Ghent navigable canals, divide the town into no less than 26 islands, which are joined together by 309 small wooden bridges. The circuit of the walls within which the town is inclosed, is about eight miles, entered by seven gates. A large proportion, however, of this space is occupied, not by buildings, but by gardens, orchards, GHENT. Ghuzel-Hissar partment Scheldt. In 1814 a treaty between the taken, and his whole fleet de- GHILAN, ge-lan', a beautiful GHIR, or GHER, CAPE, gir, a headland in Morocco, 62 miles from Mogadore. Lat. 30° 37' 30" N. Lon. 9° 52′ 30′′ W. GHIZEH, gi-ze(r), a town of Egypt, on the W. bank of the Nile, 3 miles from Cairo. Near here is the great pyramid, covering 13 acres, and having a height of 460 feet. and corn-fields, as well as by the canals and rivers. | vince was ceded to Russia in 1723, but not formally GHIZNI, or GHUZNEE, giz'-ne, a fortified city of Affghanistan, built on a hill at the extremity of a mountain-range 7,720 feet high, and 80 miles from Cabul. It was the capital of a powerful empire of the same name. It is called the second Medina, from the great number of illustrious persons who have been interred there. Pop. Probably 8,000. Lat. 33° 34' N. Lon. 68° 18' E. -The old town of Ghuznee was destroyed in the 12th century, and the modern one stands on a site about 3 miles from the ruins of the other. It was stormed and taken by the British under Lord Keane in 1839. In 1842 its garrison gave it up to the Affghans, from whom, in the same year, it was retaken by the forces under General Nott. GHIZNI, or GHUZNEE RIVER, rises about 10 miles from the above town, and after a course of 60 miles falls into a lake called Ab-istada. GHOGRA, or GOGRA, go'-gra, a river of India and a tributary of the Ganges. It rises in lat. 30° 28' N., lon. 80° 40' E., at a height of nearly 18,000 feet above the level of the sea, and joins the Ganges in lat. 25° 46' N., lon. 84° 40' E. Total length, 600 miles. GHORE, gor, a town and independent district in Affghanistan, 115 miles from Herat. It was the original possession of Mahmoud of Ghore, who, in the 12th century, founded the Affghan dynasty. GHUZEL-HISSAR, goo'-zel his'-sar, a town of Anatolia, R Giant's Causeway Asia Minor, 55 miles from Smyrna. Pop. Unascertained, but considerable. GIANT'S CAUSEWAY, a remarkable natural promontory of basaltic rock, running out into the sea, on the N. coast of Antrim, Ireland, about 122 miles from Dublin. Lat. 55° 20′ N. Lon. 6° 50′ W. GIARRETTA, or SIMETO, je-ar-ret'-ta, a river of Italy, which, with its affluents, waters the plain of Catania and the country W. of Mount Etna. It rises in the mountains, about 15 miles S.E. of Caronia, and, after a course of 50 miles, falls into the Mediterranean, 6 miles from Catania. GIAT, je'-a, a town and parish of France, 30 miles from Riom. Pop. 2,300. GIAVENNO, je-a-ven'-no, a town of Piedmont, at the foot of the Cottian Alps, 16 miles from Turin. Manf. Linen, leather, and silk. Pop. 9,000. GIBBON, Edward, gib'-bon, one of the most distinguished of English historians, was descended from an ancient family of Kent. He was first placed at a private school at Kingston, and next at Westminster school, whence he was removed to Magdalen College, Oxford. While there, he read books of controversial divinity, particularly those between the Papists and Protestants, and conceived that the truth lay on the side of the Romanists. Accordingly, in 1753, he renounced heresy at the feet of a Roman Catholic priest in London. His father was greatly concerned at this, and to reclaim him sent him to Lausanne, in Switzerland, under the care of Mr. Pavilliard, a Calvinist minister, by whose instructions he was convinced of the errors of the Romish church, and on the Christmas-day of 1754, just eighteen months after his conversion to Romanism, received the sacrament according to the Reformed communion. While at Lausanne he pursued his classical studies with ardour, labouring to acquire, at least, a creditable acquaintance with the Greek, Latin, and French languages. He here fell in love with the daughter of a minister, a charming creature, called Susan Carchod, but was dissuaded from entering into the married state by the force of paternal remonstrance; and he lived single the remainder of his life. The lady afterwards became the wife of the famous Necker and the mother of Madame de Staël. In 1758 he returned to England, where he began to collect a noble library; and in 1761 published, in French, a small volume entitled "Essai sur l'Etude de la Littérature." This production was not much noticed in England at the time; but he says in his "Autobiography," "The publication of my history, fifteen years afterwards, revived the memory of my first production, and the essay was eagerly sought for in the shops; but I refused the permission of reprinting it, and when a copy has been discovered at a sale, the primitive value of 28. 6d. has risen to the fanciful price of 20 or 30 shillings." He was, at this time, a captain in the Hampshire militia, which he resigned at the peace of 1763, when he visited Paris, and thence went again to Lausanne. He next travelled into Italy; and, while sitting amid the ruins of the Capitol at Rome, conceived the idea of writing the decline and fall of that mighty empire. In 1767 he assisted M. Deyverdun in writing the "Mémoires Littéraires de la Grande Bretagne.' Of these memoirs he says, "I will presume to say that their merit was superior to their reputation; but it is not less true that they were productive of more reputation than emolument." In 1770, he published in English a pamphlet, entitled "Critical Observations on the Sixth Book of the Eneid;" the design of which was to refute Bishop Warburton's hypothesis on the descent of Æneas. The same year, by the death of his father, he came into the possession of the family estate; but it was much involved. In 1774 he was returned to parliament for Liskeard; but though he sat eight years, he never distinguished himself as a speaker, always giving a silent vote for the minister. In 1776 appeared the first volume of his great work, the "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," which was afterwards extended to six volumes 4to. "It was at Rome," he tells us, "on the 15th October, 1764, as I sat musing amidst the ruins of the Capitol, while the barefooted friars were singing vespers in the temple of Jupiter, that the idea of writing the decline and fall of the city first started to my mind." Splendid, however, Gibraltar as is this history, it must be observed that its author opened a masked battery against Christianity in several places, but especially in two chapters of the first volume, on the growth and progress of that religion. Several writers attacked the historian, to one of whom only, Mr. Davis, who had charged the author with want of fidelity, Mr. Gibbon vouchsafed a reply. He was employed by ministers in writing a memoir in justification of this country's going to war with France, for the part taken by that court in the American contest. This piece was written in French, and was greatly admired. For this he obtained a seat at the Board of Trade, which he lost on the abolition of that board by Mr. Burke's bill. In 1783 he returned once more to Lausanne, where he employed himself in completing his history. When he had concluded a work so grand in its subject, and so majestic in its treatment, he thus beautifully describes his emotions:-"It was on the day, or rather night, of the 27th of June, 1787, between the hours of eleven and twelve, that I wrote the last lines of the last page in a summer-house in my garden. After laying down my pen, I took several turns in a bureau, or covered walk of acacias, which commands a prospect of the country, the lake, and the mountains. The air was temperate, the sky was serene, the silver orb of the moon was reflected from the waters, and all nature was silent. I will not dissemble the first emotions of joy on the recovery of my freedom, and, perhaps, the establishment of my fame. But my pride was soon humbled, and a sober melancholy was spread over my mind by the idea that I had taken an everlasting leave of an old and agreeable companion, and that, whatsoever might be the future fate of my history, the life of the historian must be short and precarious.' The French revolution now began to disturb the neighbouring states, and Mr. Gibbon returned to England, and died in London, 1794. Putney, 1737. After his death appeared his posthumous works, with his memoirs, written by himself, and finished by his friend Lord Sheffield, 2 vols. 4to. B. at He GIBBONS, Grinling, an eminent English carver in wood, was the son of a Dutchman who settled in England. Grinling was appointed by Charles II. to a place under the Board of Works, and he was employed in ornamenting several of the royal palaces. carved the foliage in the chapel at Windsor, the choir of St. Paul's Cathedral, and the admirable font in St. James's Church, Westminster. There is some of his carving in St. James's Church, Piccadilly; but his principal performance is said to be at Petworth. D. 1721. GIBBONS, Orlando, an eminent English musician, who became organist of the Chapel Royal at the age of 21; and, in 1622, was created doctor of music by the university of Oxford. B. at Cambridge, 1583; D. at Canterbury, 1625.-He was the best church music composer of his time, and also published madrigals. His two brothers and son were likewise good musicians. GIBBS, James, gibs, a Scotch architect, who designed the churches of St. Martin's and St. Mary le Strand, London; the senate-house, and the improvements of King's College, Cambridge, and other works. B. at Aberdeen, 1683; D. 1754. GIBEON, gib'-e-on, a hill,' a city allotted to Judah. GIBRALTAR, jib-ral'-tar, a fortified seaport-town and garrison, occupying a promontory in the S. of Spain, at the entrance from the Atlantic into the Mediter ranean, 60 miles from Cadiz. It consists of a high rocky mountain, the ancient "Mons Calpe," and one of the "pillars of Hercules," running from N. to S., about three miles in length, from half a mile to threefourths in width, and 1,600 feet high. On the N. side is a sandy isthmus, about a mile and a half in length, and half as much in breadth, which connects the "rock" with the continent. The N. front of the rock is almost perpendicular; the E. side is full of frightful precipices; while the S., being narrow and abrupt, presents hardly any possibility of approach, even to an enemy in command of the sea. On none of these sides has the garrison ever been attacked. There remains only the W. front, which is almost as abrupt as the others, but which may be approached by shipping from the bay, and presents a kind of pied à terre in the level spot on which the town is built. Here, accordingly, opposed to it. In 1715, Dr. Gibson was made bishop of Lincoln, and in 1723 translated to London. B. at Bampton, Westmoreland, 1669; D. at Bath, 1748. GIBSON, Richard, known by the name of the "dwarf," an English painter, who studied the manner of Sir Peter Lely. In his youth he was servant to a lady at Mortlake, who, perceiving his taste for painting, put him under De Cleyn for instruction. He subsequently became page to Charles I., and when he married Mrs. Anne Shepherd, who was also dwarf, the king honoured the wedding with his presence, and gave away the bride. The bride and bridegroom were of equal stature, each measuring three feet ten inches. They had nine children, five of whom arrived at years of maturity, and were of the usual stature. Gibson died in his 75th year, and his wife in 1709, at the age of 89.104 the promontory, on its N.W. side. Though fortified GIBSON, John, R.A., an eminent English sculptor, in itself, its chief protection is derived from the batte- who, at the age of 14, was apprenticed to a cabinetries on the neighbouring heights, which sweep both maker, but afterwards became a wood-carver. At the the isthmus and the approach by water. The houses age of 16, however, he quitted this employment, for have flat roofs and large bow windows; they are the marble-works of Messrs. Francis, in Liverpool, generally painted black, with a white strip to mark who purchased the remaining portion of his time at each story or floor; the black is intended to blunt the the wood-carving for £70. He was now in a congenial dazzling rays of the sun. One large street traverses atmosphere, and commenced modelling, and working almost the whole town; it is nearly half a mile in with the chisel. His genius soon began to develop length, and full of shops. The chief public buildings itself, when he was sent, by means of a private subare the navy hospital, the victualling office, the Admi- scription, to Rome, for the purpose of studying the ralty, the barracks, and the house of the lieutenant- works of the great masters. In 1817 he arrived at governor. The places of worship are an English the "ancient Capitol," with letters of introduction to church, a Catholic chapel, and several synagogues; Canova, who gave him a kind reception. He entered here are also a small but elegant theatre and a garrison the studio of this great artist, and, in 1821, took a studio library. The place is a general entrepôt for the manu- for himself. From that period he has resided in Rome, factures of England, and other produce, such as sugar, making few visits to his native country. His first work rum, tobacco, rice, flour, wine, fruits, silk, and wax. was a group of "Mars and Cupid," which brought him Pop. 15,000, exclusive of the garrison. Lat. 36° 7' 3" N. a commission for it to be executed in marble for the Lon. 5° 21' 2" W.-One of the important features of duke of Devonshire. It now forms one of the principal Gibraltar is the BAY, which is of great extent, and features in the Chatsworth collection. From this time forms a convenient naval station, being protected from his fame rose; but, to render it the more certain and the more dangerous winds. The "rock" was first lasting, he took lessons from Thorwaldsen, the great fortified in the modern style in the reign of Charles V. Danish sculptor. Having, by close application, comIt was surprised by the English, under Sir George pletely mastered his art, he worked most in the Rooke, in 1704, soon after the commencement of the poetical field of sculpture, and produced many fine war of the Spanish succession: it has since been pieces. He has, however, executed several portrait repeatedly besieged; first in 1705, next in 1727, and statues of great merit; among which may be noticed lastly in 1782, when, under General Eliot (see ELIOT), one of Sir Robert Peel for Westminster Abbey, another it withstood a terrific siege by the French and Spaniards of George Stephenson, and another of her Majesty for upwards of three years. Queen Victoria for Buckingham Palace. He has been the first modern sculptor to introduce the use of colouring into his statues, an innovation which has occasioned much discussion, but which he defends by instancing Grecian precedents. In 1833 he was elected an A.R.A., and in 1836 an R.A. Liverpool is especially rich in his works, which are too numerous to admit of recapitulation here. B. at Conway, North Wales, 1791. Gibson became an effective independent member of the House of Commons. It is to his persevering efforts that the country is chiefly indebted for the remission of three great duties, which considerably tended to circumscribe the dissemination of knowledge throughout the country. These were the stamp on newspapers, the tax on advertisements, and the paper duty, the remission of which Mr. Gladstone announced in his budget of 1860. B. 1807. GIBSON, two counties in the United States.-1. In Indiana, on the Wabash. Area, 512 square miles. Pop. 11,000.-2. In Tennessee. Area, 660 square miles. Pop. 20,000. GIBSON PORT, a thriving place of the United States, situate on the Bayou Pierre, one of the channels through which the overflowing waters of the Mississippi are conveyed to the Gulf of Mexico. GIDEON, gid-e-on, 'he that bruises,' a famous judge of Israel. GIENGEN, geeng'-en, a town of Wurtemberg, on the Brenz, 22 miles from Eillwangen. Manf. Linen and woollen goods and cutlery. Pop. 2,000.-In its vicinity are the baths of Wildad. GIESSEN, gees'-sen, a town of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the Lahu, 36 miles from Mentz. It has a castle, an arsenal, town-hall, observatory, and university. This last, under Baron Liebig, has become famous as a school of organic chemistry, and is attended by students from every part of Europe. Manf. Woollen goods, leather, and tobacco. Pop. about 10,000.-It has a station on the railway from Frankfort to Cassel. GIFFARD, William, gif-fard, a modern English writer, was the son of poor parents, and was left an orphan before he had reached his 13th year. He was apprenticed to the sea; but, disliking that occupation, he was put to shoemaking, at which employment he continued till he was 20 years of age. By that time he had disclosed some qualities of genius, when a Mr. Cookesley, a surgeon of Ashburton, sent him to Oxford. After leaving college, he made the tour of Europe, as the travelling companion of Lord Belgrave; and, on his return to England, settled in London as a literary man. In 1794 he published his "Baviad," a poetical satire, which annihilated the Della Crusca school of poets, of which Mrs. Piozzi formed a leading member. In the following year his "Maviad" appeared, and showed the low state to which dramatic authorship had then fallen. In 1797 he became the editor of the " Anti-Jacobin," established by Mr. Canning and other gentlemen, and got entangled in a quarrel with Dr. Wolcott, to whom, as Peter Pindar, he wrote a poetical epistle. In 1802 he published his translation of Juvenal, which Sir Walter Scott says "is the best version ever made of a classical author." In 1804 his edition of Massinger appeared, and, in 1816, that of Ben Jonson. Subsequently, editions both of Ford and Shirley were published, but not entirely edited by him, his death having taken place before he had completed them. In 1809 he became the editor of the London "Quarterly Review;" and it is in this capacity, that he is best known. As a critic, he has been much censured for his severity, with which he mingled no inconsiderable degree of injustice. "He was a man with whom I had no literary sympathies," says Southey; "perhaps there was nothing upon which we agreed, except great political questions. He had a heart full of kindness for all living creatures except authors; them he regarded as a fishmonger regards eels, or as Isaac Walton did worms, slugs, and frogs. I always protested against the indulgence of that temper in his Review." Scott says he was good "as a commentator;" but, as a critic, the "fault of extreme severity went through his critical labours; and, in general, he flagellated with so little pity, that people lost their sense of the criminal's guilt in dislike of the savage pleasure which the executioner seemed to take in inflicting punishment." He held the editorship of the Review till 1824. B. at Ashburton, Devonshire, 1756: D. 1826. GIFFORD, Andrew, gif'-ford, an English dissenting minister and learned antiquarian, who was assistant librarian of the British Museum many years. He formed a good library, and bequeathed it to the Baptist academy at Bristol. B. 1700; D. 1784. GIFFORD, a village of Scotland, 4 miles from Had Gilead dington. Pop. 550.-Here, in 1505, John Knox, the great reformer, was born. GIGANTES, ji-gun'-tees,' the giants,' the sons of Cœlus and Terra. (See CŒLUS.) They are represented as men of uncommon stature, with proportionate strength. Some of them, as Cottus, Briareus, and Gyges, had fifty heads and a hundred arms, and serpents instead of legs. The defeat of the Titans incensed them against Jupiter, and they all conspired to dethrone him. The god was alarmed, and called all the deities to assist him. The giants heaped Mount Ossa upon Pelion, so as to more easily scale the walls of heaven. The gods then fled with consternation into Egypt, where they assumed the shape of different animals, to screen themselves from their pursuers. Jupiter, however, by the advice of Pallas, armed his son Hercules in his cause, who soon defeated them. GIGGLESWICK, gig'-gels-wik, a township and parish of the W. Riding of Yorkshire, near Settle. Near it is Giggleswick Tarn, or lake. Pop. 4,000. GIGHA, gig'-ha, one of the Hebrides, lying 3 miles off the W. coast of Kintyre, in Argyleshire. Ext. 7 miles long and 2 broad. Pop. about 500. GIGLIO, ISOLA DI, geel'-ye-o, a mountainous and fertile island in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Tuscany, 10 miles from Mount Argentaro. Ext. 5 miles long. Pop. 2,000. GIHON, gi'-hon, valley of grace,' a river of Edon, and a fountain of Jerusalem. GIJON, ge'-jone, a town of Spain, in the province of Asturia, 18 miles from Oviedo. Manf. Linen fabrics, stone wares, and hats. It has a considerable trade in fruit and nuts. Pop. 6,500. Lat. 41° 55′ N. Lon. 5° 44′ W. GILA, RIO, je'-la, a river of the United States, in New Mexico, rising in the Sierra Mimbres, and, after a course of 400 miles, discharging itself into the Gulf of California, in lat. 33° N. GILBERT, Sir Humphrey, gil'-bert, an English navigator, whose mother becoming a widow, married a Mr. Raleigh, by whom she had the celebrated Sir Walter. Humphrey served with reputation in Ireland, and, for his services there, was knighted. In 1576 he published a discourse to prove a passage by the N.W. to Cathay and the East Indies. Two years afterwards, he obtained a patent for establishing settlements in North America, and, in 1583, took possession of Newfoundland, where he thought to find silver-mines. On his return from a second voyage thither, the vessel foundered, and all on board perished. B. at Dartmouth, 1539. GILBERT, William, a physician, who discovered several of the properties of the loadstone. He was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians, and became physician to Queen Elizabeth. In 1600 he published a work, entitled "De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure, Physiologia Nova," in which are many important suggestions for the improvement of navigation. Indeed, this work contains the history of all that had been written on the subject of the magnet before his time, and forms the first regular system upon it. It may be viewed as the parent of all the improvements that have been therein since made. Lord Bacon, in his "Advancement of Learning," calls it "a painful and experimental work." B. at Colchester, 1540; D. 1603. GILBOA, gil-bo'-a, a revolution of inquiry,' a range of mountains in Samaria. GILDAS, gil'-dus, a British monk, of whose works there is nothing extant but an epistle on the depravity of the Britons, the best edition of which is that by Gale, in 1691. Lived in the 6th century; but his history is involved in doubt and obscurity. Bishop Bale mentions another Gildas, who was a native of Wales, and flourished about 820. He was a monk, and wrote a calendar of saints, yet extant in MS.; and Leland notices a poet of the name, who drew up the prophecies of Merlin in Latin verse. GILDAS, ST., zhil'-da, two parishes and villages in France, neither with a population above 1,500. One of them, ST. GILDAS DE RUIS, was the retreat of Abelard, in 1125. GILEAD, gil'-e-ad, a district of country to the east of the river Jordan. Giles GILES, jiles, two counties of the United States. 1. In the west part of Virginia. Area, 584 square miles. Pop. 7,000.-2. In West Tennessee, on Elk river, bordering on Alabama. Area, 600 square miles. Pop. 26,000, of whom a third are slaves. GILES, ST., IN THE FIELDS, a parish of Middlesex, about the centre of London. Pop. 38,000. GILFILLAN, George, gil-fil-lan, a modern English critic and author, was the son of a minister of the Free Church of Scotland, and being educated for the church, was, about 1837, appointed to the parish of Dundee. In 1851 he published, under the title of "A Gallery of Literary Portraits," a series of critical sketches, which had formerly appeared in the Dumfries Herald. Besides this, he produced a volume of "Poems and Songs," "The Bards of the Bible," "Martyrs and Heroes of the Scottish Covenant,' "The History of a Man," &c. B. at Comrie, Perthshire, 1813. GILGAL, gil'-gal, a 'wheel,' or 'revolution,' a city near the Jordan, where the Israelites passed the river into Canaan. Giotto On with two large peninsulas, which are divided from each GILPIN, Bernard, gil'-pin, an English divine, who, from perusing the works of Erasmus, was one of the first who embraced the principles of the Reformation. Having travelled on the continent for some time, he returned to England in 1556, and was presented by his uncle, Bishop Tonstal, to the archdeaconry of Durham and the rectory of Easington. Being next presented to the rectory of Houghton-le-Spring, his labours there, in promoting the reformed religion, became so notorious, that Bishop Bonner gave orders for him to be arrested and sent to London. Gilpin prepared himself for the stake, but before he reached London, news came of Mary's death; on which he returned to his parish, to the great joy of his people. Queen Elizabeth subsequently offered him the bishopric of Carlisle, which he refused. B. in Westmoreland, 1517; D. 1583. GILIMER, gil'-i-mer, the last king of the Vandals in Africa, was the descendant of Genseric, and took possession of the throne in 530, having deposed his cousin, the feeble Hilderic. Justinian, the emperor of the East, wishing to avenge his ally, or make use of this pretext to attack the Vandals, sent Belisarius GILPIN, William, an English divine and writer, who against the usurper. This general took possession of was the master, for many years, of a school at Cheam, Carthage, defeated Gilimer in 534, at the battle of in Surrey, and afterwards became vicar of Boldre, in Tricameron, and captured the king, who was conducted Hampshire, and prebendary of Salisbury. Amongst in triumph to Constantinople, repeatedly exclaiming, other works, he wrote "The Life of Bernard Gilpin," as he was led along, "Vanity of vanities, all is vanity." his ancestor, above mentioned; "The Lives of LatiJustinian made of the kingdom of the Vandals a pro- mer, Wickliffe, Huss, and Archbishop Cranmer;" vince of his empire, but gave Gilimer a large domain" Exposition of the New Testament," "A Tour to the in Galicia. Lived in the 6th century. GILL, Alexander, gil, a famous English schoolmaster, who, in 1608, became master of St. Paul's school, where he educated many eminent persons, and among the rest, the celebrated Milton. He was the author of several religious treatises and commentaries. B. in Lincolnshire, 1564; D. 1635. Lakes," "Remarks on Forest Scenery," "Observations on the River Wye," and "Picturesque Remarks on the Western Parts of England." B. in Westmoreland, 1724; D. 1804. GINGEE, gin'-ge, a strong town on the coast of Coromandel, once the capital of a kingdom of the same name, 80 miles from Madras. It stands on a mountain, whose top is divided into three points, on each of which is a castle. Pop. Unascertained. Towards the end of the 18th century, the Great Mogul unsuccessfully besieged this place for a period of three years.-In 1750 it was taken by the French, who, in 1761, ceded it to the British. GILLES, Peter, zheels, a French naturalist, one of the first who made useful researches into the natural sciences. He visited the shores of the Adriatic and Mediterranean, was sent to the Levant by the order of Francis I., explored the ruins of Chalcedon, and returned from Constantinople with the French ambassador in 1550. B. at Alby, 1490; D. at Rome, GIOCUNDO, Fra Giovanni, jo-koon'-do, an Italian 1555. He wrote "De Vi et Naturâ Animalium, "architect and writer, constructed several buildings at "De Bosphoro Thracio," and "De Topographiâ Verona, where he had formerly kept a school, and had Constantinopoleos.” Julius Cæsar Scaliger for a pupil. In 1499 he was invited to Paris by Louis XII., and built the bridge of Notre Dame, Chamber of Accounts, &c. He also assisted Michael Angelo in the works of St. Peter's, at Rome, and published an edition of Vitruvius, and another of Cæsar's Commentaries. B. at Verona, 1435; D. 1521. GILLIES, John, LL.D., gil'-les, was educated at the university of Glasgow, and was for some time a travelling tutor to the sons of the earl of Hopetoun. On the death of Dr. Robertson, however, he was appointed historiographer for Scotland, and distinguished himself by his literary labours. His principal work is a "History of Greece," which, in point of style, has been pronounced superior to that of Mr. Mitford. His other works are a translation of the "Ethics and Politics of Aristotle," "A View of the Reign of Frederick II. of Prussia," and the "Orations of Isocrates and Lysias." B. at Brechin, Scotland, 1747; D. 1836. GILLINGHAM, gil'-ling-ham, a town in Kent, 2 miles from Chatham, and inhabited principally by persons belonging to the dockyard. The streets are wide, and, from their declivity, remarkably clean. Pop. 8,000.It is noted in history, for being the place where 600 Norman gentlemen, who came over in the retinue of the princes Alfred and Edward, were barbarously murdered, in the beginning of the 11th century, by Earl Godwin.-The name, also, of several parishes in England, none of them with a population above 4,000. GILLIS, ST., zhil'-le, a town of Belgium, E. Flanders, 20 miles from Ghent. Pop. including the parish, 3,500. GILLSLAND, gils'-lănd, a small town in Cumberland, 18 miles from Carlisle. It is resorted to as a wateringplace, and has several medicinal springs. A station on the Carlisle and Newcastle Railway. GILOLO, OF HALMAHERA, ge-lo'-lo, one of the Molucca Islands, in the Malay Archipelago. Area, estimated at about 6,000 square miles. Desc. It is of an extremely irregular form, consisting of a long mainland, GIOJA, Flavio, jo'-e-a, an Italian pilot or seacaptain, to whom is ascribed the invention of the compass, which he first used, it is said, in 1302 or 1303. He marked the north with a fleur-de-lis, in honour of the sovereigns of Naples, who were a branch of the royal family of France. B. at Pasitano, near Amalfi, at the end of the 13th century. GIOJOSA, jo'-e-o-sa, a town of Naples, in the province of Calabria Ultra. Pop. 8,500.-Also a town of Sicily, 5 miles from Patti. Pop. 4,000. GIORDANO, Luca, jor-da-no, an Italian painter, who was in high favour with Charles II. of Spain, who conferred on him the honour of knighthood. B. at Naples, 1632; D. 1705. GIORGIO, SAN, jor-je-o, the name of numerous villages and towns of Italy, with populations ranging between 1,300 and 5,000. GIORGIONE, or GEORGIO BARBARELLI, jor-jo'-nai, one of the earliest painters of the Venetian school, who executed a great number of frescoes, which time has destroyed. It is said that Titian worked under him to obtain his manner of colouring, but Giorgione perceiving his design, dismissed him. His finest work is a painting of "Christ carrying his Cross," at Venice. B. at Castel Franco, 1478; D. 1511. GIOTTO, jot'-to, an Italian painter, sculptor, and architect, was in his youth a keeper of sheep, but |