YOUNG-YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS BRIGHAM YOUNG. assumed a political independence which was offensive to the United States government, and from time to time he gave the government much trouble. In 1856 President Buchanan sent out a military force of 2,500 men to enforce its authority. A compromise ended the disturbance. Young had twelve actual wives, besides many who were sealed to him as "spiritual wives." He died in Salt Lake City, Aug. 29, 1877. See MORMONS. Young, JOHN RUSSELL, journalist; born in Dowington, Pa., Nov. 20, 1841; received a public school education; became a copy-holder on the Philadelphia Press in 1857; was promoted to reporter, news-editor, Washington correspondent, and, at the outbreak of the Civil War, war correspondent with the Army of the Potomac; and served as such from the battle of Bull Run till the end of the Chickahominy campaign, when illness compelled him to return to Philadelphia. After his recovery he was managing editor of the Press; again went to the war in 1864, and served under General Banks in the Red River campaign; then returned to Philadelphia and resumed editorial charge of the Press. He joined the editorial staff of the New York Tribune in 1865, and was its managing editor in 186669, during which time he established the Morning Post in Philadelphia, and the Standard in New York; was correspondent for the New York Herald in Europe in 1871-77, when he accompanied ex-President Grant on his journey round the world. He resumed editorial work on the Herald in 1879-82, and was then appointed minister to China, which office he resigned in 1885; and was appointed librarian of Congress in 1897. He was author of Around the World with General Grant; editor of Memorial History of the City of Philadelphia, from Its First Settlement to the Year 1895; and Narrative and Critical History, 1681-1895. He died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 17, 1899. Young, SAMUEL BALDWIN MARKS, military officer; born in Pittsburg, Pa., Jan. 9, 1840; joined the National army in 1861; made captain Sept 6 of that year; served through the war, winning distinction in the campaign which closed with Lee's surrender; promoted captain in the regular army July 28, 1866, and colonel of the 3d Cavalry June 19, 1897. He was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers May 4, 1898, and given command of the 2d Brigade in the cavalry division of the 5th Corps in General Shafter's army; promoted major-general of volunteers on July 8 following. He served with distinction in the Philippines from July 24, 1899, to March 1, 1901, being military governor of northwestern Luzon during part of that period. He was promoted brigadier-general, United States army, Jan. 2, 1900, and major-general, United States army, Feb. 2, 1901. Young Men's Christian Associations, organizations of young men in the different cities, demanding a profession of Christianity in their active, and good moral character in their associate members, and working by methods in harmony with Christianity for the physical, social, mental, and spiritual improvement of their members, and of young men in gen- cal test of active membership, a definite eral. An organization called Young Men's and comprehensive plan of work, the ownChristian Association was first formed ership of well-adapted buildings, the emin London, England, by George Williams, ployment of trained and paid officers, a in 1841. The movement extended to the committee of supervision for each State United States and Canada in December, or province, with a central committee for 1851, when societies were formed at Mon- general oversight, systematic effort ditreal, and Boston, Mass. About twenty- rected to special classes of men (e. g., four associations were added during the merchants' clerks, college students, railnext two years, and during the next road men, German speakers, colored men, ten years the number reached 200. At Indians, lumbermen, sailors, soldiers, the first convention, held in Buffalo, N. Y., etc.), and great prominence given to the June 7, 1854, a confederation was formed, Bible and personal work. A typical with a central committee, and a yearly Young Men's Association building conconvention. This form of affiliation con- tains a reception-room, reading-room, litinued till the time of the Civil War. brary, parlor, recreation room, offices, During the war the United States Chris- class-rooms, lecture and entertainment. tian Commission of the North formed in room, gymnasium, including bowling-alley, New York, in November, 1861, sent 5,000 bath and dressing rooms, rooms for boys, Christian helpers to the field and the hos- kitchen, and janitor's den. Religious and pitals, and distributed over $5,000,000 in moral instruction, work in behalf of permoney and stores. Guided by the experi- sonal purity, temperance, etc., instruction ence gained at this period, the reorgan- in various branches of knowledge, pracized movement grew rapidly after the tical and theoretical, social gatherings, war on the following lines: The evangeli- entertainments and games, an employ YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION-THE 23D STREET BRANCH, NEW YORK CITY. YOUNG PEOPLE'S SOCIETY OF CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR-YUKON ment bureau, boarding-house register, savings fund, medical club, and visitation of the sick, are features. There are two well-equipped training-schools at Spring field, Mass., and Chicago, Ill. 5,075 associations in the world, 1,429 are Of the in North America. The total membership of these American associations is 228,568; they occupy 344 buildings of their own, valued at $19,847,930, and have a total net property of $19,341,272, including 656 libraries, containing 474,685 volumes. They employ 1,275 general secretaries and other salaried officials, and expended during the last fiscal year for current expenses-local, State, and inter national-$2,779,733. homelike rooms, boarding clubs, employment bureaus. Intellectual-libraries and reading-rooms, educational classes, lecture courses, concerts, library, musical, and es, evangelistic meetings, personal work, art clubs. Spiritual-Bible training classGospel meetings. The number of associations in the United States (associations connected with the American committee) is 431; total membership, 35,000. The International Association was formed in 1886. Mahoning county, O.; on the Mahoning Youngstown, a city and county seat of River; 67 miles southeast of Cleveland. It purchased from the Connecticut Land was settled by John Young, who, in 1800, Company the site of the present city and the township of the same name. The inChristian Asso- dustrial development of the city began ciations, societies devoted to the spirit- in 1845-46, when the second rolling-mill Young People's Society of Christian YOUNG PEOPLE'S SOCIETY OF. in the State was erected here as well as the first furnace. The principal industry to-day is the manufacture of iron. Population in 1900, 44,885. prising the States of Yucatan and CamYucatan, a peninsula of Mexico, compeche; area, Yucatan, 35,203 square miles; Campeche, 18,087; population in 1895, Yucatan, The peninsula was discovered by Francis 298,850; Campeche, 88,302. Hernandez Cordova, who, with three caravels and 110 men, sailed from Havana on Feb. 8, 1517. They first saw land at Cape Catoche, the eastern point of Yucatan, an Aztec name for the great peninsula. ual, mental, social, and physical develop ment of young women. The first young women's association was formed in London, England, in 1855. In the United States these associations grew out of the Ladies' Christian Union of New York, established in 1858, the first Young Women's Christian Association in this country being formed in Boston, Mass.. in 1866. In 1871 there were three young women's Christian associations and twenty-seven other women's associations. The associations since 1871 have held biennial conferences. There is a distinct organization of young women's Christian associations in the colleges, all sprung from the first association in the State Normal was driven off by the naked barbarians, He landed at several places, but University, Normal, Ill., in November, who used bows and arrows skilfully. Cor1872. The work in young women's Chris- dova was afterwards mortally wounded tian associations was at first modelled on by some of the natives north of Camthat of the young men's Christian asso- peche, who killed forty seven of the ciations, but it was found that women's Spanish intruders, allowing only one man needs required that it should be different. to escape. On his return from Yucatan, An important feature is the maintenance Cordova's vessel touched the coast of of boarding-homes for young Besides this, the associations in the large women. Florida. cities have gymnasiums, Yukian Indians, a North American classes, entertainments, lectures, employ- of its tribes, Yuki, and springing from educational family deriving its name from that of one The work of the associations among Yuki, Chumaia, Tatu or Hutchnom, AsWintun stock. The family comprises the women is fourfold: Physical-systemat hochimi or Wappo, and Napa tribes, all ic training in the gymnasium, health located in California. talks, holiday excursions, and outing ment bureaus, etc. clubs. Social-receptions and socials in the most remarkable streams on the con- tinent; rises in British North America, in to admit of the raising of grain, and the the mountains, about lat. 64° N., though only vegetables that can be raised sucits sources have never been explored and cannot be accurately placed. It flows in a northwesterly direction and receives the ICE-FLOES ON THE YUKON. waters of the Porcupine River, one of its largest tributaries, near the point where it crosses into Alaska, about lat. 66°. Thence it flows westward and southward to the native town of Nukyatmut, about 100 miles from the coast. Here the river makes a bend and flows in a northwesterly direction to the sea, discharging its waters into Norton Sound through several branches, forming a wide delta. The Yukon is more than 2,000 miles long, and is navigable for steamers 1,500 miles, or as far above Fort Yukon. In many places, in the latter part of its course, one bank of the river is invisible from the other, and 1,000 miles from its mouth is 20 miles wide. It has quite a rapid current, from 4 to 7 miles an hour. In winter the ice on this river averages 5 feet in thickness, and in places often freezes to a depth of 9 feet. cessfully are radishes, turnips, and lettuce. The whole Yukon Valley is well wooded, yielding a fine growth of firs, alders, poplars, birch, and spruce. Fishing, hunting, and cattle-raising are all occupations that could be profitably carried on in the Yukon Valley. The natives of Alaska are properly divided into two classes the Eskimos, living on the coast and adjacent islands, and the Indian tribes of the interior. Of the latter the CoYukon is the 'largest tribe, living in scattered groups of rude villages along the Yukon Valley. They are described as a race of fine physical development, being tall, erect, muscular, and very courageous. In the winter they shelter themselves from the severe weather in underground hovels. They are far from being civilized, being very ignorant and superstitious. They subsist by hunting, trapping, and fishing. See ALASKA; KLONDIKE. Yuman Indians, a North American family comprising the following tribes: Cochimi, Cocopa, Comeya, Diegueño, Havesupai, Maricopa, Mohave or Mojave, Yuwapai, Pericu, Seri or Ceri, Tonto, Waikuru, and Walapai or Hualapai. These tribes occupied the territory between northern Arizona and Lower California, together with a small tract in the western part of the Mexican state of Sonora. The Jesuits established missions among the The climate is comparatively mild near Indians in Lower California in the seventhe mouth of the river, but is much more teenth and eighteenth centuries. The missevere in the interior. The mean annual sion of San Diego, founded in 1767, was temperature in the territory drained by the the first in northern California. Two misriver is 25° Fahr., and the ground never sions were established near the present thaws-though the short summer is quite Fort Yuma in 1780, but were destroyed the hot-more than 2 or 3 feet below the sur- following year, when the missionaries were face. All along the Yukon River the killed by the Indians. In 1899 there were ground is fertile and rich crops of grass 707 Yumas at the mission, Tule River grow there. The summers are too short agency, in California; forty-two Yumas at the San Carlos agency, in Arizona; 2,383 Mehaves at the Colorado River agency, in Arizona; 340 Maricopas at the Pima agency, in Arizona; and 526 Mohaves at the San Carlos agency. Yung Wing, diplomatist; born in Nan Ping, China, Nov. 17, 1828; came to the United States in 1847; graduated at Yale College in 1854; was commissioned by the Chinese government in 1864 to buy machinery in the United States for what became the arsenal of Kiang Nan. In 1870 he made several propositions to the Chinese government, two of which were adoptedviz., to arrange a settlement of the massacre of Christians in Tientsin by establishing a line of steamers to carry tributerice, the outgrowth of which was the celebrated China Merchant Steam Navigation Company; and to provide for the education of Chinese youth in foreign countries, that intercourse with foreigners might be made easier. Under the last provision scores of young men were sent to the United States, and, under the charge of an educational ford, Conn., were prepared by a thorough commission with headquarters at Hart- course of study to take their places as YUNG WING. THE CHINESE COLLEGE AT HARTFORD, CONN. |