vices, performed by a steward, two under-overseers, four waiters, one repetent's servant, and nine students' servants.

Catholic Theological Faculty--the Wilhelmsstift.

After the large addition to the Catholic part of Wirtemberg, which resulted from the Napoleonic wars, the need of an institution for the training of Catholic clergymen began to be felt. In consequence of this, king Frederic I. attempted to supply the want by a so called Catholic Theological University, which he established at Ellwangen in 1812. This consisted only of a theological faculty with five instructors, and depended for the necessary introductory philosophical and philological instruction upon the gymnasium there, an institution not competent to the task. As the addition of these faculties would have demanded too large an outlay, it was decided to transfer the new institution to Tübingen, which was done during the fall and winter of 1817-18. The new faculty was installed as next in rank to the evangelical-theological faculty, with similar rights to the others. It consisted of five chairs; for ecclesiastical law and history, exegesis of the New Testament, oriental languages and the Old Testament, dogmatics, and ethics and pastoral theology.

But as there was no great concourse of students for the Catholic priesthood, and as many of those who would have pursued the requisite studies were prevented by poverty, the government resolved to establish a Catholic institution similar to the evangelical foundation, which was opened accordingly in the autumn of 1817, in the building of the old Collegium Illustre.

The new institution, usually called the "Wilhelmsstift," was under the authority of the Catholic ecclesiastical council, and admitted every year, after a competitive examination, forty pupils. The general character of the institution is very similar to that of the theological foundation, as regards interior arrangements, management, allowances, &c.; but the disciplinary regulations were much stricter, and less recreation and absence permitted.

Juridical Faculty, 1811-1848

A succession of instructors, all competent and some distinguished, have lectured in this faculty during this period. No change has been introduced in the course, except that lectures on the constitution and laws of the German empire, discontinued since the end of that empire, were reëstablished by order of the ministry in 1815, on the ground that many legal decisions yet valid and important, were based on that law, and were unintelligible without it.

Faculty of Political Economy.

This faculty, a supplement to that of law, was established in 1817, and may be said to have had predecessors in the Collegium Illustre and the "economical faculty" of the Karls-Akademie at Stuttgard. It was established in consequence of the recommendation of Baron von Wangenheim, as a means of furnishing public officers better trained in the various branches of administration. The departments to be taught were fixed as follows: theory of political economy, especially state polity, national economy, and finance; public administration, especially practical governmental management, (regiminalpraxis,) exchequer and finance management; agricultural economy; forestry; technology, trades, mining; and civil architecture. Lectures were also prescribed in the juridical faculty, on public law generally, state law, philosophy of enacted law, Wirtemberg common law, (privatrecht), as far as intelligible without a knowledge of Roman law, and financial law. It was intended to afford means of practical exercises in agriculture and forestry, but the plan did not succeed. In order to offer some inducements to students, it was decreed that in future supplies of public offices, preference should be given, other things being equal, to those who had studied in this faculty, and passed the faculty examination; and from four to six stipends were offered, to be given during the next ten years, of about 150 florins each, besides an annual distribution of prize medals, similar to that in the other faculties.

The attendance was at first large, in the second year being over a hundred; but soon decreased again, the higher authorities, themselves trained as clerks, neglecting to comply with the provision for preferring students, when vacancies occurred in the public service; and the instruction given by the faculty being itself defective. The number of students began to increase again however after the appointment of Robert Mohl as professor of public law. About 1836 the studies in this faculty were arranged into two classes, one for those intending to pursue financial employments, and one for those preparing for situations in the ministry of the interior.

This faculty gives the university of Tübingen an advantage over most of the German universities. Most of them have no similar one, and none one so complete. Its diploma of Doctor of Political Economy is sought after from every part of Germany; its organization has served as a model for similar ones even in France; Mohl's writings on the training of administrative public officers have mostly been translated into French, and in Sweden the examinations for such

offices have been organized on the principles fixed by the Tübingen faculty.

Medical Faculty, 1811–1848.

During this period, this faculty flourished and extended its sphere of operations quite importantly; although no improvements of great consequence took place until 1835, the results of Prof. A. F. Schill's vigorous advocacy of the late new discoveries in medicine, and of the necessity for greater efforts to accommodate students. More beds were afforded in the hospital, and better clinical instruction, both from hospital and out patients, was enjoyed.

In 1841, Dr. C. A. Wunderlich, head of the clinical department, and Dr. Roser, established a medical periodical, the "Archives of Physiological Medicine," since edited by Dr. Griesinger, and which has done much service in its department.

The annual public appropriation for the clinical departments at Tübingen were, in 1847-8, 17,000 florins. That for the next year is computed at 23,000 florins. Besides this, there is an annual income of from 6,500 to 7,500 florins, from payments for board, &c., from an invested capital, and extraordinary appropriations.

Eschenmayer first introduced the department of insanity, and Dr. Leube aftewards lectured on it. The latter also proposed and planned an asylum for the insane, but it has not yet been erected. Some cases are received in the new hospital, and a few cells are fitted up for cases of mania.

The senate discussed a plan for a veterinary hospital as early as 1812, and one was ordered by the ministry, and money given for it, in 1817. J. D. Hofacker was also appointed veterinary professor in 1814, and lectured ably, but to no great effect, for want of practical illustrations. Hofacker died in 1829, and no successor was appointed. At present, occasional lectures on veterinary medicine are given by the veterinary surgeon of the district.

Three new ordinary professorships were established; and instead of the mere rudiment of a cabinet of natural productions, the small botanic garden with a green-house for exotics and no herbarium, a kitchen incapable of being heated for a laboratory, a little chapel for an anatomical theater, and a couple of rooms for patients, where one patient at a time could be seen exceptionally, there is now a large zoological collection, a cabinet of comparative anatomy of remarkable beauty and extent, a large building for botanical collections and investigations, one of the finest botanic gardens in Germany, two large chemical laboratories, a handsome building for human anatomy, with collections, already important, a well built, roomy and well furnished

hospital, and a large building used as a lying-in hospital. And besides these material advantages, the medical faculty at Tübingen possesses another, perhaps hardly existing to an equal degree in any German university, that the professors now in charge of the most important institutions for practical instruction are young men.

VI. SCIENTIFIC COLLECTIONS AND INSTITUTIONS.

Libraries.

University Library.—The origin of this library is unknown; our first notice of it is, that it was burnt in 1534 with the Wisdom House, (Sapienzhaus.) It was slowly replaced, from poverty; its main additions being from the books of the convents broken up at the Reformation, which were divided between Tübingen and Stuttgard. There were also valuable smaller libraries in the Contubernium and in the Stipendium Martinianum, which, however, have entirely disappeared. An important addition was the library of Prof. Ludwig Gremp, already mentioned, of some 2,600 well selected useful volumes, all handsomely bound in hogskin, and especially rich in jurisprudence and theology.

The first regular arrangement of the library was made about the end of the sixteenth century by the librarian, Prof. George Burkhard, who completed an arrangement and catalogue in 1792. During the Thirty Years' War, the whole collection fell into great confusion, from which it was not rescued until about 1680. It did not begin to increase much until after 1750, a little after which time the librarian, Dr. Scheinemann, had the library open for use by the students, under careful oversight, twice or thrice a week. In 1774 arrangements were made which permitted a somewhat fuller use of it, but it was of very little service in the winter, being still in the lower dark rooms of the university house, where, if a book was wanted for use, it was necessary to go in with the beadle and a lantern, and carry the requisite writing materials. The students were now permitted to carry away books for from eight to fourteen days, on security of a professor.

The addition of the library of the philosophical faculty, and of the Martinianum, and of the valuable works presented at the jubilee of 1777, directed more attention to the library; plans were agitated for better rooms for it, and various private and other collections purchased and added to it, and in 1819 it was at length removed to a more convenient locality in the north wing of the Castle, which affords a very handsome library room, as now fitted up.

The want of a catalogue and of sufficient force for the service now caused great inconvenience, and many complaints and petitions for

improvement. Prof. Herbst, appointed chief librarian in 1831, applied himself with great zeal and activity to introduce needed improvements; and an epoch of still greater importance for the prosperity of the library was constituted by the appointment of Robert Mohl as chief librarian in 1836. Since that time the management has been newly regulated, reading hours fixed at from 9 to 12 and 1 to 4, sufficient catalogues begun and nearly completed, more officers and servants employed, more room obtained for the increasing number of books, and largely increased appropriations for purchase secured, the whole amount being from 12,000 to 15,000 florins. The whole number of bound volumes now reaches about 200,000, besides about 50,000 dissertations and pamphlets, and some 2,000 manuscripts. The library thus ranks among the large European libraries, and is the largest of any German university, except that of Göttingen; although the unsystematic mode in which much of it was collected, and the character of its sources, renders it not so valuable for use as some smaller ones. It is in charge of a library commission, consisting of the chief librarian and six other members, ordinary professors. The administrative force is a chief librarian, (Prof. A. Keller,) two librarians, (Profs. J. F. J. Tafel and K. Klüpfel,) an assistant, an amanensis, an under-overseer, and a servant.

Other Libraries.

Library of the Evangelical Seminary.—This was established as early as 1557, when the duke gave three casks of books, mostly theological, from the convent libraries. The number of volumes is now about 30,000, besides some MSS.

The library of the Catholic Wilhelmsstift contains about 15,000 volumes, two-thirds of them being the theological portion of the king's private library, deposited there, and the remainder from the library formed at Ellwangen, and from duplicates of the convent libraries.

The Museum Library contains some 1,400 well selected works on belles-lettres, history, geography, and politics, and about fifty scientific and literary journals, and twenty newspapers, which are kept at hand in the reading-room.

Other Scientific Collections, &c.

The Cabinet of Coins and Antiques is in the northeast tower of the Castle, in charge of Prof. Walz, and contains 2,022 pieces in all, including many valuable coins, bronzes, statues, casts and curiosities.

Observatory. This was established in 1752, under Duke Charles, in the northeast tower of the Castle, and supplied with an iron quadrant made at Paris, two pendulum clocks, and two large telescopes