glory.' A covenant is made, ordered in all things | effectual; the gates remain closed against her King

and sure, to save Mansoul; and from this emanates and God. The thunders of Sinai and the voice of the vast, the costly design of her deliverance. To the prophets may alarm, but cannot conquer Maneffect this great object, the Mosaic dispensation soul. The thundering, terrifying captains appeal the Law, with all its terrors, is sent, in fearful to the celestial court, and Emmanuel—God with array, to conquer or destroy. This is allegorically us-condescends to fight the battle, and secure the represented under the similitude of an army of victory. The angelic hosts desire to look into forty thousand warriors, stout, rough-hewn men, these things-they are the peers of the heavenly fit to break the ice, and make their way by dint realm-the news flew like lightning round about of sword.' They are under the command of four the court'-and the greatest peers did covet to captains, each with his ensign-Boanerges and have commissions under Emmanuel. The captains Thunder, Conviction and Sorrow, Judgment and that accompany him in this grand expedition are Terror, Execution and Justice. To resist this Faith, Hope, Charity, Innocence, and Patience. force, Diabolus arms the town, hardens the con- Mansoul is to be won by persuasion to receive her science, and darkens the understanding. He places Saviour. The cost of the enterprise is vast inat Eargate a guard of DEAF MEN, under old Mr. deed; the army is numerous as our thoughts, and Prejudice, and plants over that important gate who can number the multitude of his thoughts?' two great guns, Highmind and Heady. He arms The battering rams and slings, we are told by the Mansoul with the whole armour of Satan, which margin, mean the books of Sacred Scripture, sent is very graphically described. Summons after to us by the influence of the Holy Ghost. Emsummons is unheeded. The death of friends, sick-manuel is irresistible-Mansoul is taken-Diabolus ness, and troubles, pass by apparently without any is dragged out, stripped of his armour, and sent to good result. They will not hearken to the voice the parched places in a salt land, 'seeking rest, of charmers, charming never so wisely.' At length, but finding none.' the town is assaulted, conscience becomes alarmed, but the will remains stubborn. The beleaguering of the town-planting the ensigns-throwing up batteries-the slings casting, with irresistible force, portions of the Word into the mind-the batteringrams beating upon the gates, especially Eargate exciting alarm under the fear of the just and awful punishment due to sin-all are described with an extraordinary knowledge of military terms and tactics. The episode of the three volunteers who enlisted under Shaddai, into Captain Boanerges's company-Tradition, Human-wisdom, and Man'sinvention are inimitably beautiful. When they were caught in the rear, and taken prisoners- as they did not live so much by religion as by the fates of fortune'- they offer their services to Diabolus, and are joined to Captain Anything's company. After a few sharp assaults, convictions of sin alarm the conscience, and six of Diabolus's new Aldermen are slain with one shot. Their names are well worthy an attentive consideration, showing what open vices are abandoned upon the soul being first terrified with the fear of retribution -Swearing, Whoring, Fury, Stand-to-lies, Drunkenness, and Cheating.

The heart at first trembles lest punishment should be justly poured out upon her for treason, but it becomes the throne of its lawful King; and instead of God's anger, his pardon and blessings are proclaimed, and Mansoul is filled with joy, happiness, and glory.

Reader, can you call to mind the peace and holy enjoyment which took possession of your soul, when-having passed through the fears and hopes, the terrors and alarms, of the new birth-you sat down, for the first time, at the table of the Lord, to celebrate the wonders of his grace? Then you rejoiced in hope full of immortality; then you could exclaim, O tidings! glad tidings! good tidings of good, and of great joy to my soul!' Then they leaped and skipped upon the walls for joy, and shouted, Let Emmanuel live for ever!' And then you fondly thought that happiness was secure for the rest of your pilgrimage, until your glorified spirit should enter into the celestial city.

Alas! your enemies were not dead. They insidiously seized an unguarded moment. Remiss in watchfulness, and formal in prayer, Carnal-security invaded the mind. Your ardent love is cooledintercourse with heaven is slighted—and by slow degrees, and almost unperceived, Emmanuel leaves Heart-castle; and the prince of the power of the air promotes the treason, and foments rebellion, by the introduction of loose thoughts, under the name of harmless mirth. The news soon reach Diabolus, and an infernal conference, or dialogue of devils, is revealed by our author; who had watched the course and causes of spiritual declension, and was not ignorant of Satan's devices.'

The malignant craft and subtilty displayed in | like sin to devour Mansoul; while we will send Satan's counsel, are described in a manner far against it an army of twenty or thirty thousand beyond an ordinary imagination. They display sturdy terrible doubters. Sin renders Mansoul the almost unbounded resources of genius and in- sick and faint, while doubts are by it made fierce vention so richly possessed by the prince of alle- and strong.' At length Diabolus and his army of gorists, John Bunyan. It reminds us of the dia- doubts march from Hellgate Hill to Mansoul: the logue between Lucifer and Beelzebub, in that rare order in which they are placed, and the names of work by Barnardine Ochine, a reformer, published the officers, are very instructive, as well as curious. in 1549, called, A Tragedy or Dialogue of the un- Election-doubters, under Captain Rage-Vocationjust usurped Primacy of the Bishop of Rome. In doubters, commanded by Captain Fury-Gracethis is represented, in very popular language, the doubters, led by Capt. Damnation-Faith-doubters, designs of Lucifer to ruin Christianity by the under Captain Insatiable-Perseverance-doubters, establishment of Popery. Lucifer thus addresses led by Captain Brimstone-Resurrection-doubters, his diabolical conclave I have devised to make by Captain Torment-Salvation-doubters, under a certain new kingdom, replenished with idolatry, Captain Noease-Glory-doubters, commanded by superstition, ignorance, error, falsehoods, deceit, Captain Sepulchre-Felicity-doubters, led by Capcompulsion, extortion, treason, contention, discord, tain Pasthope. Incredulity was Lord-general, and tyranny, and cruelty; with spoiling, murder, ambi- Diabolus was King and Commander-in-chief. The tion, filthiness, injuries, factions, sects, wickedness, roaring of the drum-their alarming outeries, Helland mischief; in the which kingdom all kinds of fire! Hell-fire!—their furious assaults-the mulabomination shall be committed. And notwith- titude of doubts-and the perplexity of poor disstanding that it shall be heaped up with all kinds tracted Mansoul, are admirably and truly narrated. of wickedness, yet shall the [professed] Christian The town makes a sortie in the night, but Diamen think it to be a spiritual kingdom, most holy bolus and his legions, experienced in night work, and most godly. The supreme head of this king- drive them back, and severely wound Captains dom shall be a man which is not only sinful, and Faith, Hope, and Experience. Again the gates an abominable robber and thief, but he shall be are assaulted, and Diabolus and his doubters gain sin and abomination itself; and yet, for all that, an entrance, by the senses, into the town, but shall be thought of Christian men a God in earth, cannot force the heart; and Mansoul is reduced and his members, being most wicked, shall be to the greatest straits and sadness. In this excalled of men most holy. God sent his Son into tremity, prayers are incessantly offered up to Emthe world, who, for the salvation of mankind, hath manuel; but, for a long time, they can obtain no humbled himself even to the death of the cross. satisfactory answers. Both parties are on the The Pope the I will send my son into the world, who, alert; but Diabolus finds it impossible, either by devil's son. for the destruction and condemnation treachery, or by storming with his legion of doubts, of mankind, shall so advance himself that he shall to gain possession of Heart-castle. Being worsted take upon him to be made equal with God.' I in a general engagement, the doubters are slain, will, by craft and diligence, shadow and cover and are buried with their armour; yea, all that superstition and idolatry with a fair face, and did but smell of a Diabolonian doubter. The archbeauty of holy ceremonies, that men shall be made fiend now enters upon a new mode of assault-he so drunken and so amazed with this outward pomp sends for a reinforcement, to try the effect of perand show, that they shall not be able to discern secution; and obtains an army of fifteen thousand truth from falsehood, when they be drowned in the bloodmen, from the province of Loathgood. To flood of idolatry and superstition.' I will cause these were added ten thousand new doubters, under them to be most cruel tyrants and butchers of their commander old Incredulity. These bloodChrist and his members, under a pretence of zeal men were rugged villains, and had done feats to the house of God. They shall hide their un- heretofore;' they were mastiffs, and would fasten cleanness and filthy behaviour with an exceeding upon father, mother, brother, yea, upon the Prince wide cloak of hypocrisy, and with glorious shining of princes. Among their officers is Captain Pope, titles.' Thus this intrepid reformer opened up the whose colours were the stake, the flame, and the origin, the development, the desolations, of Popery; good man in it.' To these I would humbly suggest and, with a similar knowledge of Satan's devices, the propriety of adding one more-it is Captain the Nonconformist Bunyan shows the means by State-religion, upon whose standard should be rewhich Diabolus urges the young Christian into a presented the Nonconformist John Bunyan in a backsliding state. 'Let our Diabolonian friends damp dreary dungeon, writing his 'Pilgrim's Proin Mansoul draw it into sin, for there is nothing gress,' with his poor blind child at his feet. O persecutor, whether you burn or imprison a Nonconformist, or harass him in Ecclesiastical courts,

VOL. III.

1 From a copy in the Editor's library.

32

containing one immortal Mansoul; but if the reader reflects that every soldier represents a thought, who can number them? At one time, by the sin-sickness, eleven thousand-men, women, and children-died in Mansoul! this is interpreted by Bunyan to mean, that the men represented 'good thoughts'-the women, 'good conceptions'—and the children, 'good desires.' The town is assaulted by thirty or forty thousand doubts, very curiously and methodically arranged.

or seize his goods to support forms or ceremonies | object of attack and defence-one human body, which he believes to be Antichristian, your commander is old Incredulity-your king is Diabolus! The bloodmen send a summons to Mansoul as hot as a red hot iron,' threatening fire and sword, and utter destruction; but the God who visited our pious author in prison, and cherished and comforted him in his twelve years' sufferings under persecution, came to the relief of Mansoul. The Diabolonian army is routed-the doubters are slain, excepting a few who escaped-the bloodmen or persecutors were not to be slain, but to be taken alive. The prisoners are brought to trial, with all the forms and solemnities of law; and the narrative concludes with a most admirable charge from Emmanuel to keep Mansoul in a state of the most prayerful vigilance. Enemies still lurk within, to keep her humble; that she may feel her dependence upon God, and be found much in communion with him. Believe that my love,' says Emmanuel, is constant to thee. Watch, hold fast, till I come.'

In the whole detail of this war, very singular skill is manifested. A keen observer of all that passed before him, aided by a most retentive memory, and a fertile imagination, enabled our pilgrim forefather to gain much knowledge in a short time. He had been engaged, as a private soldier, in the Civil war; and was at the siege of Leicester, when it was taken by Prince Rupert. This gave him a knowledge of the meaning of trumpet or bugle sounds; so that, when the trumpeters made their best music, in the expectation of Emmanuel's speedy assistance to help Mansoul, Diabolus exclaims, 'What do these madmen mean? they neither sound to boot and saddle, nor horse and away, nor a charge.'

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Bunyan had been released from his tedious and cruel imprisonment for conscience sake about ten years, when he published the Holy War.' In this interval of time, although labouring incessantly to win souls to Christ, being a very popular preacher, yet he must have found time to gratify his incessant thirst for knowledge; gaining that he might communicate, and in imparting it, receiving into his own mind a rich increase. This would doubtless lead him to read the best of our Puritan and Nonconformists' works, so that we find him using the Latin words primum mobile, carefully noting in the margin that he meant the soul;' and from hence he must have scraped acquaintance with Python, Cerberus, and the furies of mythology, whom he uses in this war, describing accurately their names and qualities.

At first sight, it may seem strange that the armies, both within and without the city, should be so numerous, as it is but one man who is the

* The margin.

The value of the marginal notes is very great, throwing immediate light upon many difficult passages. Every reader should make free use of the key which lieth in the window.* The value of this key is seen by a few quotations. Thus, when Diabolus beat a charge against the town, my Lord Reason was wounded in the head-the brave Lord Mayor, Mr. Understanding, in the eye—and many also of the inferior sort were not only wounded, but slain outright.' The margin explains this as meaning Hopeful thoughts."1 When the enemy broke into the town at Feelgate, during a night of terror, and got possession, it is described as being accompanied by all the horrors of war-by atrocities probably even greater than those perpetrated by Rupert's cavaliers at Leicester. Young children were dashed in pieces, yea, those unborn were destroyed.' The women were beastlike abused.' This is interpreted by two marginal notes- Good and tender thoughts,' 'Holy conceptions of good.'

The storming of Leicester took place in the night, and furnished Bunyan, who was an eyewitness, with a correct notion of raising the standard, beleaguring the city, and forcing the gates, and a lively view of the desolations he describes. Awful as is his account of the sacking of Mansoul, with its murders and desolations, yet it may prove to be a good description of the conduct of Prince Rupert and his cavaliers at the storming of Leicester. Strike out the name of Diabolus, and insert Rupert, and put Leicester instead of Mansoul, and the account of the brutal conduct of the Royal army will be found accurately described. Lord Clarendon, who wrote to gain the smiles of royalty, plainly tells us that, when Prince Rupert and the King took Leicester, The conquerors pursued their advantage with the usual license of rapine and plunder, and miserably sacked the whole town, without any distinction of persons and places. Churches and hospitals, as well as other houses, were made a prey to the enraged and greedy soldier, to the exceeding regret of the King.' Clarendon goes on to account for the exceeding regret of Charles: it was because many

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1 See subsequent page.

Thus this learned Greek father very eloquently represents the great battle of Satan and his hosts, against all mankind. But for a description of the internal conflict, Diabolus and his army of doubters and bloodmen arrayed against the powers of Mansoul, Bunyan stands alone and most beautifully resplendent.

In this war there is no combination of souls to resist Satan, nor can any human powers in any way assist us in the trying battle. Here, O my reader, you and I must stand alone far from the aid of our fellow-men. We must call upon all the resources of our minds, and while there is unity within, no resisting or treason-while the Holy Spirit strengthens and inclines the will, the understanding, the conscience, the affections, and all our powers are united to resist Satan, God fights for us, and the heart is safe under the gracious smiles of our Emmanuel. May we never forget that our spiritual life is totally dependent upon him, in whom, as to the body, we live, and move, and have our being. But when doubts enfeeble us, and bloodmen harass us, there is no help from man. No pope, cardinal, archbishop, minister, or any human power can aid us; ALL our hope is in God alone; every effort for deliverance must be by fervent prayer and supplication, from the heart and conscience, directly to God. Our petitions must be framed by the Holy Ghost, and presented unto Shaddai, not by priest or prelate, but by our Emmanuel, Jesus Christ, the only intercessor and mediator.

of his faithful friends had suffered, in the confu- | so many souls struck down every day by Satan.' sion of this murderous scene of rapine and plunder. In the Holy War,' Bunyan has not been, nor can he ever be, charged with copying from any author who preceded him. Erasmus, Gouge, and many other of our Reformers, Puritans, and Nonconformists, commented upon the Christian's armour and weapons. Benjamin Keach, about the time that the Holy War' appeared, published his War with the Devil, or, The Young Man's Conflict with the Powers of Darkness. It is a series of admirable poetical dialogues on the corruption and vanity of youth, the horrible nature of sin, and deplorable condition of fallen man; with the rule of conscience and of true conversion. It has nothing allegorical in it, but is replete with practical warnings and exhortations. No one had ever attempted, under the form of an allegory, to describe the internal conflict between the powers of darkness and of the mind in the renewed man; the introduction of evil thoughts and suggestions, their unnatural union with the affections, and the offspring of such union, under the name of Diabolonians, who, when Mansoul is watchful unto prayer, lurk in the walls; but when in a backsliding state, are tolerated and encouraged openly to walk the streets. Some have supposed that there is a slight similarity between the description, given by John Chrysostom of the battle between the hosts of hell and mankind, and John Bunyan's 'Holy War.' It is not at all probable that Bunyan was acquainted with Chrysostom on the Priesthood, which was then locked up in the Greek language, but has been since translated into English. Nor can we find any similarity between the work of the pious apostolically descended tinker, and the learned Greek father. Chrysostom's picture of the battle is contained in a letter to Basil, urging him to become a minister of the gospel. It is in words to this effect: Pent up in this body, like a dungeon, we cannot discern the invisible powers. Could you behold the black army of the devil and his mad conflict, you would witness a great and arduous battle, in which there is no brass or steel,1 no horses or wheeled chariots, no fire and arrows, but other instruments much more formidable. No breastplates, or shields, or swords, or darts. The very sight of this accursed host is alone sufficient to paralyze a soul which is not imbued with courage furnished by God, and with even greater foresight than valour. Could you calmly survey all this array and war, you would see, not torrents of blood or dead bodies, but fallen souls! You would see wounds so grievous, that human war, with all its horrors, is mere child's play or idle pastime, in comparison to the sight of

1 All Diabolus's army are by Bunyan clothed in steel armour. -(ED.)

6

The attentive reader of Bunyan's works will notice the difference between the trial of Faithful in the Pilgrim's Progress,' and that of the prisoners brought to the bar as traitors in the Holy War.' The judge and jury are particularly overbearing to Faithful, much more so than to the Diabolonians. Still there is one very strong feature in which they all agree. The prisoners are all brought to their trial, not that their guilt or innocence might be proved, but in order to their condemnation and execution. All are brought up in chains, a custom which then was very prevalent, if not universal, but which is now only read of as a cruel practice of a bygone age.

There are a few riddles or questions arising out of this narrative, the solving of which may afford instructive amusement to the reader. What is meant by the drum of Diabolus, which so terrified Mansoul? Refer to Ga. iii. 10. He. vi. 4–8. 1 Jn. v. 16. He. xii. 29. Why were the troops numbered at forty thousand, that came up to alarm and convince Mansoul of sin, of righteousness, and of judgment, while Emmanuel's army is not numbered? See Jos. iv. 13. He. xii. 22. When the doubters are slain or driven from Mansoul, after her conversion, they go

straggling up and down the country enslaving the barbarous people (the margin informs us that the unbeliever never fights the doubters). Why do they go by fives, nines, and seventeens? Do these odd numbers refer to the nine companies of doubters, and eight of bloodmen, who were under the command of five fallen angels-Diabolus, Beelzebub, Lucifer, Legion, and Apollyon? Fearful odds against a poor fallen sinner, five evil spirits, or nine classes of doubts, or these nine doubts united to eight kinds of bloodmen or persecutors.

its redemption! May the desire of every reader be, O that my soul may be engaged in this holy war, my ears be alarmed by the infernal drum of Diabolus, that my Heart-castle may receive the King of salvation, and Christ be found there the hope of glory. Then may we feel the stern necessity of incessant watchfulness and prayer against carnal security, or any other cause of backsliding, with its consequent miseries.

Well may the world wonder, how a poor travelliug tinker could gain the extraordinary knowIn a work so highly allegorical, and founded ledge, which enabled him to become the greatest upon a plain narrative of facts in the experience allegorical writer that the world ever saw. The of the author, the editor deemed it needful to add reason is obvious, he lived and moved and had his numerous notes. These contain all that appeared being in the atmosphere of God's revealed will. to be explanatory or illustrative in other commen- It was this that enabled him to take the wings taries, with many that are original; obsolete terms of the morning, and fly not only to the uttermost and customs are explained; references are given to parts of the visible but of the invisible world; to about fifty passages in the Grace Abounding,' enjoy scenes of light and glory, such as Gabriel that the reader's attention may be constantly contemplated when he came from heaven to Nazdirected to the solemn truths which are displayed areth, and revealed to Mary her high destiny— under this delightful allegory. The editor has that her Son should be the promised Saviour, who the consolation of hoping that the result of great should bear the government of the universe upon labour can do no injury. Those whose deep expe- his shoulders-whose name was Wonderful-Coun rience in the spiritual warfare enables them to un-sellor-the Mighty God—the everlasting Fatherderstand and enjoy the allegory, can pass them by; while many of the poor but immortal souls engaged in this warfare, who are not deeply experienced, may receive aid and encouragement to persevere, until they shall exclaim, The battle is fought, the victory is one, eternal praises to the great and gracious Emmanuel.

Reader, I must not detain you much longer from the pleasure of entering upon a narrative so deeply interesting to all who possess the understanding heart-an allegory, believed by very many to be the most beautiful and extraordinary that mere human genius ever composed in any language. O consider the worth of an immortal soul! God sent his servants, Moses and the prophets, with their slings and battering-rams, their great and precious promises to the early prophets, who have faithfully handed them down to us; and then came Emmanuel and his heavenly army, and all this to conquer Mansoul! Without the shedding of blood, there is no remission of sin. The blood of bulls and of goats cannot wash out our stains. We must be found in Christ as part of his mystical body, and thus in perfection obey the Divine law, and then, through the sin-atoning offering of Emmanuel, God's equal, eternal Son, a fountain is opened for sin and uncleanness, in which our souls, being purified, shall be clothed with the garment of salvation. Who can calculate the worth of his immortal soul, that God himself should pay so costly a price for

the Prince of Peace-Emmanuel, God with us.

Bunyan's industry and application must have been intense, he could not by possibility for a single moment say, 'soul take thine ease,' inglorious, destructive ease. His hands had to labour for his bread, and to provide for a most exemplary wife and four childern, one of them blind. There was no hour of his life when he could have said to his soul, Let all thy noble powers be absorbed in eating, drinking, being merry-mere animal gratifications. The Holy War, the solemn results depending upon it, salvation or eternal ruin, the strong desire to glorify Emmanuel, the necessity to labour for his household-that blessed industry left him no opportunity for weaving a web of unmeaning casuistic subtilties, in which to entangle and engulph his soul, like a Puseyite or a German Rationalist. The thunders and lightnings of Sinai had burnt up all this wood, hay, and stubble, and with child-like simplicity he depended upon the Holy Spirit, while drawing all his consolations and all his spiritual supplies from the sacred Scriptures.

Bunyan's narrative of the Holy War, from its commencement in the fall of man to that splendid address of Emmanuel with which it concludes, has been the study of the Editor for more than forty years, and he hopes that no future year of the residue of his life will be spent without reading this solemn, soul-stirring, delightful narrative.