Shape: Talking about Seeing and DoingMIT Press, 2006年4月7日 - 432 頁 In Shape, George Stiny argues that seeing shapes -- with all their changeability and ambiguity -- is an inexhaustible source of creative ideas. Understanding shapes, he says, is a useful way to understand what is possible in design. Shapes are devices for visual expression just as symbols are devices for verbal expression. Stiny develops a unified scheme that includes both visual expression with shapes and verbal expression with signs. The relationships -- and equivalencies -- between the two kinds of expressive devices make design comparable to other professional practices that rely more on verbal than visual expression. Design uses shapes while business, engineering, law, mathematics, and philosophy turn mainly to symbols, but the difference, says Stiny, isn't categorical. Designing is a way of thinking. Designing, Stiny argues, is calculating with shapes, calculating without equations and numbers but still according to rules. Stiny shows that the mechanical process of calculation is actually a creative process when you calculate with shapes -- when you can reason with your eyes, when you learn to see instead of count. The book takes the idea of design as calculation from mere heuristic or metaphor to a rigorous relationship in which design and calculation each inform and enhance the other. Stiny first demonstrates how seeing and counting differ when you use rules -- that is, what it means to calculate with your eyes -- then shows how to calculate with shapes, providing formal details. He gives practical applications in design with specific visual examples. The book is extraordinarily visual, with many drawings throughout -- drawings punctuated with words. You have to see this book in order to read it. |
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... pair of brackets around < > , or equivalently to move the brackets in < > apart to insert a pair . And when I use rule 2 , < > is replaced with < > < > . A pair of brackets is added either to the left or to the right of < > . ( When ...
... pair of points distinguished in the shape A — they're intersections of lines— may be transformed to register with any pair of points in the shape C in four ways . The ratio of the ... pairs The pair 263 Classifying Rules with Transformations.
... pairs or chains according to the laws of pair- or chain - formation . In part it strikes upon insoluble difficulties , in part it furnishes results that have no practical value . The indirect synthesis first ( as special synthesis ) ...