729 over the number in 1883-84. As in other years, a large part of the enrollment was composed of women, 5,157 of these against 1,933 men.

In 35 counties (3 less than in 1883-'84) county teachers' associations were reported.

EDUCATIONAL JOURNAL.

The Michigan School Moderator, Grand Rapids, a valuable paper, well edited, and full of useful educational information, continued its issues in 1884-'85.

SECONDARY INSTRUCTION.

PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS.

Statistics of the high school departments of 59 graded school districts give an enrollment of 6,830 pupils. In the 248 graded schools reporting statistics, Latin was taught in 66; Greek, in 9; French, in 14; German, in 53; vocal music, in 43; drawing, in 40.

OTHER SECONDARY SCHOOLS.

For statistics of private secondary schools, such as business colleges, academies, and preparatory departments of colleges, see Tables IV, VI, and IX of the Appendix, and for a summary of the same, see corresponding tables in the report of the Commissioner preceding.

SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION.

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, has a department of literature, science, and arts, of medicine and surgery; of law; of pharmacy; a homopathic medical college; and a college of dental surgery, each having its own faculty and under its own management, while the university senate, composed of these faculties, considers questions of common interest. The State provides free tuition, admitting persons of either sex who are qualified. In the department of literature, science, and the arts, different courses of study are marked out, leading to the degrees of bachelor of arts, of science, of philosophy, and of letters; to the corresponding master's degrees; the degrees of doctor of philosophy, of science, and of letters, and those of civil, mechanical, and mining engineer. Special students, not candidates for a degree, are received; but all under 21 must pass such entrance examination as is required of candidates for some degree, and those over 21 must show that they are prepared to pursue profitably the studies they propose to undertake. The right to an admission on diploma, hitherto limited to students of secondary schools in Michigan, is now extended to approved schools in other States.

The privileges of the university system of study are open not only to graduates of this and other universities, but also to undergraduates who have completed their second year, with all the prescribed work belonging to that period, for some one of the bachelor's degrees. Students working on this system are not held to the completion of a definite number of courses, but are required to pursue a fixed line of study, including one major and two minor studies, and pass a special examination on these. This requisition, since June, 1884, has been adopted also for the master's degree, a year's residence at the university, devoted to an approved course of study after having graduated as bachelor, being now required. Non-residents who have been graduated at the university may receive the master's degree after two years' study.

Six other colleges, all open equally to both sexes, report for 1884-85, viz: Adrian, Albion, Hillsdale, Kalamazoo, and Olivet, situated in towns of the same name, and Hope College, Holland. All these provide full classical collegiate courses of instruction, following a preparatory course; all but one add scientific courses.

Gifts were received during the year by Albion, Hillsdale, Hope, Kalamazoo, and Olivet Colleges, amounting altogether to over $168,000. Of this sum $110,000 were given to Albion for endowment; $12,000 to Hillsdale, of which $10,000 were for a professorship of christian metaphysics; $30,350 to Hope College, of which $23,035 were for a theological professorship; $5,300 to Kalamazoo for the permanent fund; and $10,840 to Olivet for buildings, endowment, and general fund. The State university received a number of valuable gifts, among them $2,000 worth of machinery for the mechanical engineering department, about 100 models, casts, and sculptures, and 3,500 volumes of law books.

Fer statistics see Table IX of the Appendix, and for a summary see a corresponding table in the report of the Commissioner preceding.

SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION OF YOUNG WOMEN.

Besides the facilities offered for the higher education of young women in all the above colleges and the State university, further provision is made for them in Michigan Female Seminary, Kalamazoo, which is modeled after Mt. Holyoke Seminary in Massachusetts. All the pupils assist for one hour daily in the lighter domestic

work of the family. The course of study extends over 4 years, and includes music, painting, drawing, German, and French. For statistics see Table VIII of the Appendix.

SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL INSTRUCTION.

SCIENTIFIC.

The Michigan State Agricultural College, Lansing, first organized in 1855, reorganized in 1861, and, under the control of the State Board of Agriculture, endowed with the State's share of the Congressional grant for agriculture and the mechanic arts (amounting to 235,673 acres of land), receives students free of tuition and without distinction of sex. The regular course of instruction, covering 4 years, aims to impart a knowledge of the natural sciences and their application to the arts. Those sciences especially which relate to agriculture, chemistry, botany, zoology, and animal physiology, are studied with constant reference to their practical application in industrial work. The course comprises, besides other branches of applied science, surveying and leveling, agricultural engineering, and civil engineering, the degree given on completion of the full course being bachelor of science. A department of mechanic arts is to be opened immediately, the legislature having made an appropriation for the erection of shops and their equipment. As already noted, all the colleges except one make provision for instruction in general scientific branches. The University of Michigan, besides these, includes in its department of science, literature, and the arts, complete instruction in all branches of engineering, civil, mechanical, and mining, and is better prepared than ever to afford such training. The chemical laboratory offers better facilities for systematic instruction and original investigation. The mechanical laboratory, giving opportunity for instruction and practice in the use of tools, and for working in wood and metal, has been more than doubled in capacity during the year.

For statistics see Table X of the Appendix, and for a summary see the report of the Commissioner preceding.

PROFESSIONAL.

THEOLOGY.-Theological instruction is given in Adrian College (Methodist Protestant), the Theological Department of Hillsdale College (Free Baptist), and the Western Seminary of the Reformed Church in America, all having courses of study extending over 3 years of 40, 38, and 34 weeks respectively. The last named was the theological department of Hope College, reopened in December, 1884, after a suspension of 7 years, and in June, 1885, reorganized as a separate institution. For statistics see Table XI of the Appendix, and for a summary see the report of the Commissioner preceding. LAW.-Legal training is provided in the law department of the University of Michigan, where, in a course of study extending over 2 years of 9 months each, students pursue all those branches considered necessary to a thorough legal education. Any person may matriculate in this department, but candidates for the degree of B. L. must be not less than 18, and, if not graduates of a college, academy, or high school, must pass an examination for admission. Of 262 students attending in 1884-'85, 40 had received a degree in letters or science. For further statistics see Table XII of the Appendix.

MEDICINE.-Medical instruction was given during the year in the Department of Medicine and Surgery of the University of Michigan, the Homœopathic Medical Department of that university, Detroit Medical College, and Michigan College of Medicine, Detroit. The last two were united in 1885 to form a new school, the Detroit College of Medicine, which was organized in June. The two schools of the State university require of applicants for admission, if not graduates or matriculates of some suitable literary institution, an examination which will show their fitness to pursue the technical study of medicine. A 3-years graded course of study is provided, covering the full college year of 9 months, but students may be admitted to advanced standing on passing examination in all the studies of the previous year or years. During the past few years the facilities for clinical instruction in these schools have been largely increased. By the liberality of successive legislatures, aided by contributions from the city of Ann Arbor, ample hospital accommodations have been provided. There were 450 matriculates in the four schools reporting, of whom 126 were graduated. For further statistics see Table XIII of the Appendix, and for a summary see the report of the Commissioner preceding.

SPECIAL INSTRUCTION.

EDUCATION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB.

Michigan Institution for Educating the Deaf and Dumb, Flint, supported by the State, had about the same number under instruction as during the preceding year; the percentage of the male inmates, however, decreasing from 53 per cent. of the whole number under training during that year to 43 per cent. for the year under review. The

State superintendent remarks in his report that this, among other State charitable institutions, continues to command the confidence of the people and reflect credit upon the State.

The Evangelical Lutheran Deaf-Mute Institute, Norris, sustained by the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, gives its pupils training in the common school branches, including drawing, with gardening and housework. The system of instruction used is the articulation method.

For full statistics of the foregoing institutions see the Appendix, Table XVIII, and for a summary of the statistics see a similarly numbered table in the report of the Commissioner preceding.

EDUCATION OF THE BLIND.

The Michigan School for the Blind, Lansing, supported by the State, gives instruction, board, and all necessary care to blind youth living in the State, of suitable age, and sound in body and mind. The age for admission is from 10 to 21, but persons over 21 may be received in special cases. Instruction is given in the branches usually taught in the common schools, in vocal and instrumental music, and in broom-making, sewing, knitting, and fancy-work. Certain hours are set apart each day for outdoor exercise, and each pupil is required to take this exercise unless excused."

TRAINING IN MUSIC AND art.

Instruction in drawing and music enters largely into the courses of the better class of graded schools u he State system, special teachers for both arts being usually employed in the lar .es. The State university, Ann Arbor, provides mechanical and free-hand drawing, Adrian, Albion, Battle Creek, Hillsdale, Kalamazoo, and Olivet Colleges, music and voice culture; the State Normal School at Ypsilanti, drawing and penmanship, with attention to vocal and instrumental music.

TRAINING IN INDUSTRIES.

The Detroit Industrial School Association receives poor children for instruction in sewing, with, apparently, kitchen-garden and kindergarten exercises. Its last received report, for 1884, indicated an average attendance of 80 in the winter and 60 in the summer.

From the Michigan Reform School for Boys, Lansing, and the State Industrial Home for Girls, Adrian, no report for 1884-'85 reached the State superintendent of public instruction; but he says that it continues to be the policy of the boards of control to extend instruction in industries as far as possible, and to fit the inmates for the duties of citizenship through the training and teaching given them.

At the State Public School, Coldwater, a kindergarten department was established in 1-84-85, and is said to have been a most important adjunct to the school work.

The Lansing Industrial School, Lansing, for the instruction of girls between the ages of 5 and 18 whose parents are destitute, reports 48 inmates taught sewing, to which other industries are to be added as fast as means will allow. Since its organization, in 1879, 200 children have been under training.

EDUCATIONAL CONVENTIONS.

STATE TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION.

The thirty-fourth annual session of this association was held at Lansing, December 29-31, 1884. The first address was by President Thompson, of the Rose Polytechnic Institute, on "Technology in the public schools." The inaugural address, by Superintendent Spencer, was on "Some limitations of educational progress." Other papers were on "Methods of teaching the English language in grades below the high school and in district schools"; "The why and the how of the use of English authors in the high schools;" and "The elective system in high schools." The association also listened to an address by Colonel Parker, of Illinois, entitled "Learning to do by doing."

A committee appointed to consider needed school legislation submitted a report, which was adopted, urging that the township system be made the unit for the management of local school affairs; advising certain changes in methods of school supervision with the aim of securing greater efficiency therein; and offering a number of other suggestions, among them that manual training schools be established in connection with the State normal school and the agricultural college, that the law requiring instruction to be given concerning the effects of the use of alcohol and narcotics on the human system be strengthened by the addition of a penalty for its violation, and that the provisions of the compulsory school law be extended to districts of less than 5,000 inhabitants.

Before adjournment the association appointed a committee to devise and report a scheme for teachers' reading circles, in view of the need of a more systematic study of the theory and science of education.

CITY SUPERINTENDENTS' ASSOCIATION.

The city superintendents met in convention at Lansing, May 21 and 22, 1885. State Superintendent Nelson was present and delivered an address. A paper on “Science in the public schools, what and how?" was read and discussed, as also one on "Science in the primary grades." Other papers presented to the association were on "Botany," ," "Chemistry," and "Natural philosophy." A suggestion was made and favorably considered to the effect that the title of "Professor" be dropped from before the names of teachers in the public schools.

CHIEF STATE SCHOOL OFFICER.

Hon. THEODORE NELSON, LL.D., State superintendent of public instruction.

[Dr. Nelson's term is not definitely stated, but is believed to extend from April, 1885, to April, 1887.]

(From reports of Hon. D. L. Kiehle, State superintendent of public instruction, for the two years indicated.)

GENERAL CONDITION.

The reports of the superintendent being biennial, and the last one printed being for the term closing with 1883-84, the information at hand for 1884-'85 is limited to that given by the superintendent in a special return to this Office. These figures show advancement, however, in nearly all respects, the exceptions being a small decrease in the average monthly pay of teachers, a large one in the valuation of new school-houses, and a considerable one in the estimated value of public school property.