tion from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the house of representatives shall not choose a president whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the president. The person having the greatest number of votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list the senate shall choose the vice-president; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice-president of the United States.

APPENDIX XI.

FRENCH CHARTER OF LOUIS XVIII. AND THAT ADOPTED IN THE YEAR 1830.

IF the space permitted it I would have given all the French constitutions, from the first in the first revolution to that now called the constitution of the empire. As it is, I must content myself with a collection, beginning with the charter granted by Louis the Eighteenth.

The following is the charter of 1830, as I translated it in that year, for a work published in Boston, under the title of Events in Paris, during the 26th, 27th, 28th and 29th of July, translated from the French.

This charter of August 8, 1830, is in substance the charter of Louis XVIII. with such changes as the chambers adopted in favor of liberty. The new articles, or the amendments of the old ones, are printed in italics, and the old reading or suppressed articles are given in notes, so that the paper exhibits both the charters.

FRENCH CHARTER OF 1830.

The whole preamble of the ancient charter was suppressed, as containing the principle of concession and octroi (grant), incompatible with that of the acknowledgment of national sovereignty.

The following is the substitution of the preamble:

DECLARATION OF THE CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES.

The chamber of deputies, taking into consideration the imperious necessity which results from the events of the 26th, 27th, 28th and 29th of July, and the following days; and from the situation in which France is placed in consequence of the violation of the constitutional charter :

Considering, moreover, that by this violation, and the heroic resistance of the citizens of Paris, his majesty Charles X., his royal highness Louis-Antoine, dauphin, and all the members of the senior branch of the royal house are leaving, at this moment, the French territory

Declares that the throne is vacant de facto et de jure, and that it is necessary to fill it.

The chamber of deputies declares secondly, that according to the wish, and for the interest of the French people, the preamble of the constitutional charter is suppressed, as wounding the national dignity in appearing to grant to the French rights which essentially belong to them; and that the following articles of the same charter ought to be suppressed or modified in the following manner.

Louis Philippe, King of the French, to all to whom these presents shall come, greeting:

We have ordained and ordain, that the constitutional charter of 1814, as amended by the two chambers on the 7th August, and adopted by us on the 9th, be published anew in the following terms:

PUBLIC LAW OF THE FRENCH.

ART. 1. Frenchmen are equal before the law, whatever otherwise may be their titles or their rank.

ART. 2. They contribute in proportion to their fortunes to the charges of the state.

ART. 3. They are all equally admissible to civil and military employments.

ART. 4. Their individual liberty is equally guaranteed. No person can be either prosecuted or arrested, except in cases provided for by the law, and in the form which it prescribes.

ART. 5. Each one may profess his religion with equal liberty, and shall receive for his religious worship the same protection.

ART. 6. The ministers of the catholic, apostolic, and Roman religion, professed by the majority of the French, and those of other christian worship, receive stipends from the public treasury.1

ART. 7. Frenchmen have the right of publishing and causing to be printed their opinions, provided they conform themselves to the laws.

The censorship can never be re-established.*

ART. 8. All property is inviolable, without exception of that which is called national, the law making no difference between them.

ART. 9. The state can exact the sacrifice of property for the good of the public, legally proved, but with a previous indemnity.

ART. 10. All examination into the opinions and votes

This article 6 is substituted for the articles 6 and 7 of the old charter, which ran thus:

6. However, the catholic, apostolic and Roman religion, is the religion of the state.

7. The ministers of the catholic, apostolic and Roman religion, and those of other christian confessions, alone receive stipends from the public treasury.

2 Article 8 of the old charter:

The French have the right to publish and to cause to be published their opinions, conforming themselves to the laws, which shall prevent the abuse of this liberty.

given before the restoration are interdicted, and the same oblivion is commanded to be adopted by the tribunals and by the citizens.

ART. 11. The conscription is abolished. The method of recruiting the army for land and sea is to be determined by the law.

FORMS OF THE KING'S GOVERNMENT.

ART. 12. The person of the king is inviolable and sacred. His ministers are responsible. To the king alone belongs executive power.

ART. 13. The king is the supreme head of the state; commands the forces by sea and by land; declares war, makes treaties of peace and alliance and of commerce; he appoints to all offices in public administration, and makes all regulations necessary for the execution of the laws, without ever having power either to suspend the laws themselves, or dispense with their execution.

Nevertheless, no foreign troops can be admitted into the service of the state without an express law.3

ART. 14. The legislative power is to be exercised collectively by the king, the chamber of peers, and the chamber of deputies.*

ART. 15. The proposition of the laws belong to the king, to the chamber of peers, and to the chamber of deputies.

3 Article 14 of the old charter:

The king is the supreme head of the state, commands the forces by land and sea, declares war, makes treaties of peace, alliance and commerce, appoints to all offices of public administration, and makes rules and orders necessary for the execution of the laws and the safety of the state.

4 There was in article 15 of the old charter: and the chamber of deputies of the departments. These three last words have been suppressed.