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79. The Sex Qualification.................
100
80. Woman Suffrage in the Constitutions.....
81. Arguments For and Against Woman Suffrage. ...
102
82. Woman Suffrage in Practice...
. 110
83. The Educational Qualification..
.. 111
84. The Property Qualification.....
• 113
85. Payment of Poll Tax............
.. 114
86. Alternative Qualifications...
................................ 114
87. The “Grandfather Clause"..
.. 115
flection
119
120
........
122
Chapter VII. Elections
88. Early Simplicity and Growing Complexit:
89. Methods of Nomination...
90. Direct Primaries.......
91. Conduct of Campaigns.............
92. Registration ........................
93. Election Regulations ....
94. Voting by Ballot.......
95. Ascertaining the Election Results........
96. Securing the Vote for Employes and Absentees...
97. Proportional Representation and Preferential Voting....
98. Object of Election Laws.......
............
.......
135
......
Chapter VIII. Organization of the State Government..........
99. The First State Constitutions......
100. Turgot's Criticism.........
101. The Doctrine of the Separation of Powers........
136
102. Political Thought and Practice in the Latter Eighteenth
Century ........
:::...................... 137
103. Governmental Activity Not Desired...
138
104. State Legislatures Entrusted with Most of Powers of Gov-
ernment ........
..........
105. Development of Doctrine of Separation of Powers........
106. Separation of Powers in Present Constitutions......... 140
107. Imperfect Realization of Separation of Powers in Practice. 140
108. The Political Party a Means of Harmonizing the Separate
Departments .......
109. Changed Political and Economic Conditions......... 143
110. Cabinet Government Contrasted with Government of Sepa-
rated Powers ........................................
144
111. Suggestions for Reorganization of State Governments .... 146
141
Chapter IX. The Short Ballot................................... 151
112. Nature and Purpose of the Short Ballot Idea.......
151
113. The Short Ballot in Early History ........
152
114. Elective Officers Required in Present Constitutions...
115. Reason for Advocacy of the Long Ballot......
154
116. Arguments in Favor of the Short Ballot.....
156
117. Larger Aspect of the Short Ballot Movement. .......
153
159
161
Chapter X. The Making of Statute Law by the Representatives of
the People .......
118. Huge Mass of Legislation.....
119. Legislature Bicameral ................................... 162
120. Term, Apportionment and Qualifications of Legislators.... 163
121. Privileges, Remuneration and Conduct of Legislators...... 166
....
...........
122. Legislative Sessions ........
123. Legislative Organization ..........
124. Committees ..................
125. Procedure of Law-Making.....
126. Passage of Bills........
127. Engrossment and Signing of Acts....
128. The Governor's Veto Power.........
129. Local, Special and Private Legislation..
130. Elections by the Legislature.......
131. Publicity and Record of Legislative Sessions.
132. Adjournment ..............
133. Suggestions for Reform........
134. Constitutional Restrictions Discussed..
135. Expert Drafting .........
136. Coöperation of the Executive....
189
Chapter XI. The Making of Statute Law by the Electorate Directly. 187
137. Nature and Development of Initiative and Referendum.. 187
138. Illinois "Public Opinion System"..........
188
139. Direct Legislation in The States.
140. Original South Dakota Provisions.....
141. Oregon Provisions ..................
190
142. Maryland Referendum ...........
191
143. The Petition .........
192
144. Filing the Petition......
193
145. Publication ; Publicity Pamphlets. .......
146. Required Vote, Canvass, etc...........
147. Peculiarities of Legislation Enacted by the Voters. ... 195
148. Direct and Indirect Initiative.....,
. 196
149. Emergency Acts ...
197
150. Arguments For and Against Direct Legislation..... .. 197
195
205
Chapter XII. The Administration of the Law......
200
151. Changing Conditions and New Problems of Administration. 200
152. Need for Qualified. Officials and Adequate Organization.... 201
153. Civil Service ..........
202
154. Situation in Illinois and Proposed Reorganization..
155. Administrative Boards .............
204
156. The Governor and Executive Department.....
157. Election of Governor.........
206
158. Qualifications of Governor ...
207
159. Term of Office, Salary, etc.......
208
160. Administrative Powers and Duties..
209
161. Appointments by the Governor.
162. Division and Unity of Administration.....
210
163. General Methods of Removal......
164. Removals by the Governor...............
211
165. Miscellaneous Functions of Governor.......
166. Liability to Impeachment......
213
167. Gubernatorial Succession .........
168. The Secretary of State.......
169. The Auditor or Comptroller.......
170. The Treasurer .....
171. The Attorney General.........
172. Study of Scientific Administration...
173. Efficiency in Democracy ........
212
215
220
222
223
179.
174. Administration and Distribution of Constitutional Authority 218
175. The Recall
219
176. Conclusion ...
Chapter XIII. The Interpretation of the Law....
177. Nature and Function of Courts.......
178. The Supreme Court ........
Qualifications of Supreme Judges.
180. Terms of Office ....
181. Compensation .............
182. Removal .....
183. The Chief Justice
184. Time and Place of Holding Court
185. Jurisdiction ........
186. Decisions .......
187. Advisory Opinions ........
188. Inferior Courts ............
189. Justices of the Peace. .....
190. Procedural Regulations ......
..............................
191. Pleading and Practice .........
192. Abolition of Distinction Between Law and Equity
193. Judicial Inefficiency ............
194. The Doctrine of Judicial Review
195. Recall of Judicial Decisions..
196. Sociological Jurisprudence ..........
243
244
Chapter XIV. The State Budget...................
197. Theory of the Budget...........................
198. Proposed New York Budget Clause................... 242
199. Object of the Budget-Responsible Financial Control.
200. State Constitutional Regulation of Revenue and Expendi-
ture .......
201. Budgetary Reports and Estimates.............
202. Administration Bills .....................
203. Regulation of Appropriations .....
245
204. Extraordinary Procedure for Enactment of Appropriation
Bills ......
205. Veto of Items .......
206. Continuance of Appropriations .......
207. Revenue Bills ....
208. Accounting for Public Money.........
209. Handling Public Money ........
210. Budget-Making in the States Almost Exclusively a Legis-
lative Function .......
211. Faults of the System ......................
212. Some Efforts at Reform ...
213. The English Budget .......
214. American Budgetary Practice and the Separation of Powers 254
215. Financial Necessity Forces Adoption of the Budget........ 254
.
.....
Chapter XV. Taxation .....
216. Constitutional Restrictions ...
217. Model Tax Clause .....
218. General Property Tax .........
219. Classification of Property ...
220. Mines and Forests ......
256
257
259
260
221. License Tax ..
222. Poll Tax ........
223. Income Tax ......
224. Inberitance Tax ..
225. Single Tax ........................
226. Exemptions .......
227. Taxation for Particular Purposes. ..
228. Home Rule in Taxation .....
229. Tax Rates ...
230. Assessment ......
231. Conclusion .......
261
262
263
264
265
266
268
Chapter XVI. Public Credit .......
232. Explanation of the Use of Public Credit.
233. Reaction Against State Indebtedness.
234. Debt Referenda ...
235. State Aid Forbidden ..
236. Authorization and Limitation of Indebtedness..
237. Provisions for Payment ........
238. Serial Bonds ..................
239. Local Indebtedness ...
240. General Considerations ...
2701
272
273
274
275
276
277
279
280
282
Chapter XVII. Conservation and Social Welfare
241. Introductory
242. Industrial Conditions, the Police Power and “Due Process"
243. Workmen's Compensation ..........
244. Compensation Statutes ................
245. Compulsory and Optional Laws........
246. Constitutional Authorization
247. Model Clause ....................
248. Maximum Hours of Employment and a Minimum Wage.
249. Constitutional Eight Hour Day.........
250. Health, Leisure and a Living Wage.....
251. Minimum Wage Laws and Constitutional Clauses.....
252. The Labor of Women and Children .................
253. Statutes and Constitutional Clauses. ......
254. Labor Legislation, Administration and Constitutionality
255. The Efficient Use of Natural Resources..
256. Forests ....
257. Mines ........
258. Water Power ......
259. Natural Resources the Heritage of All... .............
260. Awakening Social Consciousness ...........
25
Chapter XVIII. Home Rule for Cities..
261. The Problem of Home Rule....
Local Self-Government .............
263. Development of Legislative Control.........
264. Evils of Special Legislation........
265. Incorporation by General Law; Classification.
266. Constitutional Classification
267. Local Veto ...........
268. Power of Cities to Frame Their Own Charters....
269. Extent of Charter-Making Power..
270. Necessity for State Control....
298
299
2199
301
303
307
271. Administrative Supervision ............
272. Home Rule in Europe. .....................
273. Home Rule and the Legal Powers of a City..
274. Suggestions for Constitutional Provisions. ...
275. New York Convention Proposals...
308
309
310
Chapter XIX. Types of City Government......
276. The City Charter .......................
277. The Constitutions and City Government....
278. The Mayor and Council..............
279. Early Commission Governments .........
280. Galveston and Des Moines ......
281. Wide Adoption of Commission Government........
282. Theory of Commission Government...
283. The City Manager .............
284. European City Government ..................
326
Chapter XX. City Planning .......
285. Municipal Awakening .........
286. Nature of City Planning .......
287. Eminent Domain ....
288. Police Power ........
289. City Planning and the Control of Municipal Property
290. City Planning and the Police Power.......
291. Zones ......
292. Billboards .......
293. City Planning and the Limitations Upon Eminent Domain
294. Excess Condemnation
295. Constitutional Clauses ........
296. Discussion of Excess Condemnation ........
Chapter XXI. Problems of County Government......
297. Diminishing Importance of the County.
298. Differences in Counties
299. Governing Board ........
300. County Finances . ........
301. Fee System ............
302. Reform Proposals ...........
303. Home Rule .....................
304. Commission Government ......
305. Matters of State Concern .....
306. Consolidation of City and County.
328
329
331
Chapter XXII. Revising the Constitution..........
307. Need for Revision ..................
308. Early Constitutions ...............
309. Proposal of Amendments by the Legislature......
310. Amendment by Popular Initiative.....
311. The Constitutional Convention .....