RULE XXXI.

264. The infinitive mode, denoting purpose or motive, and not depending upon the rest of the sentence, is considered absolute. In such a construction, it supplies the place of that, and an entire proposition or sentence; as, "To confess the truth, I was in fault ;" i. e., that I may confess the truth, I was in fault." "To conclude," i. e., that I may conclude, etc.

REMARK. "This idiom seems to be derived from the use of for before the verb to see. The more modern practice is to prefix some noun; as, "In order to see," or "With a view to see."

RULE XXXII.

265. Copulative and disjunctive conjunctions con nect words that are in the same construction; as "John and James are studying;" "The mind loves and admires simple truth;" "Washington was a great and a good man.'

REMARK 1. "Words are in the same construction when they have the same relation to some other word or words in the sentence.' Hence nouns are in the same construction when they agree in gender, number, and case. Verbs are in the same construction when they are in the same mode and tense. Adjectives are in the same construction when they describe the same noun or pronoun. Adverbs are in the same construction when they qualify the same word.

REM. 2. Copulative and disjunctive conjunctions, as well as others, sometimes connect words that are not in the same construction.

REM. 3. But and save are parsed as prepositions when they denote except, or aside from, and are followed by a noun or pronoun in the objective case; as, "All have prospered but the youngest."

FIRST COURSE.

What is rule thirty-first? Rule thirty-second?

SECOND COURSE.

From what is the peculiar construction mentioned in rule thirty-first, derived? What is the more modern practice? When are words in the same construction? Give the substance of Rem. 2 and 3, § 265.

REM. 4. As often connects nouns that denote the same person or thing; as, "He treated him as a human being.”

REM. 5. Nouns or pronouns which follow than, as, or but, are frequently the subjects of verbs understood; as, “The discussion is darker than the subject."

REM. 6. Conjunctions acquire the nature of nouns and are parsed as such.

REM. 7. Connective adverbs connect words and sentences.

RULE XXXIII.

§ 266. Adverbs modify verbs, participles, adjectives, or adverbs; as, "He made a very sensible discourse; he spoke unaffectedly and forcibly."

REMARK 1. The adverbs whence, hence, and thence imply the preposition from, and therefore it should not be used before them; as, "An ancient author prophecies from whence;" better whence alone.

REM. 2. Sometimes adverbs are used as nouns and should be parsed as such; as, "For all the promises of God in him are yea and in him amen, unto the glory of God by us.” 2 Cor. i. 20.

REM. 3. Adverbs sometimes modify verbs understood; as, "Charge! Chester, charge! On! Stanley, on!"-Scott.

Here on modifies go understood.

REM. 4. Connective adverbs sometimes qualify two verbs; as, "He had left when his brother arrived." Here when modifies left and arrived.

REM. 5. Adverbs often acquire, by their position in a sentence, the nature of an adjective; as, "The above accounts." REM. 6. There is often used as an expletive, adding nothing to the sense; as, "There is a person at the door." The same may be expressed thus: A person is at the door. ŘEM. 7. Adverbs should not generally be used as adjec

What do adverbs modify ?

FIRST COURSE.

SECOND COURSE.

What do the adverbs whence, hence and thence imply? Are adverbs ever used as nouns? Do adverbs sometimes modify verbs understood? What sort of adverbs sometimes qualifies two verbs? How do adverbs sometimes acquire the nature of adjectives? How is there often used? Should adverbs be used as adjectives, and adjectives as adverbs?

tives, nor adjectives as adverbs; as, "exceeding lovely;" better thus: exceedingly lovely.

REM. 8. Amen, construed as an adverb, is generally used independently at the close of affirmations and prayers, and denotes, so let it be; as, "The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen."

REM. 9. Nay, no, yea, and yes, when construed as adverbs, are used independently and are generally equivalent to a sentence, especially in answering questions; as, "Will you comply with my terms? No," i. e., I will not comply. "Will you go to town to-day? Yes," i. e., I will go to-day. REM. 10. No should not be used instead of not, and made to modify verbs; as, You must submit, whether you choose or no." It should be not, as the verb choose is understood. The adverb no does not qualify a verb or participle.

REM. 11. The adverbs no, nay, yes, and yea, also some others, are sometimes repeated to make the expression more intense; as, "Will you betray your trust? No! no! I will not;"

Verily, verily, I say unto you, except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God." John iii. 3.

REM. 12. Sometimes adverbs are repeated for the sake of intensity; as," Verily, verily, I say unto you."

REM. 13. Adverbs sometimes modify nouns; as, "I sold my house and the appurtenances thereof."

POSITION.

§ 267. Adverbs are generally placed near the words which they modify. The following remarks will more fully illustrate the position of adverbs.

REMARK 1. They are generally placed before adjectives; as," Sincerely penitent;"" Widely different."

REM. 2. Adverbs generally follow the verb and participle when single; as, "He labors diligently." If the verb is trans

FIRST COURSE.

Where are adverbs generally placed?

SECOND COURSE.

How are nay, no, yea and yes used when construed as adverbs, and to what are they equivalent? Should no be used instead of not for the purpose of modifying a verb? Why are the adverbs no, nay, yes, yea, and some others, sometimes repeated? Are adverbs placed before adjectives or after them? Do adverbs generally follow verbs and participles ?

itive and has an object after it, the adverb is placed after the object; as, "He received reproof thankfully." To this general rule, there are many exceptions. Regard should always be had to perspicuity, harmony, and force, in placing adverbs

in a sentence.

REM. 3. When an auxiliary verb and a perfect participle are used, the adverb is placed between them, or after the participle; as, "I am seriously alarmed;" "The rebuke was given hastily."

REM. 4. "When adverbs are emphatical, they may introduce and be separated from the verb which they modify; as, "How completely this most amiable of human virtues had taken posses ion of his soul."-Porter's Lect. 8. Always uniformly piecedes the verb. Never commonly precedes a single verb, xcept be, which it follows; as, "We are never absent from church on Sunday." It is sometimes placed before an auxiliary; as, "He never has been at court; but it is more correctly and elegantly placed after the first auxiliary; as, He has never been at court;" "He has never been intoxicated." This word has a peculiar use in the phrase, "Ask me never so much dowry." Gen. xxxiv. The voice of charmers charming never so wisely." Psalm lviii. The sense is, "Ask me so much dowry as never was asked before,”

66

an abbreviation singularly expressive of the idea of asking to any amount or extent. Authors not understanding it, have substituted ever for never, which impairs the force, if it does not destroy the sense, of the phrase. The use of both is now common, but never is preferable; as, "Some agreements indeed, though never so expressly made, are deemed of so important a nature, that they ought not to rest in verbal promise only." Black. Com. B. 3. ch. 9. (See Web. Gram. p. 133.) REM. 5. When an adverb modifies a verb in the infinitive mode, it should never be placed between the to and the verb as, "He told him to carefully observe the conduct of men;' better thus: He told him to observe carefully the conduct of

men.

False Syntax.

He was pleasing not often, because he was vain. We may

SECOND COURSE.

When an auxiliary verb and perfect participle are used, where is the adverb placed? When adverbs are emphatical, how may they be arranged? Where is always placed? What is said of never?

happily live, though our possessions are small.

From whence

we may date likewise the period of this event. It cannot be impertinent or ridiculous therefore to remonstrate. He offered an apology, which not being admitted, he became submissive. Unless he have more government of himself, he will be always discontented. He was determined to invite back the king, and to call together his friends. My opinion was given on rather a cursory perusal of the book. Not only he found her well employed, but pleased and tranquil also. It is too common with mankind, to be engrossed and overcome totally by present events. When the Romans were pressed with a foreign enemy, the women contributed all their rings and jewels voluntarily, to assist the government. They could not persuade him, though they were never so eloquent. He drew up a petition where he too freely represented his own merits. His follies had reduced him to a situation where he had much to fear and nothing to hope. Charles left the seminary too early, since when, he has made very little improvement. Nothing is better worth the while of young persons, than the acquisition of knowledge and virtue.

RULE XXXIV.

§ 268. Two negatives in the same proposition, destroy each other, or are equivalent to an affirmative. One only, therefore, should be used; as, "Nor did they not perceive them," i. e., they did perceive them. This is not generally a happy mode of expression. Many vulgar phrases are used from not observing the above. rule; as, “He did not owe nothing." "He did not do nothing." "He don't know nothing." The use of such expressions should be carefully avoided.

REMARK. When one of the negatives is joined to another word, the two negatives form a pleasing and delicate variety of expression; as, "He is not unwilling to labor."

FIRST COURSE.

What effect have two negatives in a sentence?

SECOND COURSE.

When one of two negatives is joined to another word, what do the two negatives form?