Shape: Talking about Seeing and DoingMIT Press, 2006年4月7日 - 432 頁 In Shape, George Stiny argues that seeing shapes -- with all their changeability and ambiguity -- is an inexhaustible source of creative ideas. Understanding shapes, he says, is a useful way to understand what is possible in design. Shapes are devices for visual expression just as symbols are devices for verbal expression. Stiny develops a unified scheme that includes both visual expression with shapes and verbal expression with signs. The relationships -- and equivalencies -- between the two kinds of expressive devices make design comparable to other professional practices that rely more on verbal than visual expression. Design uses shapes while business, engineering, law, mathematics, and philosophy turn mainly to symbols, but the difference, says Stiny, isn't categorical. Designing is a way of thinking. Designing, Stiny argues, is calculating with shapes, calculating without equations and numbers but still according to rules. Stiny shows that the mechanical process of calculation is actually a creative process when you calculate with shapes -- when you can reason with your eyes, when you learn to see instead of count. The book takes the idea of design as calculation from mere heuristic or metaphor to a rigorous relationship in which design and calculation each inform and enhance the other. Stiny first demonstrates how seeing and counting differ when you use rules -- that is, what it means to calculate with your eyes -- then shows how to calculate with shapes, providing formal details. He gives practical applications in design with specific visual examples. The book is extraordinarily visual, with many drawings throughout -- drawings punctuated with words. You have to see this book in order to read it. |
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... embedding relation is the same - I'll continue to require identity among constituents . But with points , I really don't have much of a choice . Embedding works only in this way . I can use the rule Three points →→ Triangle in place ...
... Embedding is the main relation I use to describe basic elements , and by implica- tion the shapes they combine to make . The only point that's embedded in a point is the point itself . Embedding is identity . But , more generally ...
... embedding and tangential embedding are the same . ) Moreover , I can define embedding , overlap , and discrete in terms of touching . One basic element is embedded in another whenever every basic element that touches the first also ...