almost the only one in this and the neighboring provinces. I experienced, too, the truth of the observation that "after getting the first hundred pounds it is more easy to get the second;" money itself being of a prolific nature.

The partnership at Carolina having succeeded, I was encouraged to engage in others and to promote several of my workmen, who had behaved well, by establishing them in printing-houses in different colonies, on the same terms with that in Carolina. Most of them did well, being enabled at the end of our term, six years, to purchase the types of me and go on working for themselves, by which means several families were raised. Partnerships often finish in quarrels; but I was happy in this, that mine were all carried on and ended amicably, owing, I think, a good deal to the precaution of having very explicitly settled in our articles everything to be done by or expected from each partner, so that there was nothing to dispute, which precaution I would therefore recommend to all who enter into partnerships; for whatever esteem partners may have for and confidence in each other at the time of the contract, little jealousies and disgusts may arise, with ideas of inequality in the care and burden, business, etc., which are attended often with breach of friendship and of the connection, perhaps with lawsuits and other disagreeable consequences.

I had, on the whole, abundant reason to be satisfied with my being established in Pennsylvania. There were, however, some things that I regretted, there being no provision for defense nor for a complete education of youth; no militia nor any college. I therefore, in 1743, drew up a proposal for establishing

an academy; and at that time, thinking the Rev. Richard Peters, who was out of employ, a fit person to superintend such an institution, I communicated the project to him; but he, having more profitable views in the service of the proprietors, which succeeded, declined the undertaking, and not knowing another at that time suitable for such a trust, I let the scheme lie awhile dormant. I succeeded better the next year, 1744, in proposing and establishing a philosophical society. The paper I wrote for that purpose will be found among my writings, if not lost with many others.

With respect to defense, Spain having been several years at war against Great Britain and being at length joined by France, which brought us into great danger, and the labored and long-continued endeavor of our governor, Thomas, to prevail with our Quaker Assembly to pass a militia law and make other provisions for the security of the province having proved abortive, I proposed to try what might be done by a voluntary subscription of the people. To promote this I first wrote and published a pamphlet, entitled "Plain Truth," in which I stated our helpless situation in strong lights, with the necessity of union and discipline for our defense, and promised to propose in a few days an association, to be generally signed for that purpose. The pamphlet had a sudden and surprising effect. I was called upon for the instrument of association. Having settled the draft of it with a few friends, I appointed a meeting of the citizens in the large building before mentioned. The house was pretty full. I had prepared a number of printed copies and provided pens and ink dispersed all

over the room; I harangued them a little on the subject, read the paper, explained it, and then distributed the copies, which were eagerly signed, not the least objection being made.

When the company separated and the papers were collected, we found about twelve hundred signatures; and other copies being dispered in the country, the subscribers amounted at length to upward of ten thousand. These all furnished themselves as soon as they could with arms, formed themselves into companies and regiments, chose their own officers, and met every week to be instructed in the manual exercise and other parts of military discipline. The women, by subscriptions among themselves, provided silk colors, which they presented to the companies, painted with different devices and mottoes, which I supplied.*

*The following are the devices and mottoes, as published at the time:

1. A lion erect, a naked cimeter in one paw, the other holding the Pennsylvania scutcheon. Motto: Patria.

2. Three arms, wearing different linen, ruffled, plain, and checked, the hands joined by grasping each other's wrist, denoting the union of all ranks. Motto: Unita Virtus Valet.

3. An eagle, the emblem of victory, descending from the skies. Motto: A Deo Victoria.

4. The figure of Liberty sitting on a cube, holding a spear with the cap of Freedom on its point. Motto: Inestimabilis.

5. An armed man with a naked falchion in his hand. Motto: Deus adjuvat Fortes.

6. An elephant, being the emblem of a warrior always on his guard, as that creature is said never to lie down and hath his arms ever in readiness. Motto: Semper Paratus.

7. A city walled round. Motto: Salus Patria Summa Lex. 8. A soldier with his piece recovered, ready to present. Motto: Sic pacem quærimus.

The officers of the companies composing the Phil adelphia regiment being met, chose me for their colonel, but conceiving myself unfit I declined that station and recommended Mr. Lawrence, a fine person and a man of influence, who was accordingly appointed. I then proposed a lottery to defray the expense of building a battery below the town and furnished with cannon. It filled expeditiously and the battery was soon erected, the merlons being framed of logs and filled with earth. We bought some old cannon from Boston; but these not being sufficient, we wrote to London for more, soliciting at the same time our proprietaries for some assistance, though without much expectation of obtaining it.

9. A coronet and plume of feathers. Motto: In God we trust. 10. A man with a sword drawn. Motto: Pro Avis et Focis. 11. Three of the associators, marching with their muskets shouldered and dressed in different clothes, intimating the unanimity of the different sorts of people in the association. Motto: Vis Unita Fortior.

12. A musket and sword crossing each other. Motto: Pro Rege et Grege.

13. Representation of a glory, in the middle of which is wrote, JEHOVAH NISSI; in English, The Lord our Banner.

14. A castle, at the gate of which a soldier stands sentinel. Motto: Cavendo Tutus.

15. David, as he advanced against Goliath and slung the stone. Motto: In Nomine Domini.

16. A lion rampant, one paw holding up a cimeter, another a sheaf of wheat. Motto: Domine Protege Alimentum.

17. A sleeping lion. Motto: Rouse me if you dare.

18. Hope, represented by a woman, standing clothed in blue, holding one hand on an anchor. Motto: Spero per Deum Vincere. 19. Duke of Cumberland as a general. Motto: Pro Deo et Georgio Rege.

29. A sailor on horseback. Motto: Pro Libertate Patria.

Meanwhile Colonel Lawrence, Mr. Allan, Abraham Taylor, and myself were sent to New York by the associators, commissioned to borrow some cannon of Governor Clinton. He at first refused us peremptorily; but at a dinner with his Council, where there was great drinking of Madeira wine, as the custom of that place then was, he softened by degrees and said he would lend us six. After a few more bumpers he advanced to ten, and at length he very good-naturedly conceded eighteen. They were fine cannon, eighteenpounders, with their carriages, which were soon transported and mounted on our batteries, where the associators kept a nightly guard while the war lasted, and among the rest I regularly took my turn of duty there as a common soldier.

My activity in these operations was agreeable to the governor and Council; they took me into confidence and I was consulted by them in every measure where their concurrence was thought useful to the association. Calling in the aid of religion, I proposed to them the proclaiming a fast, to promote reformation and implore the blessing of Heaven on our undertaking. They embraced the motion; but as it was the first fast ever thought of in the province, the secretary had no precedent from which to draw the proclamation. My education in New England, where a fast is proclaimed every year, was here of some advantage. I drew it in the accustomed style; it was translated into German, printed in both languages, and circulated through the province. This gave the clergy of the different sects an opportunity of influencing their congregations to join the association, and it would probably have been general among all but the Quakers if the peace had not soon intervened.