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fetting the limb out of the queftion, if it is not, than if it is, cut off. Two things are generally dreaded; a mortifi'cation, and hemorrhage. As to the mortification, if what has already been faid is worthy of any regard, it is not pro bable. As to the hemorrhage, it has fometimes ftopped, even in these very cafes, without the affiftance of a furgeon. The method of cure directed by this author, is as follows.

When the lower parts of a fhattered limb adhere by a little flesh or fkin, fo as that there is no hope of a reunion, they fl ould be feparated entirely. When pieces of bone jut out, they must be fawed off, whether firm or noveable. All the other fall fplinters, either held by the flesh, or adhering to the bone, that can be removed without violence, or a fresh effufion of blood, fhould be extracted by the hand, or a proper inftrument. The limb fhould then be slightly compreffed between the hands, and gently froked lengthwife from above downwards, fo as to reflore it as much as poffible to its natural fhape: the fore fhould then be dreffed with a digeftive, adding a little effence of myrrh, or folution of maftich; the whole covered with dry lint, and the fame bandage applied as in amputations, but not to tight as to caufe pain, or increase the inflammation. The whole fhould be then moistened with as much spirit of wine as may penetrate the parts affected; and care muft be taken to extend the limb in a right line, and lay it foft.

Till the fuppuration becomes plentiful, it fhould be dreffed only once in twentyfour hours, but afterwards twice a-day; and fuch dreffings as touch the bone or fief, fhould be covered with lint dipped in a folution of maftich, balfam of fioraventi, or fome other balfamic eflence, to prevent the fuppuration from becoming too copious; and at each dreffing, all the little hivers which do not reunite, and which by degrees come to be feparated without violence, fhould be taken away. Care fhould he taken to promote the coalition of the larger fragments, by light compreflion of the hands, and a little tightening of the bandage. Those that do not coalefce in a month, fhould be cautiously and tenderly loofened, fo as to bring them away. If any are cracked as high as the articulation, they fhould be left to nature.

If the patient is weakened by lofs of blood, he must be fupported by broths,

with herbs boiled in them, and wine and water; he should also tak every four hours, half a drachm of t bark till the pulfe is fufficiently raile and the fuppuration is laudable; he then be allowed meat; and his drin fhould be water, acidulated with vineg or vitriol.

When the fuppuration is too plentiful, and the wound appears difpofed to hea, the patient should be purged once e twice with Epfom falt, fome abforber powders having been previously admini ftered for a few days. He fhould drink during the day, a flight decoction of the bark before and after meals, a little ftrengthening acid elixir; and, in the evening, he should take a small dofe of the bark in fubftance.

The firengthening elixir is thus made. "Half an ounce of the extract of wormwood; of that of gentian, leffer centau ry, green oranges, and buck-bean, e each a drachm; rectified fpirit of wine four ounces; and fpirituous mint-wate. one ounce: let the extracts be diffolver in the fpirits, over a gentle fire; ftra: them; then add to the ftrained liquet half an ounce of dulcified spirit of nitre, and thirty drops of oil of vitriol."

M. Belguer then defcribes a fever which frequently fupervenes in the cafes, and gives directions how to stop i When the bones of a limb are ne quite broken through, and the parts f pended only by a fmall portion of fea and skin, but so much shattered that the limb may be moved any way, and fee to hang useless, the aperture made by the wounding body must be dilated, and the flelh feparated from the bone, that the fplinters and extraneous fubftances may be extracted; the dreflings must be the fame as before directed.

If a bullet has penetrated the cavity of a bone, the bone must be laid bare, and afterwards pierced with two or three trepans, that the extraneous body and fhivers may be extracted.

If a bullet has made its way into one fide of a joint, and splintered feveral bones at a stroke, the fame method must be followed.

Care must be taken to fix the limb in its natural fituation, to keep the dreiings fufficiently ti.ht above and below the wound; to promote the consolidation of the larger pieces of bone, by keeping them firm in their places, and prevent ing the reabforption of pus.

M. Bel

M. Belguer's obfervations confirm thofe of Horftius, that patients who have lost a great portion both of the tibia and fibula, may nevertheless, after their cure, walk with eale, and halt but very little. [xvii. 33.]

M. Belguer obferves, that fometimes the wounds dry up on a fudden, become corrupted, and exhale an infectious ftench; the neighbouring parts are inflamed for fo, e days, and then leave an oedematous tumour, which either produces an abscess, with a laudable difcharge, or degenerates into a malignant fore, without an abfcefs, which fometimes fwarms with maggots. For this untoward appearance of the wound he directs proper remedies.

3. In cafes of violent contufions, where a great quantity of extravafated fluid under the skin produces the appearance of a mortified efchar, and though the skin itself is not broken, yet the bones under it are dislocated or fractured, the treatment fhould be nearly the fame as in a mortification, and the part affected fhould be conftantly bathed with emol lient fomentations, without any stimulating or aftringent ingredient. If the bones are luxated, they must be reduced, but left without bandages.

If the contufion has not produced a mortified flough, but has yet fractured the bone, the applications fhould be very mild, and no incifions fhould be made; the two ends of the bone fhould be brought together, and fecured by comprefles and bandages; and the whole dreffings flouped with difcutient and vulnerary fomentations.

4. As to wounds of the large bloodveffels, the furgeon may always, by proper dilatations, come at the wound, and ftop the bleeding, by ligatures or aftringents, or both; fo that in that cafe amputation can never be neceffary. And experience has fhewn, that after the operation for the aneurism, the member which it might be fuppofed would have perished for want of nourishment, has recovered heat, motion, and strength, even when the trunk of the brachial ar

tery has been cut through. This there

fore, when wounded, may be tied without fear, and the prefervation of the Jinb may be provided for by aperient fpirituous fomentations, and gentle frictions, which contribute to open and enlarge the final veffels

As to a caries of the bone, when it

is recent and inconfiderable, there can be no pretence to amputate, but the bone must be laid bare as far as the caries extends, and fcraped with a fcalpel, or perforated in feveral parts with the fpike of a trepan. When the caries has reached the oppofite part of the bone, the crown of the trepan must be used to take out the entire piece. Medicines proper in this cafe are well known, but the mineral acids must never be employed, not even Hoffman's anodyne mineral liquor; for all do hurt. When the caries is removed, the cure is to be completed by a nourishing, but not oily diet. The dretling fhould then confift only of dry lint, taking great care to exclude the accefs of air from without.

When the caries is accompanied with a vitiated ftate of the blood, the external treatment must be the fame, and proper internal remedies must be added. A caries from a venereal cause may be cured like any other.

Amputation is ufelefs while the morbid caufe remains; and when it is removed, the cure may be effected without amputation. The portion of bone taken away will be fupplied by a callus, as appears by indubitable teftimony. See the Medical Elfays of Edinburgh, vol. 5. p. 371.

6. The last cafe is a cancer; concerning which this author fays very little, except that it should be extirpated before it takes root, or not at all.

The whole of this interefting work is founded on the author's own abundant experience in the military hofpitals of Pruffia, during the late bloody war; where a much greater proportion of those who were fo wounded, as, in the general opinion, to justify amputation, recovered, than are known to recover of thole on whom that operation is performed.

The work appears to be extremely well tranflated, and is earneftly recommended, by the author of this epitome, to every practitioner in this kingdom. G. Independence. A poem. Addreffed to the Minority. By C. Churchill. 49. 2 s. 6 d. Almond, &c.

W Ell, Sir, 'tis granted, we faid Churchill's rhymes

Are ftol'n, unequal, nay, dull many times,
So blindly partial, to deny us this?
What foolish patron is there found, of his

Nempe incompofito dixi pede currere verfus
Lucilliquis tam Lucilli fautor ineptus
bem defricuit, charta laudatur eodem.
Ut, hoc non fateatur ?-At idem quod fale multo

Hor.

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But that his works embroider'd up and down]
With wit and fenfe, may juftly please the

town,

In the fame paper we as freely own —

Such is the character given by Horace of Lucilius, the Roman Churchill; and fuch is the manner in which Rochester applied it to Dryden, not entirely without juftice. The reader who does not find a striking resemblance between the characters of Churchill and Lucilius, as poets, and between our candour, (for in that alone we pretend to institute a comparison), and that of Horace, as critics, ought to pass over this article; because no time can be more mispent than that of a man who studies poetry without understanding it.

That the Critical Reviewers are the enemies of Mr Churchill, no reader who his feen what indulgence we have given to his works, can poffibly suppose. We never have been fevere upon him but when our indifpenfable duty to the public called upon us; and it is with the greatest fatisfaction we reflect that the public voice has generally seconded our criticifms. Mr Churchill, more than once, plumes himself in fuppofing that the guilty great, who affect to despise him, feel him; and that the matter which drops from his grey-goofe quill fits rankling at their hearts, or howls remorfe in their ears. Were we ridiculous enough to adopt thofe romantic ideas, we might fay, with far greater reason, that Mr Churchill feels the Critical Reviewers, however indifferent he may appear to their cenfures.

Critics are divided with regard to the characteristics of genius; but we believe none ever difputed that invention was the chief. The piece before us bears not the finalleft fpark of invention. Its plan is fairly borrowed from Bunyan and Whitefield. Those two, and a thoufand other, venerable fathers of enthusiasm, have a million of times repeated to their gaping hearers, and their dreaming readers, that God Almighty weighs every thing in the balance; that he is no respecier of perfons; and that the poor are as acceptable to him as the rich. This doctrine, however true, is trite: and however trite it may be, Mr Churchill has not thought himself above adopting it. He has held forth the balance, in which he weighs a bard and a lord, and he calls that balance" the fcales of Reafon ;" an idea that has been hackneyed even to naufeousness. We are afraid the prin

ciples of the fatire are not juft. A title in itself, if it does not make a man better, does not make him worse than another and however unfashionable the doctrine may be, we have fo good an opinion of mankind, that we believe, high rank is often the preventative of mean actions; though every day's experience tells us, that a lord may be a scoundrel. The exceptions which Mr Churchill makes are fo very few, that his fatire may be deemed general, nay, univerfal. He quarrels not with the vices, but the word; and he ftamps defamation upon the term, be the merit or demerit annexed to it deserving praise or censure. In short, by the manner in which Mr Churchill exercifes his talents in fatire, he seems to run a risk of being profecuted - For what?

Not for the crimes of commission, but of omiffion. It will foon be deemed a libel not to be fatirized by Mr Churchill. If he is difpleafed with a man, he may revenge himself as the Spartans did upon the noble Athenian, by sparing his lands to render him fufpected by his countrymen.

Having most attentively confidered the poem before us, we must again observe, that from its beginning to its end we cannot trace a single character of originality. The independence of a bard, with which our author fets out, has been a hundred times celebrated in better lavs than his. One fingle expreflion of Mr Pope marks it better than all Churchill's laboured description, when he says, that "Heaven kept Fenton facred from the great." C.

INDEPENDENCE is, indeed, a glorious theme! But what is Independence? This our bard should have told us: but this is not to be discovered from the poem before us. It is not our duty on this occafion, to define what it is; but we will venture to say what it is not. Independence, then, is not the privilege of abufing a lord, or of libelling a nation. It is not the privilege of fatirizing the vices of others, without blufhing to expose our own. In few words, Independence is not the licence of faying and doing what we will; but rather, the power of faying and doing what we ought. The Stoics will tell us, and perhaps in this they are not wrong, that he only is truly independent, who is wife and virtuous. It matters not that we are free from the dominion of others; if we are not masters of ourlelves, we are still dependent.

But

= But our animated bard laughs at these mufty precepts. His guide is uncontrolled fancy. On he preffes towards the fummit of Parnaffus, (which, alas! he will never reach), and cares not whom or what he overturns in his way. He writes as if he was independent of the rules of decene cy, the dictates of truth, the principles of justice, the laws of his country, and what, in a fon of Apollo, may be deemed iftill greater prefuntption, he writes as if he was independent of the rules of poetry.. A favage kind of independence this! and yet this is the independence he claims. Hear him fpeak, we neg pa don! we mean, hear him fing, good read ra

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Dares, unabash'd, in every place appear

As to the first line, it is evidently borrow ed from an old head of a copy by which children are taught to write, and in the original ftands thus:

Happy the boy (tho' few fuch boys we find)
Who well his writing, and his book, doth mind.
But the fecond line of this couplet is much
fuperior to that of our author; for 'bove
controulment is certainly a moft aukward
phr fe, and fuch a one as the Complete Pen-
man would never have fuffered to escape
bim.
The fentiment in the third quoted
verfe is truly admirable, and perfectly in
character :

Dares, unabash'd, in every place appear!

It muft, undoubtedly, be a peculiar happiness to difcard all tenfe of fame, and to appear with unbluthing impudence in every place, and in every character, alike. Such a bard, we are told, is no lefs happy in difregarding all diftinctions of political fubordination, than he is in difcarding the bluthes of Modelty; and, confequently, When, fweeping forward with her peacock's tail, Quality, in full plumage, pafles by, He views her with a fix'd contemptuous eye.

The image of the peacock's tail has a good effect in this place; but the paflige would have been infinitely heightened, had the author, by way of contraft, given the bard the reddening honours of the turkey.

But who are thofe who, we are told, Have bafely turn'd apoftates, have debas'd Their dignity of office, have difgrac'd, Like Eli's fons, the altars where they stand, And caus'd their name to stink thro' all the land? An heavy charge this! and if there be fuch a man, who has bafely turned apoftate! who has ebas' the dignity of his office! who, like the priens the fon of Eli, has difgraced

the altar before which he ftood; if there be fuch a man, and fuch a bard, it is, indeed, with the greatest propriety that he is faid to have caufed his name to stink through all the land.

The elegance, the harmony, and ease of the following verfes, are not, perhaps, to be equalled by any thing called verfe in the English language: She gave them eyes,

And they could fee- the gave them ears they heard

The inftruments of stirring, and they stirr'd.

Can any thing in verse be more elegant and harmonious than the following couplet; when the author peaks of the cafual honours of birth?

Had Fortune on our getting chanc'd to shine, Their birthright-honours had been yours or mine.

This is, indeed, to debase the language of thofe maids who pour the genuine ftrain.

In the fame page we meet with the following marvellous comparison between a bard and a lord:

"Obferve which word the people can di"geft most readily, which goes to market "beft, which gets most credit, whether

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men will trust a bard, because they think "he may be juft, or on a lord will chufe "to rifk their gains." But what is this? reader, you cry: is it poetry? Cut it into lines of ten fyllables, and try. Who goes to market best? O beauty of elegance! O fweetness of harmony! Who goes to market beft! O glowing exertion! not of poetical, but of culinary fire!

Yet, amidst this vernacular inelegance, this vulgarity of fentiment and diction, the following fcene of weighing a lord against a bard, must be allowed to poffefs an odd fpecies of whimsical humour, which will make the reader laugh from very different motives:

A BARD- A LORD let REASON take
her fcales,
And fairly weigh thofe words, fee which pre-
vails;

Which in the balance lightly kicks the beam,
And which, by finking, we the victor deem.

'Tis done, and HERMES, by command of
Jove,

Summons a fynod in the facred grove;
Gods throng with gods, to take their chairs on
And fit in ftate, the fenate of the iky; high,
Whilft, in a kind of parliament below,
Men ftare at thofe above, and want to know
What they're transacting; REASON takes het
ftand

Juft in the midst, a balance in her hand,

Which

Which o'er and o'er fhe trics, and finds it true;
From either fide, conducted ull in view,
A man comes forth, of figure ftrange and queer;
We now and then fee fomething like them here.
The first was meagre, flimfy, void of ftrength,
But Nature kindly had made up in length,
What fhe in breadth denied; erect and proud,
A head and fhoulders taller than the croud,
He deem'd them pygmies all; loofe hung his
fkin

O'er his bare bones; his face fo very thin,
So very narrow, and fo much beat out,
That phylognonifts have made a doubt,
Proportion loft, expreffion quite forgot,
Whether it could be call'd a face or not;
At end of it howe'er, unbless'd with beard,
Some twenty fathom length of chin appear'd;
With legs, which we might well conceive that
Fate

Meant only to fupport a spider's weight;
Firmly he trove to tread, and with i ftride
Which thew'd at once his weakness and his pride,
Shaking himself to pieces, feem'd to cry,
Obferve, good people, how I fhake the iky.
In his right hand a paper did he hold,
On which, at large, in characters of gold,
Distinct, and plain for those who run to fee,
Saint ARCHIBALD had wrote L, O, R, D.
This, with an air of fcorn he from afar
Twirl'd into REASON's fcales, and on that bar,
Which from his foul he hated, yet admir'd,
Quick turn'd his back, and as he came retir'd.
The Judge to all around his n me declar'd;
Each goddefs titter'd, each god laugh'd, jovɛ
ftar'd,

And the whole people cried, with one accord,
Good Heaven blefs us all, is that a Lord!

Such was the firft;- the fecond was a man,
Whom Nature built on quite a diff'rent plan:
A bear, whom, from the moment he was born,
His dam defpis'd, and left unlick'd in fcorn ;
A Babel, which, the pow'r of art outdone,
She could not finish when she had begun;
An utter chaos, out of which no might
But that of God could ftrike one park of light.
Broad were his fhoulders, and from blade to
blade

A Hmight at full length have laid;
Vaft were his bones; his mufcles twifted frong;
His face was fhort, but broader than 'twas long;
His features, tho' by nature they were large,
Contentment had contriv'd to overcharge,
And bury meaning, fave that we might spy
Senfe low'ring on the penthoufe of his eye;
His arms were two twin-oaks; his legs fo ftout,
That they might bear a manfion houte about;
Nor were they, look but at his body there,
Defign'd by Fate a much less weight to bear.
O'er a brown caflock, which had once been
black,

Which hung in tatters on his brawny back,
A fight moft ftrange, and aukward to behold
He threw a covering of blue and gold.
Just at that tim of life, when nan by rule,
The fop laid down, takes up the graver fool,

He started up a fop, and, fond of fhew,
Look'd like another Hercules turn'd beau.
A fubject met with only now and then,
Much fitter for the pencil than the pen ;
Hogarth would draw him (Envy must allow)
E'en to the life, was Hogarth living now.

With fuch accoutrements, with fuch a fom
Much like a porpoife juft before a storm,
Onward he roll'd; a laugh prevail'd around,
E'en Jove was feen to fimper; at the found
(Nor was the cause unknown, for from his you
Himself he studied by the glafs of Truth)
He join'd their mirth; nor fhall the gods com
demn,

If, whilst they laugh'd at him, he laugh'd a them.

Judge REASON view'd him with an eye of grace, Look'd thro' his foul, and quite forgot his face, And, from his hand receiv'd, with fair regard, Plac'd in her other fcale the name of BARD.

Then (for fhe did as judges ought to do, She nothing of the case beforehand knew, Nor wifh'd to know; fhe never stretch'd the lam, Nor, bafely to anticipate a cause, Compell'd folicitors, no longer free, To fhew thofe briefs the had no right to fee), Then the with equal hand her seales held out, Nor did the caufe one moment hang in doubt, She held her fcales out fair to public view: The LORD, as fparks fly upwards, upwards flex More light than air, deceitful in the weight; The BARD, preponderating, kept his state: REASON approv'd, and with a voice, whok found

Shook earth, fhook heaven, on the cleard ground

Pronouncing for the BARDS a full decree, [M. Cried, Thofe must honour Them, who honou They from this present day, where-e'er I reign, In their own right, precedence fhall obtain; MERIT rules here; be it enough that birth Intoxicates, and fways, the fools of earth.

Nor think that here, in hatred to a Lord, I've forg'd a tale, or alter'd a record; Search when you will, (I am not now in sport, You'll find it register'd in REASON's court.

his own picture.

Envy itself must smile at the very jocalar manner in which the bard has here drawn which he laughs at himself, might half inThe pleafantry with cline one to pardon the liberties he takes with others, did we not perceive Vanity and Arrogance peeping through the mafs of partial ridicule.

Co on, illuftrious bard! thou art in the right road to independence. Indulge the reigning depravity of taste: get deeper thi in dirt; the half-crowns will wash thee clean. Leave elegance and harmony to ethers in thefe flirring times, they will not procure thee fix-pence-To use thy own phrafeology, They will not go to mar ket." M.

61

[The rest of the books are deferred.]

N

Co

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