verb: as, "Great is the Lord;" "Happy is the land that enjoys the smiles of Heaven."

9. When an adjective is taken abstractly, it may follow a neuter verb in the infinitive mode, or a neuter participle or participial noun; as, "To be dutiful, is always becoming in children;" "I was not aware of his being able to accomplish so much."

False Syntax-First Course.

These man came to me saying that that people were coming. Who cut these tree? I gave ten cents for this apples.

False Syntax under Remark 1.

Forty sails came in sight. He gave him six penniesworth of sugar. There were five hundred heads of buffalo in the drove.

RULE IX.

§ 239. Relative and personal pronouns agree with their antecedents in gender, person, and number; as, "The master who taught us ;" "The horse which runs ;" "The trees which grow;" "For I am the least of the apostles, that am not meet to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God.”

REMARK 1. Compound relative pronouns contain both the antecedent that and the relative which. The antecedent is parsed as a definite pronoun, and the relative as referring to it; as, "You do not understand what I mean;" i. e., that which I mean. Here that is the antecedent and which is the relative. "Who lives to virtue rarely can be rich;" i. e., he who lives to virtue, etc. "Whoever imagines that earthly pleasure is not alloyed with pain, will be disappointed;" i. e., any one who imagines, etc.

REM. 2. The neuter pronoun it is sometimes applied to a child, and to other creatures naturally masculine or feminine,

FIRST COURSE.

What is rule ninth ?

SECOND COURSE.

What is a compound relative pronoun? To what is the pronoun i sometimes applied?

if their sex is not known; as, "See that child; how beautiful it is !"

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REM. 3. The pronoun it is sometimes used without a definite antecedent; as, How fares it with you?" "Whether she grapples it with the pride of philosophy." This use of it may be allowable in colloquial style, but not in any other. REM. 4. It sometimes is the subject of a proposition, and the noun to which it refers is placed after the verb in the predicate. The noun may be of either gender, number, or person; as, "It is a testimony as glorious to his memory as it is singular," etc.; "But it is not this real essence that distinguishes them into species, but it is men who arrange them into sorts," etc.; "Be of good cheer, it is I." Sometimes it is a substitute for a preceding or succeeding sentence or proposition; as,." But with me it is a small thing that I should be judged of you." 1 Cor. iv. 3.

REM. 5. Pronouns often refer to a sentential noun as its antecedent, and in this case it is always of the third person neuter gender; as, "John had the impression that he possessed extraordinary native talents, and it proved very injurious to him;" "Newton pursued his investigations patiently, which was one great cause of his success."

REM. 6. The relative is sometimes omitted in the objective case; as, "I have not received the book (which) you promised me;" "The pleasures (which) we enjoy here, are not endur

ing."

REM. 7. When an inanimate object is personified, the pronoun referring to it, agrees with it in its figurative sense; as, "Earth felt the wound, and nature from her seat,

Sighing through all her works, gave signs of woe
That all was lost."

"Must I thus leave thee, paradise? thus leave

Thee, native soil, these happy walks and shades,
Fit haunt of Gods!"-Milton's Paradise Lost.

REM. 8. "When the antecedent is applied metaphorically,

SECOND COURSE.

Give an instance where the pronoun it is used without a definite antecedent. Is it ever the subject of a proposition? Give an example. Does a pronoun ever refer to a sentential noun as its antecedent? * Is the relative ever omitted? When an inanimate object is personified, with what does the pronoun referring to it agree? When an antecedent is applied metaphorically, in what sense does the pronoun agree with it?

the pronoun agrees with it in its literal, and not in its figurative sense;" as, Pitt was the pillar which upheld the state;" "The monarch of mountains rears his snowy head."

REM. 9. "When the antecedent is put, by metonomy, for a noun of different properties, the pronoun sometimes agrees with it in its figurative and sometimes in its literal sense;" as,

"The wolf who (that) from the nightly fold,

Fierce drags the bleating prey, ne'er drunk her milk,
Nor wore her warming fleece."-Thompson.

"That each may fill the circle marked by Heaven,
Who sees with equal eyes, as God of all,

A hero perish or a sparrow fall.”—Pope.
"And Heaven beholds its image in its breast."

REM. 10. "When the antecedent is put, by synecdoche, for more or less than its literal signification, the pronoun agrees with it in the figurative and not in the literal sense.' -Brown.

as,

"But to the generous but still improving mind.
That gives the hopeless heart to sing for joy,
To him the long review of ordered life

Is inward rapture only to be felt.”

REM. 11. A noun in the singular number, preceded by the adjective many, is sometimes represented by a plural pronoun; as, "Many a one who came to hear him, went home highly pleased."

REM. 12. Who is applied only to persons or personified animals; which to brutes and inanimate things; that may be applied to both persons, brutes, or things inanimate; as, Andre, who was hung as a spy;" "The goods which I purchased;" "The men that were lost.'

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REM. 13. A pronoun sometimes refers to another pronoun of the possessive case as antecedent; as, "All were extolling my fortune, who had a son endowed with such a disposition.' REM. 14. When the relative is preceded by two nominatives with a neuter verb between them, it may agree with

SECOND COURSE.

When the antecedent is put by metonomy for a noun, in what sense does the pronoun agree with it? When the antecedent is put by synecdoche for more or less than its literal signification, in what sense does the pronoun agree with it? By what is a singular noun, preceded by the adjective many, sometimes represented? How is who applied? Give an instance where a pronoun refers to another pronoun in the possessive case, as the antecedent. How do you dispose of a relative preceded by two nominatives with a neuter verb between ?

The

either, according to the sense; as, "I am the man who command you;" or, "I am the man who commands you." latter construction is preferable, because it places the relative nearer its antecedent, and by consequence the expression is more conspicuous.

REM. 15. " When the relative and the verb have been determined to agree with either of the preceding nominatives, that agreement must be preserved throughout the sentence;' as, "I am the Lord that maketh all things, and stretcheth forth the heavens alone."-Isa. xliv. 24. By referring that to I, the construction would be changed; as, "I am the Lord that make all things, and stretch forth the heavens."

REM. 16. In the Scriptures and some ancient writers, which is implied to persons; as, "Our Father which art in heaven.' -Bible.

REM. 17. When it is desirable to distinguish between two or more individuals, which is applied to persons; as, “I know not which of them did it.'

REM. 18. When a proper noun is not used in a sense strictly personal, which should supply its place, and not who; as, "Nero-which is but another name for tyranny and cruelty -persecuted the Christians with relentless fury."

REM. 19. The rules commonly used by grammarians, with respect to the nominative and objective cases of relative pronouns, are omitted, from the conviction that they are entirely unnecessary.

REM. 20. The gender of pronouns, except the third person singular of personal pronouns, is known only by reference to their antecedents.

REM. 21. Who sometimes refers to collective nouns, denoting the individuals expressed by them: that is generally preferable.

REM. 22. Which and what often belong, like adjectives, to nouns; as, "What man is that?" "Which letter do you

SECOND COURSE.

What can you say with regard to the agreement of the relative and verb? How is which sometimes applied in the Scriptures? In what other case may which be applied to persons? When may which supply the place of a proper noun? Why are the rules, commonly used for the nominative and objective cases of relative pronouns, omitted in this grammar? How is the gender of personal pronouns known? What does who sometimes refer to ? To what do which and what sometimes belong?

mean?" When they have this construction in interrogatory sentences, they are called interrogative indefinite adjectives.

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POSITION.

1. Relative and personal pronouns are usually placed after their antecedents; as, He is the man who is so devoted to the cause of humanity.”

2. An interrogative pronoun always precedes the noun which it represents. Hence the noun for which it stands is called a subsequent, and is contained in the answer to the question; as, "Who injured this book? Jane."

3. Both relative and interrogative pronouns are placed at or near the beginning of their clauses, and this is the case even when they are in the objective case, and governed by a succeeding word.

4. Sometimes pronouns precede the nouns which they represent; as, "If a man declares in autumn, when he is eating them, or in spring, when there are none, that he loves grapes, etc."

5. In order to avoid obscurity, the relative should be placed as near as possible to its antecedent.

False Syntax.-First Course.

The

The river who runs so smoothly, is very deep. The man which rides on horseback. The trees who are cut down. The lady that was my sister, was in the stage. The teacher which preached to us, was an old man. The earth who was barren that year, produced very abundantly the next. male amongst birds seems to discover no beauty, but in the color of its species. Rebecca took goodly raiment which was with her in the house, and put them upon Jacob. The wheel killed another man, which is the sixth which have lost their lives by this means. The fair sex, whose task is not to mingle in the labors of public life, has its own part assigned to act.

False Syntax.-Second Course.

Whoever entertains such an opinion, he judges erroneously. Whoever goes to the top of Bird Mountain, they will be well recompensed for their trouble. Who first advances he shall die. Observe that little child-do not injure him. A young

SECOND COURSE.

Give the five rules for the position of relative and personal pronouns.