number of his troops and that hundreds surrendered to them. That after the fighting was over, other troops relieved these two regiments-probably the same of which General Hardenburgh speaks, and who then set up a claim for having held the position during the battle. Whether they are the same troops whom Mr. Bachelder gives the place to on his map, I do not know, but I would be glad to see the official list of killed and wounded of this particular command at that particu lar time and place.

On the fourth of July General Doubleday issued the following Order:

HEADQUARTERS THIRD DIVISION, FIRST CORPS,
July 4, 1863.

GENERAL ORDERS.

The Major-General commanding the division desires to return his thanks to the Vermont Brigade, the One Hundred and Fifty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers, and the Twentieth New York State Militia, for their gallant conduct in resisting in the front line the main attack of the enemy upon this position, after sustaining a terrific fire from seventy-five to a hundred pieces of artillery. He congratulates them upon contributing so essentially to the glorious, and it is to be hoped, final victory yesterday.

By command of

MAJOR-GENERAL DOUBLEDAY.

(Signed) EDWARD C. BAIRD,

Captain and A. A. G.

CHAPTER XXXV.

THE RETREAT FROM GETTYSBURG-UNION LOSSES-CONFEDERATE LOSSES
-ARMIES IN VIRGINIA-MANŒŒUVRES-WINTER QUARTERS-MORALE

OF UNION ARMY-LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT-A NEW SYSTEM TO
BE INAUGURATED-GRANT MAKES HIS HEADQUARTERS WITH ARMY OF
POTOMAC-DELICATE TREATMENT OF GENERAL MEADE-GENERAL

MEADE'S ORDER-ARMY CUTS LOOSE FROM ITS BASE—FROM THE RAPI-
DAN TQ THE JAMES-FIGHT IN THE

WILDERNESS-WADSWORTH

KILLED SPOTTSYLVANIA COURT HOUSE-SHERIDAN'S OPERATIONS-
BUTLER'S ABORTION-CORKED UP AT BERMUDA HUNDRED-COLD
HARBOR-REACH THE JAMES-LOSSES ON THE WAY.

IF, as General Lee says in his official report, "It be-
came a matter of difficulty to withdraw through the
mountains with our large trains," because he found the
Army of the Potomac within a day or two days' march
of him, it would seem that the difficulty ought to have
been greatly increased after the concentration of the
Army of the Potomac in his immediate front, and after
his own army had been weakened and demoralized by a
terrible defeat. But the tardy tactics of which we have
before spoken as distinguishing both sides, character-
ized General Meade's operations after the battle; and
the Confederate Army, moving off under cover of the
night of the fourth of July, reached the west side of the
Potomac with little difficulty.

The losses during the three days' fighting were very great on both sides. General Meade reports his to have been 2,834 killed, 13,709 wounded, and 6,643 missing— making a grand total of 23, 186. The loss among officers of high rank was unusually large. On the Union side, Major-General Reynolds and Brigadier-Generals Vincent, Weed and Zook were killed. Major-Generals Sickles (losing a leg), Hancock, Doubleday, Gibbon, Barlow, Warren, and Butterfield, and Brigadier-Gener

als Graham, Paul (losing both eyes), Stone, Barnes and Brooke were wounded. Field and line officers almost without number were killed and wounded. In the "Ulster Guard" two field and one staff officer were wounded, two captains and one lieutenant killed, five captains and eight lieutenants wounded. [See List of Killed and Wounded in Chronological Record, end of Volume.]

As usual, in the Confederate Army, General Lee says: "It is not in my power to give a correct statement of our casualties, which were severe, including many brave men, and an unusual proportion of distinguished and valuable officers." Mr. Samuel Weaver, who superintended the removal of the Union dead to the National Cemetery, says: "In searching for the remains of our fallen heroes, we examined more than 3,000 rebel graves. *** I have been making a careful estimate, from time to time, as I went over the field, of rebel bodies on the battle-field and at the hospitals, and I place the number at not less than 7,000 bodies."

Mr. A. H. Guernsey, author of "Harper's Pictorial History of the War," investigated the subject of the Rebel loss at Gettysburg, and puts it at 36,000 men. This includes the prisoners, whose numbers General Meade reported at 13,621. Mr. Guernsey says: "The entire loss to this army during the six weeks from the middle of June, when it set forth from Culpepper to invade the North, to the close of July, when it returned to the starting point, was about 60,000." The Federals captured three cannon, forty-one battle flags, and 25,000 small arms. Among the Confederates of high rank, there were wounded Major-Generals Hood, Trimble, Heth and Pender, the latter mortally; Brigadier-Generals Barksdale and Garnett were killed; Semmes mortally wounded, and Kemper, Armistead, Scales, Anderson, Hampton, Jones and Jenkins wounded; Archer

1863-4.]

WINTER QUARTERS-GENERAL GRANT.

477

was captured on the first day, and Pettigrew was mortally wounded during Lee's retreat.

The march of the two armies in parallel columns, on opposite sides of the Blue Ridge, after the battle of Antietam, was now repeated; and, after an attempt, on Meade's part, to force Lee to battle near Front Royal, and its failure, he moved leisurely to the Rappahannock, while his adversary established himself on the Rapidan. A campaign of manoeuvres followed without material results; and, late in November, General Meade moved against the enemy at Mine Run. Finding him too strongly posted to justify an attack, he withdrew, without a battle; and the two armies went into winter quarters, with the Rapidan between them.

The winter of 1863-4 was very unlike its predecessor, in regard to the spirit and strength of the Army of the Potomac. Now, instead of having Confederate cavalry raiding at their own sweet will in rear of the Federal Army, the latter's cavalry were performing this service between Lee and his capital, destroying his railroads and canals, and even riding into the outer line of fortifications around Richmond. Meantime recruits poured into the Union camps, and officers and men were busy in matters of picket, drills, inspection, reviews and the divers other occupations that fill the hours of the soldier's life when in winter quarters. Over all, and infusing an air of animation and cheerfulness into the bronzed faces of our men, was a feeling of confidence in the leader of the army and in its success in the coming campaign. How much of this feeling was owing to the fact that Lieutenant-General Grant had established his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, I will not pretend to say, but the remark was frequent after this event, "Boys, the next campaign means business; Uncle U. S. is going to travel with the Army of the Potomac."

Major-General Grant was nominated Lieutenant

General and confirmed by the Senate on the second day of March, 1864, and eight days afterwards, the President assigned him to the command of all the armies of the United States. This gave him the direction of affairs over the whole broad theatre of the war, and for the first time during its existence we were likely to have a general and co-operative movement of all our vast armies, and thereby put an end to that facility with which the rebels had heretofore re-enforced any one or more of their armies, as occasion required, from other of their armies. General Grant proposed to give all their armies simultaneous and continuous employment along the whole field of war. Regarding, however, the contemplated campaign of the old Army of the Potomac as the chief one in the ensuing season, he came to Culpepper early in the spring, and established his head-quarters with that army, and sat down to arrange the movements of each and all the Federal armies for a final and crushing series of hard blows from the Rapidan in Virginia to the Red River in Louisiana. His plans were soon matured and his clear, concise orders issued to his subordinates commanding armies along this vast extent of country. His justice and modesty, his reluctance to detract from the merit of another, are manifested in a paragraph of his official report of the operations of the armies under his command. He saw that the fact that he had moved with the Army of the Potomac would tend to confer upon himself the chief share of credit for the successes won by that army, and to protect General Meade, as far as he could, from any obscuration of his just fame, he says this: "I may here state that commanding all the armies as I did, I tried, as far as possible, to leave General Meade in the independent command of the Army of the Potomac. My instructions for that army were all through him, and were general in their nature, leaving all the details and the execution to him. The campaigns that fol