nation, the parent of vice; and while we yield the MR. NILES.-The "balance of trade" is in the silent and secret homage of the heart to the philan- mouth of every body and constantly referred to, and thropy of a Howard, lightening the fetters and yet it seems to be very differently understood or esbrightening the dungeon horrors of crime and timated by different persons, or never to have been wretchedness, we are constrained to tender equal correctly ascertained, and that for the want of proregard to the man whose genius discovered a sys- per data.-Unquestionably, the treasury statements tem of initiation into the general branches of learn- presented to congress and recorded by Pitkin and ing, whereby the advantages of it may be commu- by Seybert, do not contain, or exhibit in a clear point nicated to the whole human family. To enlighten the of view, the necessary information and details wheremind, and thereby prevent crime, is better than to by to ascertain the real balance with any tolerable punish or commiserate. This immense lever has moved degree of certainty. the world; and combined with other more compli- In them, even the value of the importations is but cated powers which are also in motion, and which partially given, and that confused with an arbitrary cannot so readily move without it, must, in its reac-advance or supposed increase of value, included or to be added, for the pretended real value:-of a tion, ameliorate and bless the world. "To render the subject of education interesting part of the importations we are presented with the in the detail, must require no ordinary mind. Mr. quantity only, without regard to cost, price, or quaLancaster possessed this power--he rivited the at-lity, and there seems to be an egregious defect or tention of his audience-they seemed to hang on his oversight in the total omission of the goods admitlips, during his lectures, with unabated pleasure. To ted by law free of duty, of which, however, a consijudge of his eloquence, which is familiar without de- derable value is every year imported. Yet these imperfect and defective data appear to scending to the ludicrous, and at times impressive, because proceeding from his own feelings, by its effect, be all that congress are put in possession of, as the it must be of the first clas:-He not only assailed means whereby they are to arrive at the discovery the outworks of the understanding but he took the of the balance of trade, a just knowledge of which citadel of the heart. His sincerity and devotedness is admitted to be so important to that authority to the diffusion of knowledge, the economy of time which has the regulation of commerce and the suand expense, the habits of attention and diligence perintendance of the common welfare. How is it formed in its acquisition, renders him indeed the be- possible, I would ask, for congress, and particularly nefactor, and he has just claims to the gratitude of gentlemen who have not perhaps, paid constant and mankind. In this country I am glad to find such a close attention to the course and incidents of trade, man justly appreciated." Washington City Gaz. the rise and fall of foreign markets, and commerMr. Lancaster has just delivered, or is delivering,cial transactions everywhere, &c. to form a very cora course of lectures at Philadelphia, in Washington rect idea of the state of our account with foreigners? Hall, which was very handsomely granted to him-ought they not to have, in addition to all the infree of expense, because in his advertisement he formation now communicated, a great deal more?-Due says "No money taken for tickets, but a voluntary allowance ought also to be made for the value of collection will be made at the door, the produce of merchandize smuggled or illicitly introduced into which will be applied, under public inspection of the U. S. which in some years has amounted to no respectable auditors, to the object of establishing a seminary to board and clothe a number of American youth as teachers of the Lancasterian system, in its highest bearings," Balance of Trade. The intelligent gentleman to whom we are indebted for the following communication, justly observes, that the balance of trade is in the mouth of every body," but not understood, differently estimated, or not correctly ascertained, for want of data, by any. As it becomes every man in business, now and then to take an account of his stock, and look to his debts and credits, that he may know what he is about, it no less becomes our national rulers to see what the nation is doing. We should certainly consider the man as a very great dunce who by his labor, or attention to business, cleared a thousand dollars a year, which he passed over to his wife who spent that profit as well as impaired his capital-if he pretended to believe he was getting up in the world. We apprehend that such has been the case in the United States-and that the people of some sections, supposing they were making money by exports, took no heed to the general amount of imports, which, exceeding the former, must be paid for in money. We recommend this subject to our statesmen, and hope that in the next congress some man may be found who will take the trouble to understand, and appreciate, the true interests of his country, which through ignorance or inattention have been left, in matters of trade, very much to chance. trifling sum, as has been admitted by the secretary; but of this indeed, we could not expect any formal statement or account, more than opinion, or estimates, founded on close attention, investigation and observation, on the part of the C. House officers, &c, In a pro forma statement, herewith, I have attempted to divide and note down the principal points or heads, upon which information, or just estimates, in detail, are, I believe, absolutely requisite in order to arrive at the real balance of trade,which I respectfully submit for your better judgment, remarking however, that the sketch is very roughly drawn out, and very probably not well matured. We have enough of custom house and other officers, whose duty it might be made to obtain and report positive information, or intelligent and rational estimates, on all the heads and details wanted. It would impose but very little additional labor and trouble, and surely might be accomplished without much difficulty, by requiring a few other declarations and reports, on the part of the ship-owner, of the exporter, and of the importer, severally, as will readily occur to you, in addition to those that are now exacted from them by law, In the statement herewith I have only endeavored to find out a method of arriving at the balance between the U. States and the other countries of the world-to find the standing of the account betwixt nation and nation, or nations. The domestic account betwixt the American ship owners, American merchant, the importer and the exporter, and the U. States, or total mass of consumers, and betwixt one and another of them respectively, to shew the prosperity or decline of all or each, may be separately stated afterwards. TOTAL OF IMPORTATIONS PRO FORMA STATEMENT. The Importations into the United States, from Foreign countries, consist goods admitted by law free of duty, viz. S and of goods smuggled or illicitly introduced, estimated, S United States......... .....DR........... .............................To Foreign Countries. For value of importations, (and shipments) on American account—in American vessels: For value of importations (and shipments) on American account-in Foreign vessels: dolls. Which value consists of the actual cost and charges at place whence imported, viz. dolls. For value of importations into the U. States, on Foreign account-in American vessels: . dolis. For value of importations into U. States, on Foreign account-in Foreign vessels: dolls. dolls. dolls. dolis. Such proportion of the above importations as may be the property of emigrants from foreign dolis. dolls. dolls, dolls. dolls. For value of exportations, arrived at foreign ports from U.S. on Am. account, in Am. vessels→→→ Total to credit of the United States, on account of exportations, (and to debit of foreigners) dolls. DEDUCT the following which belong to credit of Foreigners (and to debit of U. States): Amount of tonnage duty, light-money, port-charges, commissions on freight and disbursements, and sundry monies, disbursed for American vessels in the foreign ports, Such proportion of the debts due by foreigners on account of above exportations, &c. as may become extinguished by bankruptcies Excess of the premiums of Insurance, to debit of Americans, ordering goods or vessels to be insured in Europe-over and above the amounts recovered for losses sustained, payable by foreigners Remittances from the U. States for interest due to foreigners on capitals belonging to foreigners, invested in American stocks, or otherwise lent or employed in the United States, (And, perhaps, some other small items) dolls. dolls. dolls. dolls. dolls. Foreigners...Drs....To United States...DOLLS. And the difference of these two amounts will be the "Balance of Trade," resulting to the debit of one party in favor of the other--which must be liquidated with specie; and if a part of the balance be satisfied for a while, by means of government stock, bank stock, &c. the certificates thereof will, nevertheless, return to be redeemed with specie, or an equivalent. J. W. W. Indian Treaties, RATIFIED AT THE LATE SESSION OF CONGRESS. 1. Articles of a treaty made and concluded at the foot of the Rapids of the Miami of Lake Erie, between Lewis Cass and Duncan M'Arthur, commissioners of the United States, with full power and authority to hold conferences, and conclude and sign a treaty or treaties with all or any of the tribes or nations of Indians, within the boundaries of the state of Ohio, of and concerning all matters interesting to the United States, and the said nations of Indians, on the one part; and the sachems, chiefs, and warriors of the Wyandott, Seneca, Delaware, Shawanese, Potawatomey, Ottawas, and Chippewa tribes of Indians. The preceding is the title of an Indian treaty which fits nearly five of the ponderous columns of the National Intelligencer, on its being ratified by the senate. It provides for the cession of large tracts of land, by the different tribes, in which, how. ever, are a number of pretty extensive reservations in favor of a great number of individuals, whose names alone, would fill two pages of the REGIster! In consideration of these cessions, the United States, have covenanted to pay several annuities. The treaty is signed by the chiefs of the tribesamong whom is the The Devil Standing, Black Bird, Head Fell Down, Flat Belly, Full Moon, Crane, Black Hoof, Between the Legs, Tail's End, Captain Tom, Big Turtle, The Dog, &c. &c. Among the names of the persons in whose favor the numerous reservations are made, are the follow. ing, which may be taken as the character of the whole; Tahulodhowweda, Tawyauroutoreyea, Traretohauweetough, Hoonorowyoutacole, Tyyeeawnkeunoha. Ia, iliore ameausuwat, Aauautounasquas, Nenepesneshequa, Tauffouwquowsay, or Twenty Lives, Wawaleepeshecka, and Egotacumsequa. This instrument is explanatory of a treaty concluded at Vincennes in the year 1803, and obtains the cession of some lands from the Peoria Indians, which it was contended was not included in the lands granted by the treaty of Vincennes, &c. 4. A treaty entitled-"A treaty of friendship, ces. sion, and limits, made and entered into, this twenty-fourth day of August, eighteen hundred and eighteen, by and between William Clark and Auguste Chouteau, commissioners on the part and behalf of the United States, of the one part, and the undersigned chiefs and warriors of the Quapaw tribe or nation, on the part and behalf of their said tribe or nation, of the other part." By this treaty the Indians acknowledge themselves under the protection of the United States, and it contains the cession of a large tract of land on the Arkansaw, &c. the Indians however, retaining the right of hunting thereon, under certain conditions, and grants an annuity. 5. A treaty headed thus "A treaty of peace and friendship made and concluded by and between William Clark and Auguste Chouteau, commissioners of the United States of America, on the part and behalf of the said states, on the one part, and the undersigned chiefs and warriors of the Pownée Marhar tribe, on the part and behalf of their said tribe, on the other part." in 6. This instrument is for the simple purposes stated the title. A treaty of peace and friendship made and concluded by and between William Clark and Augus te Chouteau, commissioners of the United States of America, on the part and behalf of the said states, of the one part; and the undersigned chiefs and warriors of the Pitivariate Noisy Pawnee tribe, on the part and behalf of their said tribe, of the other part. This also, is for the simple purposes stated in its Doctor, Running Wolf, &c. title. It is signed by the Handsome Bird, Buffaloe "A treaty of peace and friendship made and con- &c. and is simply a treaty of amity. 2. A treaty, duly ratified by the senate, is entitled as follows: "Articles of a treaty made and con-7. cluded at the St. Mary's, in the state of Ohio, between Lewis Cass and Duncan Mc Arthur, commissioners of the United States, with full power and authority to hold conferences and conclude and sign a treaty or treaties with all or any of the tribes or nations of Indians, within the boundaries of the state of Ohio, of and concerning all matters interesting to the United States, and the said nations of Indians, and the sachems, chiefs, and Warriors of the Wyandot, Seneca, Shawanese, Ottawas, tribes of Indians: being supplementary to the treaty made and concluded with the said tribes, and the Delaware, Potawotomey, and Chippewa, tribes of Indians, at the foot of the rapids of the Miami of Lake Erie, on the twenty-ninth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventeen." This treaty seems to have been made for the chief purpose of more clearly designating, or altering, at the request of the Indians, the reservations made in that to which it is supplementary; and also makes some additional reservations, out of lands heretofore ceded, with additional annuities, essentially differing from Indian treaties in general. 3. A treaty, ratified as aforesaid, is thus entitled"A treaty made and concluded by and between Ninian Edwards and Auguste Chouteau, commissioners on the part and behalf of the United States of America on the one part, and the undersigned This instrument cedes a tract of land beginning principal chiefs and warriors of the Peoria, Kas at the Arkansaw river, in consideration of certain kaskia, Mitchigamia, Cahokia, and Tamarois tribes indemnities for property of the citizens of the Unitof the Illinois nation of Indians, on the part and be-ed States taken by said Indians, for which the U half of the said tribes, of the other part." States are bound to pay, to the amount of $4000 tle. Signed by the Bald Eagle, Who-wants-to-go-to-thewar, Big Hair, Chief of the Sun, Chief of the Shield, &c.-and only for the purposes designated in its ti9. A treaty made and concluded by and between William Clark, governor of the Missouri territory, superintendant of Indian affairs, and commissioner in behalf of the United States, of the one part; and a full and complete deputation of considerate men, chiefs, and warriors, of all the several bands, of the Great and Little Osage nation, assembled in behalf of their said nation, of the other part, have agreed to the following articles: It is signed by many chiefs-among them, Voisabe voiquanddaque, The Decavoichipiche, Tadhasajaudessor, or the Wind-Walking Rain, Sudden Appear. ance, Raised Scalp, &c. 9-Articles of a treaty made and concluded at St. Mary's, in the state of Ohio, between Lewis Cass, commissioner of the United States thereto especially authorized by the president of the United States, and the chiefs and warriors of the Wyandot tribe of Indians. This treaty cedes to the United States two tracts of land heretofore reserved to them in the territory of Michigan, at Brownstown and Magagua, and gives them certain other lands in exchange, to be held so long as they or their descendants shall occupy the same. This seems to be mutually advantageous. 10-Articles of a treaty made and concluded at St.. [Mary's between the United States of America, by their commissioners, Jonathan Jennings, Lewis Cass, and Benjamin Parke, and the Wea tribe of Indians. 14. Articles of a treaty made and concluded at St. Mary's, in the state of Ohio, between Jonathan Jennings, Lewis Cass, and Benjamin Parke, commissioners of the United States, and the Miami nation of Indians. By this treaty a large cession of land is made on the upper parts of the Wabash, &c. in which many small reservations are granted to individuals named. The annuity therefor is $15,000 a year, and the U. S. to build one grist mill and one saw mill for the Indians on such sites as they may select, and also to support one blacksmith and one gunsmith for their benefit. 15. “Articles of a convention made between John C. Calhoun, secretary of war, being specially authorized therefor by the president of the United States, and the undersigned chiefs and head men of the Cherokee nation of Indians, duly authorized and empowered by said nation, at the city of Wash ington, on the twenty-seventh day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and nineteen." This is a cession of all the lands claimed by the tribe in the state of Ohio, with certain specified re-The servations, for an annuity in addition to the annuity formerly paid to them. ` 11. A treaty to settle all territorial controversies, and to remove all ground of complaint or dissatisfaction that might arise to interrupt the peace and harmony which has so long and so happily existed between the U. States of America, and the Chickasaw nation of Indians, James Monroe, president of the said United States, by Isaac She y and Andrew Jackson of the one part, and the whole Chickasaw nation, by their chiefs, headmen, and warriors, in full council assembled, of the other part, have agreed on the following articles, which when ratified by the president and senate of the United States of America, shall form a treaty binding on all parties. introduction is as follows "Whereas a greater part of the Cherokee nation have expressed an earnest desire to remain on this side of the Mississippi, and being desirous in order to commence those measures which they deem necessary to the civilization and preservation of their nation, that the treaty between the United States and them, signed the 8th of July, 1817, might, without further delay, or the trouble or expense of taking the census, as stipulated in the said treaty, be finally adjusted, have offered to cede to the United States a tract of country at least as extensive as that which they probably are entitled to under its provisions, the contracting parties have agreed to, and concluded the following articles." This tribe, or nation, furnishes, perhaps, the The tract of land then ceded is described, with A large quantity of valuable land is ceded by this many reservations and indemnities, and to provide treaty- with many reservations however, for the be- for a school fund. The annuities paid to the Cheronefit of individuals, who seem to be desirous of becom-kees are to be divided, two thirds to those residing ing agriculturalists. It stipulates for the payment east, and one third to those west of the Mississippi. of considerable annuities, provides for a supply of salt for the Indians, and reimburses the chiefmaj.Colbert, best materials within our territory for the philanin the sum of $1089, the amount of money which thropist to work upon. They are considerably be lost in June 1818, at the theatre in Baltimore- advanced in civilization, are herdsmen and farmthere are also grants of money to several chiefs; ers, with pretty correct notions of property and of among those named are Immauk, Ushahopoyea, Illa- the value of money, &c. without partaking so much chouuarhopoyea, Hopoyeahaummar, &c. of the vices of the whites, as generally falls to the 12. Articles of a treaty made and concluded at St. lot of Indians adjacent to our settlements. Many Mary's, in the state of Ohio, between Jonathan discreet and intelligent white persons have settled Jennings, Lewis Cass, and Benjamin Parke, com- among them-they have a number of schools, which missioners of the United States, and the Delaware are well attended, and appear to be convinced that nation of Indians. their prosperity as individuals and the existence of their nation, depends upon a change of the manners of their life, We hope they may be carefully protected against all intrusions and intruders, that a full and free opportunity may be given to them to pursue their march to civilization, and subsequent membership in the great American family. This may possibly, be effected in two or three generations, and it is pleasant to think that it may be effected, even at so distant a period. This is a cession of all the lands in the state of Indiana belong to the Delawares the United States to pay for the improvements in the country ceded, to furnish them with 120 horses, and a sufficient number of boats to assist in transporting them beyond the Mississippi, with provisions, &c. for the emigration. The annuity granted for this cession is 4000 dollars a year. A few small reservations are made. The treaty is signed by Kethteeleland, the Big Bear, The Cat, Ben Beaver, The War Mallet,&c. 13, Articles of a treaty made and concluded at St. Mary's, in the state of Ohio, between Jonathan Jennings, Lewis Cass, and Benjamin Parke, commissioners of the United States, and the Potawatimi nation of Indians. This treaty contains a cession of land on the Tippecanoe, Wabash, and Vermillion rivers, with a guarantee against any claim of the Kickapoos, for an annuity of $2,500. National Interests. Address of the Philadelphia society for the promotion of domestic industry, to the citizens of the United States. No. II. Philadelph a, April 7, 1819. Dr. Smith's maxim, discussed in our first number, inevitably involves in its consequences, as we have proved, the destruction of those manufacturing establishments, of which the productions can be pur- We state a case, plain and clear. We will suppose chased "cheaper abroad than they can be made at five hundred workmen, and a capital of five hundred home:" and its necessary result is, to deprive those thousand dollars, employed in the manufacture of engaged in them of employment. The doctor, after watches, coaches, and silver-plate; and that Swithaving inflicted a deadly wound by this maxim, un-zerland, or Paris, or London,fills our markets at such dertakes to provide a sovereign and infallible reme-rates as overwhelm at once all competition, and supdy for the evil, which, to do him and his disciples press the manufactories. Where are the "collateral justice, we shall exhibit in his own words:-It re- manufactures," to receive those oppressed and forinains to examine how far the prescription goes to lorn workmen, whose prospects, and those of their remedy the evil or any part of it. families, are thus blasted? Are they to become hat sistence." 2. "To the greater part of manufactures, there are other collateral manufactures of so familiar a nature, that a workman can easily transfer las industry from one to the other. 1. "hough a number of people should, by restor-ters, or shoe-makers, or tailors, or saddlers, or weaing the freedom of trade, be thrown all at once out of vers, or smiths or carpenters? Is there a man who their ordinary employment, and common method of sub-can persuade himself into the belief of such an orsistence,it would by no means follow, that they would der of things? Is there a man who can persuade thereby be deprived either of employment or sub-himself, that "the general industry of the country will not thereby be diminished? No: and it is a matter of in. expressible astonishment, that such an idea could have ever been hazarded, in a sober and serious book, intended as a guide to statesmen and legislators. It will not stand the test of a moment's inves tigation. As well might we suppose, that, on huntting up the courts of justice, and expelling the whole corps of lawyers, they might at once commence the medical profession, without any previous study, as that hatters, or tailors, or shoe-makers, or weavers, or watchmakers, or printers, whom the grand system of "purchasing commodities cheap," and the equally grand system of "restoring the freedom of commerce," might bereave of employment, should find those "collateral manufactures" which Dr. Smith has so kindly provided for them. 3. "The greater part of such workmen, too, are Occasionally employed in count y labor. 4. "The stock, which employed them in a particular manufacture before, will still remain in the country, to employ an equal number of people in some other way. 5. "The capital of the country remaining the same, the demand for labor will still be the same, though it may be exerted in different places, and for different Occupations." Here are five distinct propositions, more clear and plain than Dr. Smith's usually are; but all highly We explicitly declare, that we are far from chargerroneous, pregnant with ruin, and calculated to ing the doctor with an intention to mislead-or delead those statesinen astray, who square their sys-ceive. We believe him, like many other theorists, tem by them; as we hope to make appear. to have been duped by his own system. But be this The main point is the facility of "transferring in- as it may, we trust that it will appear that a more dustry" from one branch to a "collateral manufac-deceptious ground never was assumed. We use ture," All the rest are but subsidiary to, or expla-strong and unequivocal language; as the political natory of this fallacious assumption. two questions arise here, both important, and both demanding affirmative answers, in order to support the doctor's hypothesis. The first is, are there such "collateral manufactures" as he assumes, to which men, bereft of employment in those departments of manufacture, which are to be destroyed by the doctor's grand and captivating idea of "restoring the freedom of com merce," may "transfer their industry?" heresy we combat is of the most pernicious tendency, is supported by the most imposing and for midable name in the whole range of political science -and has among its disciples a large portion of those of our citizens whose situations, as legislators of the union and of the several states, render their errors on this vital point pregnant with the most destructive and ruinous consequences. We now come to our second question. Suppose that every branch of manufactures, without exception, has some "collateral manufactnre:" can those who are divested of employment, by "restoring the freedom of trade," "transfer their industry” so “easily” as Dr. Smith supposes? It may be conceded, that there is an affinity between the weaving of cotton and woolen, and a few other manufactures. But this cannot by any means answer the doctor's purpose. Where will he, or any of his disciples, find "collateral manufactures" to We answer distinctly, No: or, at all events, on so employ coach-makers, watch-makers, shoe-makers, small a scale, as to be unworthy of notice, in discushatters, paper-makers, printers, book-binders, en- sions involving the best interests and the happiness gravers, letter-founders, chandlers, saddlers, silver-of nations. To test the correctness of this opinion, platers, jewellers, smiths, cabinet-makers, stone- let it be observed, that, in manufacturing countries, cutters, glass-makers,brewers, tobacconists, potters, all departments are generally full; and not merely wire-drawers, tanners, curriers, dyers, rope-makers, full, but there are almost always supernumeraries in brick-makers, plumbers, chair-makers, glovers, um- abundance; and therefore, had these "collateral ma brella-makers, embroiderers, calico-printers, paper-nufactures" really existed to the full extent the docstainers, engine-makers, turners, wheel-wrights, and tor's theory would require, and not been "fancy the great variety of other artists and manufacturers? sketches," derived from his fertile imagination, There is no such affinity as he has presumed. And there would be no vacancy, to which the objects of it may be asserted, without scruple, that if by what the doctor's care could "transfer their industry." the doctor speciously styles "restoring the freedom of trade," five hundred, or a thousand, or ten thousand not to admit contradiction or dispute, yet on a point Although this appears so plain and palpable, as hatters, shoe-makers, printers and chandlers, for of such magnitude, it cannot be time ill spent, to instance, are thrown out of their "ordinary employ-illustrate it by example. ment," there is no "collateral manufacture of so familiar a nature,” that they "can" easily transfer their industry from one to anothe.." Wealth of Nations, Hartford, 1818, I. 329. There are very few branches between which there is so much affinity as the cotton and woolen. And if the doctor's theory would ever stand the ordeal of examination, it would be in the case of these two "collateral manufactures." Suppose, then, that, |