Frederick

of Sweden, who forced him to make peace; but when Charles fled to Turkey, Frederick drove the Swedes out of Norway, and concluded a favourable peace, retaining possession of the duchy of Schleswig. B. 1671; D. 1730.

Frederick

Charlotte, of Hanover, was the sister of George I., and a woman possessed of a fine understanding. FREDERICK WILLIAM I., son of the above, and father of Frederick the Great, commenced his reign in 1713, after having married a daughter of the elector of FREDERICK V., grandson of the preceding, came to Hanover, afterwards George I. of England. In 1715 the throne in 1746. The character of his reign may be he declared war against Charles XII. of Sweden, and inferred from the following remark, which, on his in conjunction with Denmark took Stralsund; but on deathbed, he made to his successor Christiern VII.: the death of Charles, in 1718, he made peace. B. 1688; "It is a great consolation to me, my son, that I have D. 1740.-The habits of this sovereign were entirely not injured any person, and that my hands are not military, and he laboured unweariedly to promote the stained with one drop of blood." He was twice mar-discipline of his troops. One of his strongest pecuried; first to Louisa, daughter of George II. of Eng-liarities was an extraordinary love for tall soldiers; and land, and then to Juliana, daughter of the duke of in order to procure these sons of Anak, he had agents Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel. B. 1723; D. 1766.

employed in all parts of Europe. He held science and FREDERICK VI., king of Denmark, ascended the literature in profound contempt; but money he worthrone in 1808, although, since 1784, he was associated shipped, and men of a military character after his own in the government with his father, who had lost his ideal, he respected and encouraged. The consequence reason. On his accession, he had to repair the damages was, that he left an abundant treasury and a welldone by the English in their bombardment of Copen-appointed army of 66,000 men. hagen in 1807, and to wage a war with the Swedes, FREDERICK II., king of Prussia, commonly called who attempted to possess themselves of Norway. He 'The Great,' was the son of the preceding, and succeeded in defeating them, and peace was signed at received but an indifferent education, owing to his Jon Koping, in 1809. Allying himself with Napoleon, father's contempt of letters and predilection for miliNorway was, in 1814, given to Sweden, under Berna-tary discipline. On attaining the years of manhood, dotte; Pomerania and the isle of Rugen falling to

Denmark. More tranquil times now arriving, Frederick devoted himself to the extension of the internal resources of his kingdom. B. 1768; D. 1839.

FREDERICK AUGUSTUS II. DERICK II., King of Poland.) FREDERICK AUGUSTUS III. DERICK III.)

(See AUGUSTUS FRE

(See AUGUSTUS FRE

SOVEREIGNS OF PRUSSIA.

FREDERICK WILLIAM I., generally called the Great Elector of Brandenburg, succeeded his father, the elector George William, in 1640, and, in 1642, obtained the investiture of Prussia from the king of Poland. He is considered as the founder of the Prussian power, and from his example, much of the military spirit which characterizes that nation is believed to have sprung. He entered on a war with Sweden, but was obliged to make peace in 1655, in which year he assisted that power against Poland. In 1672 he joined the imperialists in opposition to Louis XIV.; but, in 1673, he made a separate treaty with France, and, in the following year, again joined the allies; on which the French prevailed upon the Swedes to attack his dominions. Frederick, however, defeated the invaders, drove them out of Prussia, and took several places from them, which, however, by the treaty of St. Germain, in 1679, he was obliged to restore. He now turned his attention to the improvement of his states, and, by affording protection to the French Protestant refugees, added to the industrial power of his dominions 20,000 manufacturers, and laboured to extend the agricultural arts in every direction. He founded the library at Berlin, and a university at Duisburg; and at his death, bequeathed to his son not only a country enlarged beyond the boundaries in which he found it, but a treasury well supplied. B. 1620; D. 1688.-In order to avoid the possibility of being entrapped in an immoral society, this prince fled from the Hague to the camp of the prince of Orange, then at Breda. The Dutch prince was surprised at this signal instance of self-command, and received him with these words: "Cousin, your flight is a greater proof of heroism than would be the taking of Breda. He who so early knows how to command himself, will always succeed in great deeds." These words remained for ever deeply impressed on

FREDERICK THE GREAT.

he evinced so strong an inclination to literature and music, that he incurred the displeasure of his parent, whose treatment induced him, in 1730, to make the attempt of escaping from Prussia. The scheme, however, being discovered, he was confined in the castle of Custrin, his young companion, Katte, being executed before his face. After a confinement of several months, he obtained his pardon, although it seems well authenticated, that his father had resolved to take away his life, and was only saved by the intercession of Charles VI., emperor of Austria. In 1733 he married the princess of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel, in obedience to his father's command, when he employed himself in literary pursuits, and also with the study of music, until his accession to the throne. In 1740 he succeeded FREDERICK I., king of Prussia after 1701, but as to the crown, and taking advantage of the defenceless elector of Brandenburg Frederick III., succeeded to state of Maria Theresa, queen of Hungary, he marched his father's dominions in 1688. The great object of into Silesia, which was added to his dominions by the his ambition was to be recognized king of Prussia, and treaty of Breslau. In 1744 the war was renewed in 1701 he attained his object. On that occasion he put against the queen of Hungary, and the same year the crown on his own head, and on that of his royal Frederick took Prague, which, however, he was forced consort. He also founded the order of the Black to evacuate, on the approach of a Saxon army under Eagle, and augmented his dominions by the county of the prince of Lorraine. In 1745 he defeated that Tecklenburg and the principality of Neufchâtel and prince at Friedburg, and then marched into Bohemia, Valengin. B. 1657; D. 1713.-This prince founded where, at Sorr, he defeated an Austrian army superior the university of Halle, the Royal Society of Berlin, to his own. Shortly after, he took Dresden, where, and the Academy of the Nobles. His queen Sophia after laying it under heavy exactions, a treaty of peace

his mind.

Frederick

was concluded, which enabled Frederick to retain possession of Silesia, and end the second Silesian war. The eleven years of peace which succeeded this event, were devoted by Frederick to the internal administration of his dominions, the composition of some literary works, and the framing of the "Frederician code of laws." In 1750 Voltaire visited Prussia, and was received with the most flattering marks of attention by the king; but the friendship which subsisted between them was at last broken, and the French philosopher quitted Prussia abruptly, and in disgrace. In 1756 a treaty was concluded between England and Prussia, which produced another between France, Austria, and Russia. "The Seven Years' war," as it is called, began by Frederick marching into Saxony, and taking the camp of Pirna. The following year, he gained a great battle at Prague over the Austrians, on which he laid siege to that city, and after reducing it to great straits, he was compelled by Marshal Daun, who defeated him at Kolin, to retire into Saxony. Frederick was now surrounded by enemies: the French entered Hanover, the Russians and Swedes advanced towards Prussia, and the Imperialists pursued him into Saxony. Still undaunted, he attacked and defeated the French and Austrians at Rosbach; then marching into Silesia, beat another army at Lissa, and recovered Breslau. The Russians and Swedes retreated precipitately from Prussia; and the Hanoverians took the field under the prince of Brunswick. In 1758 he received a large subsidy from England; and the same year entered Moravia, where he laid siege to Olmutz, which was relieved by Marshal Daun. He then marched against the Russians, who had laid siege to Custrin, and defeated them, after a bloody battle, at Zorndorf. Not long after this, however, he was surprised and beaten by Daun, at Hockkirchen. The next year the king was defeated, after a very obstinate and doubtful engagement, at Cunnersdorf, by the Russians; and in 1761, the confederates entered Brandenburg, and took Berlin. Frederick, however, by defeating Daun at Torgau, put a new face upon the campaign, and the Russians and Swedes were compelled to quit his territories. In 1762 peace was restored between him and Russia and Sweden, and in 1763 a treaty, much in his favour, was concluded with the empress-queen, by which Silesia was confirmed to Prussia, and which concluded the "Seven Years' war." Still ambitious of extending his dominions, in 1772 the partition of Poland was planned, and he obtained for his share all Polish Prussia, and a large portion of Great Poland. From this period the kingdom of Prussia was divided into East and West Prussia. In 1778 he opposed the design of the emperor Joseph to dismember Bavaria, and marched in person against that monarch; but no action took place, and by the treaty of Teschen, in 1779, the Austrian court renounced its design. In 1786 he concluded a treaty of amity and commerce with the United States of America; but his days were fast drawing to a close, for the same year he died, at his favourite palace of Sans Souci, in the forty-seventh year of his reign. B. 1712.-Frederick was courteous in his manners, and an acute politician. His works, published in his lifetime, are in four vols. 8vo; and since his death, fifteen more have been printed. The principal are, the "Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg; a poem on the "Art of War;" the "History of his Own Time;" and the "History of the Seven Years' War." While we write, Mr. Carlyle is engaged in completing his "Life and Times of Frederick the Great,' the first two volumes of which appeared

Frederick

following year, he effected, with the aid of Russia, the second division of Poland; made peace with France in 1795, and D. 1797. B. 1744.

FREDERICK WILLIAM III., king of Prussia, son of the above, commenced his reign in 1797 by maintaining a strict neutrality in the various alliances with and against France, which resulted from the ambitious designs of Napoleon I. In 1805, however, he yielded to the solicitations of Russia, allying himself with the czar against the French emperor. The rapid campaign of 1806, and the defeat of the Prussians at Jena, opened the gates of Berlin to the enemy, in whose hands it remained till 1809. In 1807 the battle of Friedland led to the humiliating peace of Tilsit, by which Frederick lost half his dominions. Restored to his capital, the king diligently endeavoured to repair the evils of war; but new disasters overtook him, and his kingdom suf fered greatly during the struggle from 1812 to 1814. Forced, in the former year, to contribute a force of 30,000 men to Napoleon's army, he subsequently joined his troops with those of Russia. The allies having triumphed over the French at Leipsic, Frederick Wil liam, in 1814, entered Paris with the Czar Alexander. He also accompanied the latter to England in the same year. On the return of Napoleon from Elba, he once more joined the allies. After the victory of Waterloo, in which the Prussians, under Blucher (whom see), played an important part, Prussia, once more at peace, gradually recovered the losses she had sustained, under the wise and paternal sway of Frederick, whose constant efforts and moderation contributed greatly to the maintenance of peace. D. 1840.-Throughout his life, he was a warm defender of the Protestant religion, and a patron of education. He never redeemed his promise, however, to bestow a representative constitution on his people. The establishment of the provincial estates only affected very slightly the absolute power, which, it is true, he wielded with ability, and with a kind of paternal affection for his people. It may finally be said of him, that, a waverer between the absolutist party and the liberal party, he secured, as is the lot with most undecided men, the respect and adherence of neither.

FREDERICK WILLIAM IV., king of Prussia, on the death of his father, succeeded to the throne in 1810. He served, as a simple officer, in the campaigns of 1813 and 1814, and evinced, at an early period of his life, a very great love for the arts, which he preserved throughout his career. During the first years of his reign, his subjects anxiously demanded the reform of the government, requiring the liberal constitution which had been promised them in 1815, in return for the great sacrifices they had made during the continental war. In 1847, at a general diet of the Prussian states, many of these reforms were granted, and it was thought that the kingdom might escape the troubles of the next year's revolution. In March, 1848, however, the people and the troops came into collision, the king was obliged to change the ministry, to issue a general amnesty, and to commence a war in favour of Schleswig against Denmark, and to salute from his balcony the corpses of the insurgents. These humiliations were somewhat softened by his hopes of becoming emperor of a united Germany, and by the success of his army in putting down an insurrection of the Poles in Posen. The mingled irresolution and absolutism of Frederick, however, led subsequently to other conflicts in June and August of the same year; and it was not until two coupsd'état that Frederick, assisted by his army, succeeded in retaining his authority almost unimpaired by the powers he had yielded. In the war between the FREDERICK WILLIAM II., king of Prussia, was the Western powers and Russia, the king preserved a strict nephew of the great Frederick, and succeeded him in neutrality, although earnestly solicited by each party 1786. He gave himself up to pleasure, sacrificing his to espouse its side in the conflict. In his reply to the ministers and generals to the caprices of his mistresses. demands of the czar, he said: "There is hardly any He also allowed himself to be cajoled by the mystical thing I will not do for the emperor Nicholas, whom I vagaries of the society of the "Illuminati," and under love; but if I remember that he is my father-in-law, his feeble rule, Prussia soon lost her place amongst neither do I forget that Prussia is not the sister-in-law nations. After having played a scarcely honourable of Russia." In 1856, in consequence of an attack on part in the war which broke out in 1787 between Tur- Neufchâtel by some Prussian partisans, war was in key and Russia, he proposed, in 1792, a coalition danger of breaking out between Switzerland and against the French republic. Advancing, at the head Prussia; but this was avoided, and a treaty concluded, of 80,000 men, as far as the plains of Champagne, the in May, 1857, in reference to the king's claims on that world was expecting to see him march on Paris, when place. In the complications relative to the Danubian he suddenly retired, falling back on the Rhine. The principalities, Prussia followed the lead of France and

in 1839.

Frederick

Russia as opposed to England and Austria. Towards the end of 1857, a severe illness, resulting in the loss of some of his faculties, caused his brother WILLIAM to be nominated regent.

Freret

FREIND, John, frinde, an English physician, who, having distinguished himself by some able works, was, in 1704, appointed chemical professor at Oxford, and, in the following year, accompanied the earl of PeterFREDERICK WILLIAM NICHOLAS CHARLES, nephew borough in his expedition to Spain, as physician to the of Frederick William IV., and son of William, prince army. On his return, in 1707, he published a vindiof Prussia, is heir presumptive to the Prussian throne, cation of the earl's conduct in Spain, which gained and married, in 1857, Victoria, the princess royal of him considerable reputation. The same year he took England. B. 1831. his doctor's degree, and published his Chemical LecFREDERICK, Colonel, son of the unfortunate Theo-tures. In 1711 he was chosen a member of the Royal dore, commonly called king of Corsica, was bred to Society, and, the same year, accompanied the duke of the military profession, and obtained the rank of Ormond to Flanders. In 1716 he was elected a fellow colonel, with the cross of the Order of Merit, from the of the College of Physicians; and, in 1722, sat in duke of Wurtemberg, for whom he acted as agent in parliament for Launceston. The year following he England. Being greatly reduced in circumstances, he was sent to the Tower, on suspicion of being concerned shot himself in the portal of Westminster Abbey, in in Atterbury's plot, but was soon released on bail. At 1796. He wrote-1." Mémoires pour servir à l'His- the accession of George II. he was appointed physician toire de Corse," 1768, 8vo; 2. "The Description of to the queen. B. at Croton, Northamptonshire, 1675; Corsica, with an Account of its Union to the Crown of D. 1728.-Amongst other works, he wrote "The History Great Britain," &c., 1793, 8vo. of Physic," 2 vols. 8vo; and all his writings were colFREDERICK, two counties of the United States. 1. In lected and published in Latin, by Dr. Wigan, 1 vol. Maryland. Area, 560 square miles. Pop. 45,000.- folio.-DR. ROBERT FREIND, his brother, was master 2. In Virginia. Area, 480 square miles. Pop. 16,000. of Westminster school, and wrote some excellent FREDERICKSBERG, fred'-e-riks-berg, a town of Vir-Latin and English poetry, besides having taken a part ginia, U.S., on the S.W. bank of Rappahannock River, in the celebrated controversy regarding the epistles 48 miles from Washington. It has several churches, a of Phalaris. He also published an edition of "Cicero court-house, gaol, and market-house. Pop. 4,500.-In de Oratore." D. 1754. its neighbourhood are the falls of the Rappahannock, which afford a strong motive power to the machinery of some mills. The town is supplied with water conveyed by pipes from the river.

FREDERICKSBORG, fred-e-riks-borg, a citadel of Sweden, 15 miles from Stockholm, the entrance to the harbour of which it defends.

FREDERICKSHALD, fred'-e-rik-shalt, a town of Norway, at the influx of the Tistedalself into the Idefiord, 55 miles from Christiania. It is well built, has a good harbour, and an active trade. Pop. 6,000.-Charles XII. of Sweden was here killed in the trenches before the fortress of Fredericksteen, on 11th December, 1718. FREDERICKSHAMM, or HAMINA, fred'-e-rik-sham, a fortified town of Finland, 52 miles from Wyborg. Pop. 1,500.-Here, in 1809, the treaty which ceded Finland to Russia was signed.

FREDERICKSHAVN. (See FLADSTRAND.) FREDERICK'S OORD, fred'-e-riks ord, a pauper colony of the Netherlands, on the borders of Overyssel and Friesland, 5 miles from Steenwick. It consists of a large number of paupers, who are here employed in warious manual occupations for the benefit of the state. FREDERICKSTADT, fred'-e-rik-stat, a well-built town of Denmark, 18 miles from Schleswig. Pop. 2,500.-It was founded by the Arminians, who in 1621 were driven from the Netherlands by the decisions of the synod of Dort.

FREDERICKSTADT, a fortified town of Norway, in the Skager-rack, 46 miles from Christiania. Manf. Tobacco, and it has an arsenal. Pop. 2,700.

FREDERICKTOWN, fred-e-rik-town, the capital of New Brunswick, N. America, 55 miles from St. John's. It is the seat of the provincial assembly, and of King's College, in which the curriculum of education is similar to that pursued at Oxford. Pop. 6,000.

FREETOWN, free'-town, a post-township of Bristol county, Massachusetts, U.S., on the Taunton, 9 miles from Taunton. Pop. 3,000.

FREETOWN, OF ST. GEORGE, the capital of the British settlement Sierra Leone, in Upper Guinea, W. Africa. It has various government offices, schools, and a barracks. Lat. 8° 28' N. Lon. 13° 14′ W.

FREGOSO, Baptist, frai-go-so, a doge of Venice, in 1478, who was deposed and banished for his arbitrary and oppressive conduct. He wrote on Memorable Actions, the "Life of Pope Martin V.," on Learned Women, &c.-There are others of this family who have played various parts in Italian history.

FREHEL CAPE, fre'-el, a promontory of France, in the Côtes-du-Nord, on the English Channel. Lat. of Lighthouse, 48° 41' 5" N. Lon. 2° 19′ W.

FREIBERG, a town of Saxony. (See FREYBERG.) FREIBERG-IN-BRESSGAU, a town of Baden. FREYBERG, &c.)

FREIBOURG. (See FRIBOURG.)

FREIBURG. (See FREYBERG.)

(See

FREJUS, frai'-zhoo, a town of France, in the department of the Var, 40 miles from Toulon. It has an episcopal palace and a cathedral. Pop. 3,000.-It was here that Bonaparte landed, on his return from Egypt in the autumn of 1799; and here he also disembarked, after his escape from Elba, in 1814.

"the

FREMONT, John Charles, fre-mont', a modern American politician and traveller, called Pathfinder of the Rocky Mountains," greatly distinguished himself by his courage and perseverance in extensive explorations, which opened to America" the gates of the Pacific empire." An account of these explorations was published in 1856, and upwards of 50,000 copies of the work were sold as soon as they were issued. In 1859 the whole of his expeditions were published, superbly illustrated with woodcuts and steel plates. This work was superintended by the colonel, and contains a résumé of the first and second expeditions, which he made in the years 1842-43 and 1844, as well as his other four, which embrace a period of ten years, passed amid the wilds of America, and describing his adventures in Oregon, California, the Rocky Mountains of Mexico, and other parts of that distant country. In 1857 he contested the presi deney with Buchanan; but the latter was elected by a considerable majority. B. at Savannah, 1813.

FRENCH BROAD RIVER, a river of the United States, one of the sources of Tennessee river. It rises in S. Carolina, and, crossing the western part of N. Carolina, enters Tennessee through a breach in the mountain, and joins the Holston 11 miles above Knoxville. 25 miles from its mouth it receives the Nolachucky, and 6 miles above, Big Pigeon river.

FRENCHMAN'S CAP, a mountain of Tasmania, Van Diemen's Land. Height, 5,000 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 42° 18' S. Lon. 145° 42′ E.

FRERE, Right Honourable John Hookham, freer, an English diplomatist, who filled several important posts, the most noted of which was his ministry in Spain during the Peninsular war. It is by his literary performances, however, that he is best known. At a very early age he translated the Saxon poem on the victory of Athelstan at Brunenburgh, which was written during the controversy occasioned by the poems attributed to Rowley. It is a work of very high merit, and, at the time of its appearance, elicited warm commendation. He also wrote and published what is called "The Whistlecroft Poem," which is supposed to have suggested the "Don Juan" of Byron. He was considered by Sir Walter Scott a perfect master of the ancient style of composition, and was one of the founders of the "London Quarterly Review," as well as a contributor to the "Etonian" and "Anti-Jacobin." B. in Norfolk, 1769; D. 1846, at his residence in the Pieta, Malta, where he had lived for a number of years. FRERET, Nicholas, frai'-rai, a learned Frenchman, who was chosen a member of the Academy of Inscriptions, and afterwards its perpetual secretary. Pre

2

I

FREYBERG, a walled town of Prussian Silesia, 36 miles from Breslau. Manf. Tobacco and linen goods. Pop. 4,000.

FREYBERG-IN-BREISGAU, fri-bairg, a town of Baden, 75 miles from Carlsruhe. It is the seat of a university founded in 1456, and has a cathedral, with a spire 380 feet high. This edifice is one of the noblest specimens of Gothic architecture in Germany. It has also a grand-ducal palace, an archbishop's palace, a custom-house, hospitals, museum, botanic garden, schools, and Herder's Institute of Arts. Manf. Chemicals, chicory, leather, potash, and starch. There are also paper-mills, bleaching and dye works, and a bellfoundry. Pop. about 18,000.

senting to this body a dissertation on the origin of the Freybergische-Mulda. It has a mining academy, Franks, his opinions were not pleasing to those in founded in 1765, with thirteen professors, Werner's authority, and he was sent to the Bastille. On his re- collection of minerals, and a large library. The neighlease, he occupied himself with antiquarian researches, bouring district is full of mines of silver, copper, lead, and prepared a very large number of works on the and cobalt. Manf. Hardware, cloth, lace, white lead, chronology of the Assyrians, Chaldeans, Indians, the vitriol, gunpowder; and it has extensive smeltingold Greeks, and even the Chinese. Some of these have works. Pop. about 15,000. It is in communication, been published in Paris. B. in Paris, 1688; D. 1749. by railway, with Breslau and other towns. FRERON, Elie Catherine, frai'-rawng, a French critic, educated among the Jesuits. He was, at first, a professor at the college of Louis le Grand, but subsequently allied himself with Desfontaines, whom he assisted in his literary undertakings, and against the philosophers of the 18th century. In 1749 he commenced his "Letters on certain Writings of the Times," which extended to 13 volumes. He then began his " Année Littéraire," which he continued till it was suppressed, a short time before his death, in 1776. B. at Quimper, 1719.-His critical works were much read; but owing to some strictures which he passed on Voltaire's writings, that writer attacked him with great asperity, and ridiculed him in his satire of the "Pauvre Diable," and in his comedy of FREYTAG, Frederic Gottlieb, fri'-tag, was a bur"L'Ecossaise." Besides the above works, he wrote-gomaster of Nuremberg, and wrote: "Rhinoceros "Miscellanies," ,""Les Vrais Plaisirs," part of a trans-Veterum Scriptorum Monumentis descriptus," 1747; lation of Lucretius. "Analecta Literaria, de Libris varioribus," 1751; FRESNEL, Auguste Jean, fres'-nel, a French scientific "Oratorum et Rhetorum Græcorum quibus Statue writer, who was at first an engineer, connected with honoris causa positæ fuerunt," 1752; "An Account of the roads and bridges in the department of Drôme, Scarce and Valuable Books," 1776. B. 1723; D. 1776. where he remained till 1815. At this period he quitted FREYTAG, Gustav, a modern German author, who, active employment, and ardently followed scientific in 1847, in conjunction with Julian Schmidt, founded a studies. Subsequently, he published "Memoirs on the literary journal, which soon arrived at a large circulaPolarization and Double Refraction of Light," and in tion. He subsequently published a small collection of 1821 was appointed examiner of the Polytechnic School poems, and an historic comedy, "Kuntz der Rosen," at Paris. To him are due many improvements in light- which was followed by two dramas and another comedy. houses, and he was one of the first to introduce len- All these are remarkable for their well-drawn characticular lights. B. at Broglio, Eure, 1781; D. at Paris, ters, and the lively and natural tone of the dialogue. 1827, just after the Royal Society had sent him the He is best known, however, in England by his "Soll Rumford medal for his discoveries on light. und Haben," a novel which was translated into English, in 1858, under the title of "Debit and Credit," and which attained a high degree of popularity. B. at Kreuzburg, Silesia, 1816.

FRESNOY, Charles Alphonsus du, fres-noi, a French painter and poet, who visited Rome for the purposes of study. Here he copied the works of the best masters, and planned his Latin poem on the "Art of Painting." B. at Paris, 1611; D. there, 1665.-His poem was printed after his death, with a French translation by De Piles. There are three English translations of it; one by Dryden, another by Graham, and another by Mason. FRETEVAL, fret-e-val, a town of France, in the department of Loir-et-Cher, 10 miles from Vendôme. Here, in 1194, the army of Philip Augustus was defeated by the English.

FREUDENSTADT, froi'-den-stat, a town of Wurtemberg, on the Murg, 24 miles from Strasburg. Manf. Prussian blue, white lead, and woollen cloths. Pop. 4,130.

FREUDENTHAL, froi'-den-tal, a town of Austrian Silesia, on the borders of Moravia, 20 miles from Troppau. Manf. Woollens and linens. Pop. 4,000.

FREWEN, Accepted, froo'-en, an English prelate, who, in 1622, accompanied Prince Charles, afterwards Charles I., to Spain, as chaplain. In 1631 he obtained the deanery of Gloucester, and, in 1643, the bishopric of Lichfield and Coventry. At the Restoration he was translated to York, and died at Thorpe Castle in 1664. B. in Kent, 1589.

FREY, John Cecil, fri, a German physician, who boasted of being the first who defended theses in philosophy in the Greek language in Europe. His "Opuscula" was printed after his death by Baledrens. Lived in the 17th century.

FREZIER, Amedée Francis, frez-e-ai, a French mathematician, who was employed in making a survey of the Spanish colonies of Peru and Chili, in 1711, of which he published an account in 1716. He was afterwards employed in fortifying St. Malo and other places, for which he was rewarded with the cross of St. Louis. B. at Chambéry, 1682; D. 1772. He wrote"Traité des Feux d'Artifice," "Élémens de Stéréotomie," &c.

FRIBOURG, fre'-boorg, the capital of the canton of

FRIBOURG.

FREYBERG, fri-bairg, a mining-town of Saxony, the same name, on the Sarine, occupies a singularly 19 miles from Dresden. It is the capital of the Erzge- wild and romantic situation, 16 miles from Berne. birge, 1,200 feet above the level of the sea, on the The best buildings are the Jesuits' church and the

cathedral of St. Nicholas. It has, besides, a college, town-hall, museum, hospital, public baths, libraries, and several learned societies. Manf. Straw hats, earthenware, tobacco, playing cards, tanning, and dyeing. Pop. 9,300.

FRIBOURG, FREIBOURG, or FREYBURG, a canton of Switzerland, between the canton of Berne and the Pays de Vaud. Area, 560 square miles. Desc. Finely diversified with every kind of scenery; comprising wooded or grassy hills, Alpine mountains, and long and beautiful verdant valleys. It lies principally in the basin of the Aar, and in the S. and E. is traversed by branches of the Bernese Alps, the culminating points of which are Mount Moleson, Dent de Folligrau, and Dent de Breulaire, rising respectively to the height of 6,580, 7,710, and 7,720 feet above the level of the Rivers. The Broie and the Sarine. Lakes. The principal is Marat. Pro. Cattle-rearing is the chief occupation, and dairy husbandry is extensively followed. There is scarcely sufficient corn grown for the population; but both peat and timber are important products. The breed of horses is valuable. Manf. Straw hats and cheese. Pop. 100,000, principally of Gallic descent. This canton is the ninth in the Swiss confederation, to which it was admitted in 1481.

FRISI, Paul, fre'-se, a Milanese mathematician and philosopher, who obtained the professorial chair of several colleges, and, in 1757, was elected a fellow of FRIEDBERG, the name of several towns of Prussia, the Royal Society of London. He was also a member none of them with a population above 5,000.-HIGH of several continental learned societies, and published FRIEDBERG, 20 miles from Liegnitz, in Silesia, was many useful treatises on astronomy, electricity, hythe scene of the defeat of the Austrians by Fre-draulics, and other scientific subjects. B. at Milan, derick II., in 1745. 1728; D. there, 1784.

FRIEDLAND, a town of E. Prussia, in the circle of Konigsberg, on the Alle, famous for being the scene of the battle gained by Napoleon I. over the Russians and Prussians, on 14th June, 1807, and which led to the peace of Tilsit. Pop. 2,500. FRIEDRICKSHAM, free'-der-ik-sham. (See FREDE-several books against popery, collected into 1 vol. folio. RICKSHAMM.)

FRIULI, free'-00-le, an old province of Italy, formerly divided into Austrian and Venetian, but now forming the circle of Goritz, part of Trieste, and the delegation of Friuli in Lombardy.

FROBENIUS, John, fro-be'-ne-us, a German printer, who lived at Basle, and was greatly esteemed by Erasmus, whose works he printed, as he also did those of Augustine and Jerome. D. 1529.