Heiberg It will be sufficient to say that he ranks among the German philosophers very high. His works, comprised in nineteen Svo volumes, were published at Berlin between the years 1832-45, and have been translated in part both into French and English. B. at Stuttgart, 1770; D. of cholera, at Berlin, 1831. HEIBERG, Johan Ludwig, hi-bairg, an eminent Danish metaphysician and comic dramatist, who, after receiving a good education, was undecided, at the age of 27, as to his choice of a profession; but the Danish government granted him a travelling pension; whereupon he went to London, and afterwards spent three years in Paris in the society of his father, who had been banished thither, and mixed in the best French society. On returning to his native country, he was made professor of the Danish language at the university of Kiel, in Holstein. After spending some years in this occupation, he commenced writing for the stage, and endeavoured to introduce among the Danes pieces written upon the model of the lightest French comedies. "King Solomon and the Hatter" was his first production, which met with the greatest success. "The Danes in Paris" succeeded; and in 1829 he was appointed royal dramatic poet and translator, and soon after married a lady, who, as Madam Heiberg, was accounted the most brilliant Danish actress of her time. Many other dramas, and some philosophical works, were next published by him. In 1827-28 he edited the "Copenhagen Flying Post," in which appeared the "Everyday Story," considered as one of the best Danish novels, and which was long thought to be his composition, but which has been ascertained to be the production of his mother. B. at Copenhagen, HEIDEGGER, John James, hi-deq'-ger, a native of Zurich, in Switzerland, who went to England in 1708, and by his address and ingenuity, became the leader of fashion among the English upper classes, and manager of the opera-house, by which means he contrived to gain £5,000 a year. He was an amiable and liberal man. B. about 1678; D. 1749. 1791. HEIDELBERG, hi-del-bairg, a city of Germany, on the Neckar, which is here crossed by a stone bridge, 10 miles from Mannheim. The chief buildings are the town-hall, hospitals, several churches, and the university. It consists principally of a long street, the other streets being narrow and gloomy. From the summit of the Königstuhl, a hill 2,000 feet high above the town, a view is obtained of the most charming German scenery. On the lower parts of this hill stands the castle, perhaps the most picturesque ruin in Europe, if we except the Alhambra of Spain. It was once the abode of the elector-palatine, and in its cellar is the famous Heidelberg tun, holding 800 hogsheads. Manf. Tobacco, wax tapers, saffron, leather, musical instruments, &c. There is a fishery, and a trade is carried on in corn, hops, fruit, and wine, Pop. 13,430.-This town has been besieged several times,-by Tilly in 1622; by Turenne i 1674. Helena my century." He embraced the Protestant faith in 1825, to prevent, he said, "M. de Rothschild's treating him with familiarity." He studied jurisprudence successively at Bonn, Berlin, and Göttingen, in which latter city he received the degree of Doctor of Laws, and while resident there, in 1824, made a tour in the Harz Mountains, an account of which he published at Hamburg. England, South Germany, and Italy, were next visited; and a description of these countries was written by him, and published under the title of "Reisebilder" (Pictures of Travel), between the years 1826-31, a French translation of which, by himself, under the title of "Impressions de Voyages," made him as celebrated in France as he already was in Germany. The brilliant wit, combined with the bold political addresses to the sovereigns of Germany and the whole of Europe, contained in this volume, established his fame. His "Book of Songs," published at Hamburg in 1827, placed him at the head of that political and literary section of his countrymen called "The Young German School," and, from its satirical humour, caused him so many enemies in Germany, that he withdrew to Paris, where he became, as much from temperament as from the natural bent of his genius, more a Frenchman than a German. During the last 25 years of his life, he continued to reside in the French capital, making only a few furtive visits to his native land. In 1847 he was attacked with paralysis, by which he lost the sight of one eye; and, in the following year, he had a second attack, which, although it left his mental faculties unimpaired, deprived him of the use of his other eye, and made him a cripple for life, besides subjecting him, at intervals, to intense bodily suffering. Though he was never again able to quit his chamber, he continued to embody in prose and verse the rich and fertile creations of his brain, by the aid of an amanuensis. A translation of his poems into French was made by Gerard de Nerval, under his superintendence, in 1855. In addition to the works we have quoted, he wrote many volumes of poetry, sketches, and satirical pieces. As a satirical wit, he is worthy to be classed with Cervantes, Swift, and Voltaire, while his poems are characterized by tenderness, originality, and rare beauty of versification. B. 1800; D. at Paris, 1856. HEINSIUS, Daniel, hine'-se-us, an eminent Dutch philologist and critic. He was made Greek professor at Leyden when he was but 18, and, afterwards, succeeded his master, Joseph Scaliger, in the professorship of politics and history. Besides annotating several of the classic authors, he wrote some excellent works in prose and verse. B. at Ghent, 1580; D. 1655. HEINSIUS, Nicholas, son of the preceding, was an eminent Latin poet, and editor of several editions of Virgil, Ovid, Claudian, and other classic authors. B. 1620; D. 1681. HELDER, hel-der, a town of N.Holland, on the North Sea, at the mouth of the Mars-diep, which separates it from the island of Texel. It is well fortified, and contains several churches, a synagogue, town-hall, and orphan hospital. Manf. Beer, leather, and gunpowder. Pop. 2,950. Near here was fought a naval battle between the English and Dutch, in which Van Tromp was killed. It was taken by the English, under AberBrewe, and was subsequently rendered a first-class fortress by Napoleon I. With Amsterdam it communicates by the famous Helder Canal. (See AMSTERDAM.) HEILBRONN, hile'-bron, a town of Wurtemberg, on the Neckar, 25 miles from Stuttgart. Its marketplace is large, and is adorned with fine fountains; it also has a handsome church, town-hall, palace, hospital, gymnasium, schools, and a shot-foundry. Manf. Car-crombie, in 1799, and was afterwards retaken by pets, woollens, silver-ware, white lead, oil, and paper. Pop. 8,477. HEILIGENSTADT, hi'-le-gen-stat, a town of Saxony, Prussia, on the Leine, at its junction with the Geirlade, 47 miles from Erfurt. It is surrounded by walls, and has a castle, churches, gymnasium, and academies. Manf. Ribbons and woollens; and it has a trade in corn and cattle. Pop. 5,240. HEIN, Peter, hine, an obscure sailor, who rose by his bravery to the command of the Dutch fleet, with which he defeated the Spaniards off the coast of Brazil, in 1626. He was slain in fighting with the French off Dunkirk, in 1629. When the news arrived, the States sent a deputation to condole with his mother on the melancholy occasion; but the old woman only replied, "Ah, I always said Peter was an unlucky dog, and would come to an untimely end." HELEN, hel-en, a Grecian princess, celebrated in the Greek mythology for her beauty, and for causing the siege of Troy, who selected Menelaus for her husband; but, during his absence from Sparta, she fled with the Trojan prince Paris, to Troy. The siege of Troy by the Greeks ensued, and was only terminated by the destruction of the city. Paris having been killed in the siege, she became the wife of Deiphobe, his brother; but, after the taking of the city, she betrayed him to the Greeks, and was conducted by Menelaus back to Sparta, which state she was forced to quit on his death, retiring to Rhodes, where she was put to death by Polyxo, wife of Tlepolemus, who had perished at the siege of Troy, HEINE, Heinrich, hine, a celebrated French-German poet, essayist, and satirist. He was born of HELENA, SAINT, he-le'-na, a lone island in the Atlantic Jewish parents, at Dusseldorf, on the 1st of January, Ocean, 800 miles from Ascension Isle, 1,200 from the 1800,"Which makes me," he wrote, "the first man of coast of S. Africa, and 2,000 from that of S. America. Helena Ext. and Cir. It is 10 miles long by 7 broad, and about 28 miles in circumference. Area, 47 square miles. Desc. This island presents to the sea, throughout its whole circuit, an immense wall of perpendicular rock, from 600 to 1,200 feet high. In exploring it, however, verdant valleys are found interspersed with the SAINT HELENA. Heliogabalus cules, in 292, he divorced Helena; but, on the accession of her son, she was recalled to court, and treated with the honours due to her rank. She visited the Holy Land, where she is said to have discovered the true cross. She founded several churches, and bestowed immense sums in charity. B. about 247; D. 327. HELEN'S, SAINT, hel-ens.-1. A town and chapelry of Lancashire, on a branch of the Mersey, 11 miles from Liverpool. It has rapidly risen from a mere village to be a populous town, and has a church, chapel, town-hall, markethouse, &c. Manf. Plate-glass, bottles, watch-movements, che micals, and earthenware. Pop. 14,866.-2. A parish at the E. extremity of the Isle of Wight, 8 miles from Newport. Its roadstead is the E. entrance to Spithead. Pop. 2,000.-3. One of the Scilly Islands, about a mile from Fresco. HELENSBURG, hell-cns-berg, a watering-place in Dumbartonshire, on the N. of the Firth of Clyde, opposite Greenock. The houses, which have gardens at tached to them, are not numerous, but they are comfortably and pleasingly built, and are occupied in the summer season by the Glasgow citizens, of whom Helensburg is a favourite resort. Pop. 2,841. HELICON, or ZAGORA, hell-i-kon, a mountain of Boeotia, Greece, celebrated in the songs of many Greek poets. It is composed of a series of peaks, deep ravines, and beautiful valleys, whilst its vegetation is luxuriant. Height, 4,963 feet. HELIER'S, SAINT, hell-yers, a parish, and the capital of the island of Jersey, situate on its S. coast, and on the E. side of St. Aubin's Bay. The town was formerly an insignificant village, but now consists of several streets diverging from a square, on one side of which is the court-house, and, not far from it, the governmenthouse. It has a parish church, workhouse, public hospital, prison, theatre, and a public library. It is defended by a fine citadel, called Fort Regent, which overlooks the inner harbour, and was built at a cost of about £800,000. A strong fortress, called Elizabeth Castle, stands on a rocky island in St. Aubin's Bay, of which it defends the entrance. Manf. Shipbuilding, stone-works; and it has a fine harbour, commodious quays and docks, and carries on a large trade both with England and France. Pop. about 30,000, including soldiers. Lat. 49° 11' N. Lon. 2° 6' W. (See JERSEY.) dreary rocks, of which the culminating point is called Diana's Peak, situate nearly in the centre of the island, and attaining a height of 2,700 feet. There are other rocks and hills thrown together in the wildest confusion; and the rugged surface presents a number of fantastic peaks, the most remarkable of which are two basaltic columns, 160 and 197 feet high respectively. The principal opening is St. James's, or Chapel Bay, and here the town of St. James is built. There are three other openings, all of which are strongly fortified. Climate. Heavy and moist, but not liable to the extremes of heat or cold. It is visited by strong gusts of wind, but is exempt from thunder and lightning, storms and hurricanes. The sky, in consequence of the superabundance of moisture, is often clouded; and only about one day in three is supposed to be illumined by sunshine. Pro. Of the small portion of ground fit for cultivation, a part is exceedingly fertile. Potatoes are the principal object of culture, and have, in fourteen years, produced, on an average, more than two crops in the year. At its first discovery, the island presented an immense forest, its chief indigenous trees being ebony, redwood, and gum-wood. About 1720, the plain was nearly stripped of trees, and, in their place, there began, in a few years, to spring up a species of wire-grass, which covered the ground with excellent pasture. After that time, the rearing of sheep and goats became the principal object of agricultural industry. Pop. about 6,000, of whom half are whites. Lat. 15° 55' S. Lon. 5° 44′ W.- Saint Helena was discovered by the Portuguese in 1502, and belonged to the Dutch from 1610 to 1650, when it fell into the hands of the British. It derives its principal importance from its being on the direct route from the E. Indies to Europe, and is, consequently, a valuable possession for England. Its chief celebrity, however, is due to its having been selected for the place of exile for Napoleon I. by the allied powers. Here he lived at Longwood, from HELIOGABALUS, M. Aurelius Antonius, he'-le-o-gabNovember, 1815, till his death, in 1821. His remains a-lus, a Roman emperor, so called because he had been lay here, also, till 1840, when, by the permission of a priest of the sun. He was, at the age of 14, chosen the English government, they were conveyed to France. An island of N. America, on the coast of S. Carolina. HELIGOLAND, hel-e-go-land', a small island in the North Sea, situate about 8 miles from the mouths of the Elbe and the Weser. It consists of a rock about 200 feet high, and on the summit of which is a low plain, with a village and lighthouse. It has two good harbours, and near it is a roadstead, where vessels may anchor in 48 feet of water. The encroachments of the sea have led some observers to fear that the island will entirely disappear. Pop. 2,230, subsisting chiefly by fishing and acting as pilots.-It was taken from the Danes by the British, in 1807, and became a depôt for merchandise intended to be smuggled into the continent during Napoleon's continental blockage. At the peace of 1814, it was retained by this country, and is of importance as an outpost of England in war time. The Germans have visited it of late years as a watering. place. emperor, after the death of Macrinus, and associated with himself in the government his grandmother Mosa, and his mother Sæmias, and chose a senate of women, over whom the latter presided. He afterwards fell into every kind of cruelty and debauchery, raised his horse to the consular dignity, and caused divine honours to be paid to himself. He was assassinated HELENA, St., a native of Bithynia, of obscure origin, but of an accomplished mind and handsome person. She became the wife of Constantine Chlorus, and was the mother of the emperor Constantine. When her husband espoused the daughter of Maximilian-Her- in 222. Hell HELL, Maximilian, hel, an eminent German Jesuit, who, at twenty-five years of age, was engaged as an assistant in the Jesuits' observatory at Vienna. In 1751 he was made professor of mathematics in Transylvania; but, after some years, he returned to Vienna, and there became head of an observatory, erected after his own designs. He left Vienna for Lapland Helvoetsluys in the Intervals of Business." "Catherine Douglas,' a tragedy, and" King Henry the Second," an historical drama, followed, in 1813. Two short works on "The Claims of Labour," and on "The Means of Improving the Health, &c., of the Labouring Classes," were his next productions. "Friends in Council," a work which has been extensively read, was published by him in in 1768 to observe the transit of Venus across the sun's 1845. 66 Companions of my Solitude," a sequel to the dise. His observation was conducted under very favour- former, appeared in 1851, and, like its predecessor, able atmospheric conditions, and his report of the was universally admired. He published all these works phenomena was so accurate and complete, that astro-anonymously; but it was well known in literary circles nomical science was greatly advanced by it. His report also contained some valuable information relating to the natural history, the geography, and meteorology of Lapland. He wrote many excellent mathematical and astronomical works, as well as editing the astronomical observations made by the Jesuits at Pekin, between the years 1717 and 1752. B. in Hungary, 1720; D. at Vienna, 1792. HELLADA, hel-la-da, a river of Greece, which, after a course of 50 miles, enters the Gulf of Zeitoun. HELLANICUS, hel-lin'-i-kus, an early Greek prose writer, who wrote a "History of Argos," and other works which have been quoted by ancient authors. B. at Mitylene, 496 B.C.; D. 411 B.C. HELLAS, hel-las, a name for Greece. (See GREECE.) HELLESPONT. (See DARDANELLES.) HELLIN, hel-leen, a town of Murcia, Spain, 35 miles from Albacete. It is built on a height, irregularly but substantially, and has an elegant church, the ruins of an ancient castle, and mineral baths. Manf. Hats, woollens, and linens. Pop. 9,814. HELLORO, hel-lor-o, the ancient Othrys, a range of mountains to the N. of Greece, being a spur of the Pindus. Height, 5,570 feet. HELLOT, John, hel-lo, a French chemist, who was a member of the Academy of Sciences of Paris, and of the Royal Society at London. He wrote some treatises on dyeing, and several dissertations in "The Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences;" besides other chemical works of merit. He also conducted, for many years, the "Gazette de France." D. 1766. HELL'S SKERRIES, hels sker-res, a cluster of small islands belonging to the Hebrides, 10 miles from Ouin, with an extremely rapid current running between them. HELME, helm, a river of Thuringia, Saxony, rising in the Harz mountains, and, after a course of 45 miles, falling into the Unstrut, near Artern.. HELMERS, Jan Fredirik, hell-mers, a Dutch poet, chiefly remarkable for his hyperbolical laudation of his native country. After stating that the Dutch nation left every other immeasurably behind in morality, heroism, science, and the fine arts, he makes a comparison between Vondel, a Dutch poet, and Shakspere, to the disadvantage of the latter, who is pronounced to be "barbarous." B. at Amsterdam, 1767; D. 1813. HELMONT, hel-mawng a town of North Brabant, Netherlands, on the Aa, 21 miles from Bois-le-Duc. Manf. Linen-weaving, &c. Pop. 1,900. HELMSDALE, helms'-dail, a river of Sutherlandshire, which falls into the German Ocean 3 miles from Ordof-Caithness; and, at its mouth, is a village of the same name, with a good harbour, and having productive herring and salmon fisheries. HELMSLEY, helms'-le, a parish and picturesque town of Yorkshire, near the Rye, 12 miles from Thirsk. It Iras a church and the ruins of an ancient castle. Manf. Cotton and linen. Pop. 3,483.-In the vicinity are the remains of Rivaulx Abbey. HELMSTADT, helm'-stat, a town of the duchy of Brunswick, 21 miles from Brunswick. It has churches, hospitals, gymnasium, and the buildings of a university, suppressed in 1809. Manf. Soap, alum, vitriol, chicory, and tobacco-pipes. Pop. 6,400. HELMUND, hel-moond', a river of Afghanistan, which rises 35 miles from Cabul, at a height of 11,500 feet, and enters the lake Hamoon by several mouths, after a course of 650 miles. Its banks are fertile, and discover traces of ancient cultivation, but a barren waste is exhibited by the inland country. HELOISE. (See ABELARD.) HELPS, Arthur, helps, a distinguished living English essayist and historian. His first work was published anonymously, in 1841, under the title of "Essays written that he was the author of them. After having graduated B.A. at Cambridge, in 1835, he entered one of the chief departments of the civil service; but, after some years, retired to his patrimonial estate near Bishop's Waltham, in Hampshire, intending to enjoy a learned and philosophical ease. Since his retirement, he has published his greatest work,-"The Spanish Conquest in America, and its Relations to the History of Slavery," upon the title-page of which he has placed his name. This work is an elaborate amplification of one formerly published,-"The Conquerors of the New World and their Bondsmen," and is an admirable contribution to English literature. He is distinguished as an essayist, by his pure, calm, and graceful style,-rare qualities in this kind of literary effort in the present day. B. about 1817. HELSINGBORG, hell-sing-borg, a seaport of Sweden, on the Sound, opposite Elsinore, 33 miles from Malmo. It is well built, has a good harbour, and a large trade. Manf. Earthenware and iron goods. Pop. 2,850.-The width of the Sound is about 3 miles, and here is the principal ferry from Sweden to Denmark. At this place the Swedes, in 1709, obtained a victory over the Danes. HELSINGFORS, hell-sing-fors, the seaport capital of Finland, on a peninsula in the Gulf of Finland, 100 miles from Abo. It has a good harbour, wherein can lie line-of-battle ships, and it is defended by the almost impregnable citadel of Sweaborg, standing on a number of rocky islands. The town is regularly built, and possesses a university, brought here from Abo in 1827, a library of 80,000 volumes, also brought from Abo; a museum, observatory, statehouse, churches, and bota nical gardens. Manf. Sailcloth and linen; and it carries on a trade in corn, timber, &c. Pop. 16,000. Lat. 60° 11' N. Lon. 24° 57' E.-This town was founded by Gustavus I., and was burnt in 1741, during the war between Sweden and Russia. In 1855, Sweaborg was bombarded for two days by the allied English and French fleets, when considerable damage was done to the interior defences of the place. HELSINGLAND, hell-sing-land, a former province of Sweden, now included in Gefleborg, HELSTONE, hel'-stone, a parish, borough, and town of Cornwall, picturesquely situate near the mouth of the Love, 9 miles from Falmouth. It is neatly built, and has a handsome guildhall, several churches and chapels, a good harbour, and carries on a considerable trade in exporting tin, copper, and shoes, and importing iron, coal, and timber for the use of the surrounding mining district. Pop. 7,328.-The ancient May games, or Floralia, are still continued here, and on the 8th of May a universal holiday prevails, and floral pro cessions and dances are held. HELVELLYN, hel-vel'-lin, one of the highest mountains in England, on the borders of Westmoreland and Cumberland. Height, 3,313 feet.-The ascent is not difficult, and, from the summit, a magnificent view is obtained of the beautiful lake district. HELVETIUS, Claude Adrien, hel-ve'-she-us, in 1758, produced his celebrated work entitled, "De l'Esprit," which for its atheistical principles, was condemned by the parliament of Paris. On this he went to England, and thence to Prussia, where he was well received by Frederick the Great. On his return to France, he led a retired life, and wrote "Le Bonheur," a poem, and a philosophical work on "Man," of the same nature as his first performance. B. at Paris in 1715; D. there, 1771. HELVOETSLUYS, hel-vet-sloos', a fortified town of Holland, on the S. shore of the island of Voorn. It is well built, and has an excellent harbour, much used by the Dutch navy. It possesses also extensive magazines and dockyards for the construction and repair of ships " of war; also a government naval school. Steamers he performed with great applause. His fame increased; sail regularly hence to English ports. Pop. 2,843.-At but it was not till 1777 that he made his appearance this port the Prince of Orange, afterwards William III., on the London stage, when he was engaged by Mr. E embarked for England in 1688. It was taken by the Colman, at the Haymarket theatre, and made his first French in 1795, and evacuated by them in 1813. appearance in Shylock. After this he distinguished / HEMANS, Mrs. Felicia Dorothea, he'-mans, a dis- himself as a most excellent representative of Falstaff, tinguished English poetess, was the daughter of Mr. Richard III., and other strong characters, which he Browne, who, dying while she was quite young, left her personated with unbounded applause at Drury Lane, with her mother, an inmate of a solitary old mansion and at different provincial theatres. B. in London, in North Wales. She commenced writing verses when 1747; D. 1785. but nine years of age, and printed a volume of poems, called "Early Blossoms,' before she was fifteen. In 1812 she was married to Captain Hemans, of the 4th regiment, whose health had, however, become so shattered by his service in the Peninsular war, and in the ill-fated Walcheren expedition, that, in a few years, he was compelled to leave his young wife and five sons for Italy, with a view to its recovery. Shortly after arriving there he died. Strongly imbued with a love of poetry and literature, she studied Latin, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and German; made translations from Horace, Herrera, and Camoens, and wrote a series of articles on foreign literature for the "Edinburgh Magazine." She published "The Restoration of the Works of Art to Italy," in 1815; "Tales and Historic Scenes," in 1819; and obtained the prize from the Royal Society of Literature, for her poem of "Dartmoor" in 1821. Becoming acquainted with Bishop Heber, she wrote, at his suggestion, the "Vespers of Palermo," a drama, which was produced at Covent Garden theatre in 1823, when it was unsuccessful, but was afterwards more popular at the Edinburgh theatre, upon which occasion Sir Walter Scott wrote an epilogue for it. In 1825 she contributed her "Lays of Many Lands" to the "New Monthly Magazine," then edited by the poet Thomas Campbell. "The Forest Sanctuary," and "The Records of Women," followed. The "Songs of the Affections" were published in 1830. In the spring of 1831, her health being very weak, she changed her residence to Dublin, where, while preparing a collected edition of her poems, she died. B. at Liverpool, 1794; D. 1835. HEMEL HEMPSTEAD hem'-el hem'-sted, a parish and town in Hertfordshire, 23 miles from London. It is well built, on a pleasant site, and has an old Norman church, chapels, workhouse, infirmary, and various schools. Manf. Straw-plaiting and paper-making. Pop. 7,268. HEMINGBOROUGH, hem'-ing-bro', a parish of Yorkshire, 4 miles from Selby, possessing a very handsome church. Pop. 1,953. HEMINGFORD, Walter de, hem'-ing-ford, canon of Austin priory, Yorkshire, an English chronicler of the 14th century, whose history extends from the Norman conquest to the reign of Edward II. D. 1347. HEMPSTEAD, hem'-sted, a parish of Essex, 5 miles from Thaxsted, noted for the fine timber in its vicinity. It has a very ancient hall, and, in its churchyard, lies Dr. Harvey, the celebrated discoverer of the circulation of the blood. Pop. 900.-There are other small parishes of this name in England. HEMPSTEAD, a township of New York, U.S., 70 miles from Albany. Here is Rockaway Beach, on the Atlantic, with a heath of 15,000 acres lying behind it. It is much frequented by the Americans for the purposes of sea-bathing. Pop. 10,000. HEMSKERCK, Martin Van, hems'-kerk, a Dutch painter, surnamed the "Raffaelle of Holland." He was the son of a mason, who brought him up to the same trade, but evincing a talent for design, he left his father's house and travelled to Italy. On his return he enriched his native country with his productions, most of which were destroyed by fire on the taking of Haarlem by the Spaniards in 1572. B, at Hemskerck, 1498; D. 1574. HENBURY, hen'-ber-e, a parish of Gloucestershire, 4 miles from Bristol. Pop. 2,525. HENDERSON, John, hen'-der-son, a celebrated English actor, who, evincing in his youth a taste for drawing, was placed under Mr. Fournier, an artist of ability, but of an eccentric character, with whom he did not continue long. He next lived with a silversmith, on whose death he devoted himself to theatrical studies. His first appearance was in 1772, at Bath, under the name of Courtney, in the character of Hamlet, which HENDERSON, Thomas, an eminent Scottish astronomer, who, after completing his education as an attorney, became secretary to Lord-Advocate Jeffrey, in whose service he remained till 1831. For several years previously, he had been an earnest student of astronomy; and, although his health was delicate and his eyes weak, he continued to make himself so proficient therein, that he became the correspondent of Dr. Thomas Young, whom he assisted in the calcula tions for the "Nautical Almanack." On the death of Dr. Young, a paper was left by him. informing the Admiralty that Mr. Henderson was the most proper person to fill the post left vacant; but though the Admiralty did not act upon this suggestion, it appointed him to the charge of the obser vatory at the Cape of Good Hope in April, 1832. While thus engaged, he communicated upwards of seventy papers of the greatest value to different scientific publications. In 1834 he was made astronomer royal for Scotland, and, while fulfilling the duties of his office, he voluntarily imposed upon himself the task of reducing to order the mass of observations he had brought home from the Cape. His writings and his observations have caused him to be reckoned among the best of modern astronomers. B. at Dundee, 1798; D. at Edinburgh, 1814. HENDERSON, the name of several counties and townships in the United States. HENDON, hen'-don, a parish of Middlesex, 9 miles from London, in the vicinity of which are many handsome mansions. Pop. 4,000. HENGIST, hen'-jist, the first Saxon king of Kent, towards the end of the 5th century, was a descendant of Woden, whom the Saxons deified. Hengist and les brother Horsa, being called in by Vortigern, king of the Britons, to assist him in expelling the Picts, took with him his daughter Rowena, with whom Vortigern became enamoured, and married her. Hengist then obtained the kingdom of Kent, one of the seven of the Saxon heptarchy, and in which were included Kent, Middlesex, Essex, and Surrey. D. 489. HENG-KIANG, heng-ke'-ang, a river of China, a large affluent of the Yang-tse-kiang, which, in its course of 300 miles, has several large cities on its banks. HENLEY, Rev. John, hen'-le, commonly called "the Orator," was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, after which he entered into holy orders, and became a preacher in London; but, disappointed in obtaining preferment, he commenced lecturing, not only on theology, but on politics, &c., on Sunday evenings, near Lincoln's-Inn Fields. Pope satirized, and Hogarth caricatured him. He published a translation of Pliny's "Epistles," and other works. B. 1692; D. 1756. HENLEY-IN-ARDEN, a town of Warwickshire, at the confluence of the Arrow and Alne, 8 miles from Warwick. It is situate in the district which formed the ancient forest of Arden, and contains an antique church, with many old houses and the remains of an ancient market-cross. Manf. Needles and nails. Pop. 1,223. HENLEY-ON-THAMES, a town of Oxfordshire, on the Thames, here crossed by a handsome bridge, 35 miles from London. The richly-wooded Chiltern Hills rise above the town, which consists of two main streets, and has a fine church, town-hall, market-house, and a valuable library and theatre. It carries on a consider able trade in corn, malt, and timber, and is much visited by the lovers of the sport of fishing. 4,000. Pop. HENLOPEN, CAPE, is at the S.W. point of the entrance of Delaware Bay, 17 miles from Cape May, which forms the N.E. point. Lat. 36° 47' N. Lon. 75° W. HENNEBON, hen'-bawng, a town in the department of Henrico Morbihan, France, on the Blavet, 5 miles from L'Orient. Pop. 4,729. This was formerly a very strong place, and Charles de Blois, in 1342, unsuccessfully besieged it, when defended by the countess de Montfort. HENRICO, hen'-ri-co, a county of Virginia, U.S. Pop. 33,076, nearly half of whom are slaves. HENRIETTA OF FRANCE, hen-ri-et-ta, wife of Charles I., king of England, was daughter of Henry IV. and Marie de Medici. During the struggle between the king and the people, in 1644, she was forced to fly to France. On the death of Charles, in 1649, she retired into a Convent which she had founded at Chaillot, where she died in 1669, Bossuet pronouncing her funeral oration. B. at Paris, 1609. SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. HENRY I., hen'-re, king of England, surnamed, for his learning, Beauclerc, or the scholar, was the youngest son of William the Conqueror, and was the first monarch of the Norman line who was English by birth. He succeeded his brother Rufus in 1100, at which time his brother Robert was in Normandy. Robert soon after invaded the kingdom, but agreed with Henry, for a yearly tribute, to renounce is right. The two brothers again resorted to arms, and Henry invaded Normandy, deposed Robert, and brought him prisoner to England, where he died in Cardiff Castle. Though the personal character of Henry was cruel and licentious, his reign was marked by some substantial benefits conferred on the English people. He restored the university of Cambridge, forgave all debts owing to the crown prior to his accession; reformed the court, and conquered Wales; abolished the curfew-bell, established a standard for weights and measures, and signed the charter which proved the origin of the English liberties. B. at Selby, Yorkshire, 1065; D. at Rouen, 1135. HENRY II., eldest son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, so named from planta genista, Latin for a sprig of broom, which he wore in his cap, and Maud, empress of Germany, succeeded Stephen as king of England, in 1154. He added the provinces of Anjou, Touraine, Maine, Poitou, Saintonge, Guienne, and Gascony, to the English crown. His reign was troubled by disputes between him and Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, who being murdered in 1171, the pope obliged the king to undergo penance for it at Becket's tomb at Canterbury. In 1170 he caused his eldest son Henry to be crowned king of England; in 1172 he conquered Ireland, and, in the following year, his sons, instigated by their mother, rebelled against him, on account of his attachment to the Fair Rosamond. The kings of France and Scotland gave them assistance; but peace was concluded between all parties in the following year. In 1182 his son Henry died, in his 20th year. Richard, his third son, revolted against his father, and was supported by the king of France. Henry, being defeated in Normandy, was obliged to submit to disgraceful terms. B. at Le Mans, Normandy, 1133; D. at Chinon, France, 1189. HENRY III. succeeded his father, John, in 1216, when only 10 years of age. When he reached the age cf 16, he was declared of age; but his feeble character caused him to relinquish Normandy, Anjou, Poitou, Touraine, and Maine to the king of France. A civil war broke out in England, and he was taken prisoner by the barons, after a severe battle at Lewes, in Sussex. The tide of affairs turned in his favour after the battle of Evesham, in which the barons were totally defeated, chiefly through the brilliant skill and courage of his son Edward; whereupon he deprived several of these lords of their estates, and gave them to his friends. He cancelled the Great Charter, and suffered the pope to appoint an archbishop of Canterbury, and to collect tithes in England. B. at Winchester, 1206; D. at Westminster, 1272. HENRY IV., eldest son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, and third son of Edward III., after some time spent in exile at Paris, invaded England at the head of a few followers, deposed his cousin, Richard II., and seized the throne, in 1399. This usurpation gave rise to the civil war between the houses of York and Lancaster, which broke out under the sway of Henry VI. After a short reign of only fourteen years, he died, filled with remorse for many of his unscrupulous deeds Henry while king. B. at Bolingbroke, Lincolnshire, 1366 D. 1413. HENRY V., surnamed Monmouth, from the place of his birth, was eldest son of Henry IV., and was edu cated at Oxford, under the guidance of his half-uncle. Cardinal Henry Beaufort. On commencing his reign. in 1413, he displayed many noble traits, although, ir his youth, he had been very irregular; but, on coming to the crown, he discarded his evil companions, and conducted himself with a dignity becoming his station. Having formed the project of conquering France, he left his kingdom in the hands of a regency, and invaded that country, where he displayed uncommon courage. With 15,000 men he gained the battle of Agincourt, though the French amounted to 52,000. He then returned to England; but, three years afterwards, went again to France, where he married Catharine, the daughter of the French king. He was a brave and energetic monarch, and the most popular ruler that had hitherto sat upon the throne of England, not a single instance of insurrection or discontent being manifested throughout his reign. B. at Monmouth, 1388; D. at Vincennes, 1422. HENRY VI., the only son of the above, was but ten months old at the death of his father, and was proclaimed king on the day after that event. His grandfather Charles, king of France, died soon after, and the duke of Orleans, encouraged by the minority of Henry, assumed the title of king, by the name of Charles VII. This renewed the war between England and France, and the English, for a while, were successful. Henry was crowned at Paris, and the great duke of Bedford, his guardian, obtained several important victories. But the raising of the siege of Orleans by Joan of Arc gave a new turn to affairs, and the English power declined, and was, in the end, quite subverted. The death of the duke of Bedford was a fatal blow to the cause of Henry; and, to add to his misfortunes, the York party in England grew strong, and involved the country in a civil war. They adopted the white rose as their badge of distinction, and the Lancastrians the red. Hence the title given to the struggle,-" the War of the Roses." After various contests, the king was defeated and taken prisoner. However, his wife, Margaret of Anjou, carried on the war with spirit, and for some time, with considerable success. Richard, duke of York, was slain at Wakefield, and Henry recovered his liberty; but Edward, earl of March, son of Richard, laid claim to the crown, and routed the queen's forces at Ludlow, but was himself afterwards defeated at St. Alban's. At length the York party prevailed, and Henry was sent to the Tower, where, it is believed, he was slain by Richard, duke of Gloucester. B. at Windsor, 1421; found dead in the Tower, 1471. HENRY VII. was the son of Edmund, earl of Richmond, and of Margaret, of the house of Lancaster. By the assistance of the duke of Brittany, he landed in Wales with some troops, and laid claim to the crown in 1485. The people, disgusted at the cruelties of Richard III., joined him in such numbers that he was enabled to give the usurper battle at Bosworth Field, where Richard was slain, and Henry crowned on the spot. He united the houses of York and Lancaster by marrying Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV. His reign met with little disturbance, except from two impostors, set up by Lady Margaret, sister to Edward IV. One was a joiner's son, called Lambert Simnel, whe personated Richard, duke of York, who had been murdered by the duke of Gloucester in the Tower. On being taken prisoner, Henry made him a turnspit in his kitchen. The other was Perkin Warbeck, whe pretended to be Edward V.; but he was soon taken, and hanged at Tyburn. Henry reigned 24 years, and greatly increased trade and commerce; but his avarice was excessive. B. at Pembroke Castle, 1456; D. at Richmond, 1509. Buried in Henry the Seventh's chapel, built by him in Westminster Abbey. HENRY VIII. succeeded his father, the preceding monarch, at the age of 19. The first years of his reign were very popular, owing to his great generosity; but at length his conduct grew capricious and arbitrary. The emperor Maximilian and Pope Julius II., having leagued against France, persuaded Henry to join them, and he, in consequence, invaded that kingdom, where he made some conquests. About the |