, to the utmost of my ability;

but anxious, deeply anxious as I am to see it restored to its appropriate and pristine beauty, to be worthy of the sacred purpose for which it should be employed to the latest posterity, my feelings, as they apply to my own particular interests, and the personal concern and gratification I may enjoy in such accomplishment of my wishes, are limited and confined to the lifehold tenure, the transient and evanescent concern which I and those belonging to me share in these things-they must end with my life: they are of necessity as nothing in comparison to the feelings, the permanent and real interest, in which the proprietors of the soil in this city and county and diocese of Hereford, are entitled to participate, surely must, and doubtless will experience in its preservation. The probability is, that this frame will rest within those walls, these bones crumble beneath its roof, and mingle with the dust of my departed predecessors; and it is a weakness not unpardonable, I trust, nor unbecoming of the hopes and privileges of our order, if I avow some inward satisfaction at that thought,-the cordial concern I have felt at the too palpable neglect, the desecrations, the sad deformities which in earlier days have been permitted to remain unheeded and unreclaimed in this our sanctuary, and still are traceable; the humble efforts I have made, and not in vain, to meliorate its condition and the tone of feeling towards it, naturally prompt a wish, that whatever may be my fate, here may be my final resting place, and this the monument of my unworthy but unfeigned service; nay there is another cause, which has but recently supplied, a secondary perhaps, but not a cold or fleeting tie of attachment to this loved and venerated building, but when your sons, and sons' sons, shall tread these courts of the Lord's house, and mark the spot where then shall my remains be crumbling with their kindred dust; oh, I do hope, and trust, that I have precluded the possibility of their complaint, their accusation that I had been supine and listless, deficient in my bounden endeavours to have justice done to such a monument of early piety and splendid liberality; I trust it never can be said, that it was through my culpable neglect and apathy, that at this golden opportunity, a sound and proper restoration had not been effected!I will not trespass longer on your attention, I feel how much I am indebted to you for your patience, and I gratefully hail it, as a delightful presage of the interest you take in the objects of this meeting.

I cordially and sincerely thank you, and now I leave the result in your hands, to the disposal of Him, to the honour and glory of whose great name, and the highest blessings of yourselves, and all who love the Lord Jesus in sincerity, I most fervently pray it may continually redound.

ART. IV.-Anti-Duel; or a Plan for the Abrogation of Duelling, which has been tried and found successful. By JOHN DUNLOP. Houlston and Stoneham.

MR. DUNLOP takes the credit to himself of having been the "Founder of the Temperance Movement in Great Britain," and is favourably known as the author of "Essays on the Philosophy of Artificial and Compulsory Drinking Usages;" of the "Tendency to Association

in Mankind," &c. Of course our practical and zealous philanthropist would be deeply gratified if he should prove to be the instrument to any extent towards the abrogation of the barbarous practice of duelling, and accordingly appears in this fresh walk of benevolence; nor, indeed, without the promise of success and early prevention. The pamphlet before us, although necessarily brief, is comprehensive in its scope and suggestiveness. It cannot present the gossip and anecdote contained in Dr Millingen's volumes, but it traverses the entire field of the subject, and offers a more distinct and accessible remedy than is to be met with in that bulky work.

Mr. Dunlop treats the subject in a series of short chapters, beginning with a statement of facts and a variety of references in order to show that the "modern duel is not identical with ancient championship;" that is, the encounter of select champions of hostile armies. In the classical epics of Greece and Rome we read of single combats, when the decision of a general war was put upon the issue and arbitrement of the conflict waged by individuals. In Scripture history the famous case of Goliath the Philistine and David occurs. In this instance we have the challenger saying, "choose you a man for you and let him come down to me; if he be able to fight me, and to kill me, then will we be your servants; but if I prevail against him, then shall ye be our servants, and serve us." This and many other ancient cases differed widely from the duel as practised in modern times, for in these latter days the conflict may obtain between individuals of the same country, between acquaintances and bosom friends. There are, however, many nations that have never resorted to the savage custom; and although less boastful of their advancement than Europeans, treat the idea of duelling with derision. Such is the sentiment of the Asiatics. But even in the West there are classes who never dream of such an appeal to supposed courage and immaculate honour. The clergy of Europe fence and fight by means of their tongues and quills. The Quakers are not pugnacious with the pistol, with dagger, or with sword. The millions of the working and lower middle classes in no part of the world have given in to the practice; so that the duel-exposed, as Mr. Dunlop terms them, form but a small section as compared with all others. Our author guesses, that, after withdrawing females, clergymen, strictly religious persons, &c., from the class that keep carriages and riding horses, the number of the duel-exposed persons in Britain may not exceed 70,000; certainly a small fraction of the general population. Then, how many even of this number would probably have little objection to the entire discontinuance of the practice? Unquestionably it would be a happy occurrence were its childishness as well as its atrocity generally perceived.

Mr. Dunlop, in analyzing the nature and elements of the modern duel, holds that it had its origin in the judicial combat. A mere