A.D. 1106 Henry V., Emperor of Germany 1108 Amadeus II., first Count of Savoy 1108 Louis VI., King of France 1117 Domenico Micheli, Doge of Venice 1118 Gelasius II.* (Caetani), Pope 1118 Gregory VIII., Antipope 1118 Guy Salinguerra, Lord of Ferrara 1119 Clixtus II., Pope 1119 Conrad, Duke of Tuscany 1123 Ninth Council of Lateran 1124 Honorius II., Pope Celestine II., Antipope 1125 Lothaire II., Emperor of Germany 1126 Rinaldo, M. of Montferrat 1130 Innocent II.* (Papareschi), Pope 1131 Ramprest, President of Tuscany 1138 Conrad III., Emperor of Germany 1144 Lucius II.* (Caccianemici), Pope 1145 Eugenius III.* (Paganelli), Pope 1148 Domenico Morosini, Doge of Venice 1150 Taurello, or Torelli, Lord of Ferrara 1152 Fred. I. (Barbarossa), Emperor of Germany 1153 Anastasius IV.,* Pope 1153 Guelph, Duke of Tuscany 1154 Adrian IV. (Breakspeare), Pope; born at Abbot's Langley, near Watford 1154 William I., King of Sicily 1156 Vitale Micheli II., Doge of Venice 1159 Alexander III.* (Bandinelli), Pope 1159 Victor IV., Antipope 1164 Paschal III., Antipope 1167 William II., the Good, King of Sicily 1169 Calixtus III., Antipope 1173 Sebastiano Ziani, Doge of Venice 1179 Orio Mastropiero Doge of Venice 1190 Henry VI., Emperor of Germany 1192 Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice 1194 Emperor Henry VI. (Suabia), King of Sicily 1195 Salinguerra II. (Torelli), Lord of Ferrara 1195 Philip, Tuscany; elected Emperor, 1198 1196 Azzo VI. (Este), Lord of Ferrara 1197 Frederick, King of Sicily 1198 Innocent III.* (Conti), Pope 1198 Philip, Emperor of Germany 1199 John, King of England A.D. 1205 Pietro Ziani, Doge of Venice 1207 William IV., Marquis of Montferrat 1208 Otho IV., Emperor of Germany 1208 Florence, a Republic, till 1531 1212 Aldovrandini I. (Este), Lord of Ferrara 1210-15 Frederick II., Emperor of Germany 1215 Azzo VII. (Este), Lord of Ferrara 1216 Honorius III.* (Savelli), Pope 1224-74 St. Thomas of Aquinas 1225 Boniface III., Marquis of Montferrat 1226 St. Louis IX., King of France 1227 Gregory IX.* (Conti) Pope 1229 Giacomo Tiepolo, Doge of Venice 1242 Celestine IV.* (Castiglione), Pope 1243 Innocent IV.* (Fieschi), Pope 1244 Giacomo (Torelli), Lord of Ferrara 1249 Marino Morosini, Doge of Venice 1317 Ronaldo Obizzo III. and Nicholas I., Lords of Ferrara 1322 Galeas I., Viscount of Milan 1327 Edward III., King of England 1328 Azzo, Viscount of Milan 1328 Francesco Dandolo, Doge of Venice 1329 Louis Gonzaga I., Lord of Mantua 1334 Nicholas V., Antipope in Rome 1334 Benedict XII., Pope 1338 Pedro II., King of Sicily 1338 John II., Marquis of Montferrat 1339 Luchin, Viscount of Milan 1339 Bartolommeo Gradenigo, Doge of Venice 1343 Joanna II., Queen of Naples 1347 Charles IV., Emperor of Germany 1367 Andrea Contarini, Doge of Venice 1369 Louis II., Lord of Mantua 1370 Gregory XI. (France) Pope. The Papal Court goes back to Rome 1372 Otho, M. of Montferrat 1378 Urban VI.* (Prignani) Pope 1378 John Galeas Visconti, Duke of Milan 1382 Tommaso Albizzi, Lord of Florence 1410) 1402 John-Mary, Duke of Milan 1404 Innocent VII.* (Migliorati), Pope. He and Benedict abdicate 1406 Gregory XII.* (Coriaro) 1406 Guy Torrelli, Count of Guastalla 1410 John XXIII.* (Cossa), Pope 1414 Tommaso Mocenigo, Doge of Venice 1417 Nicolo Albezzo, Lord of Florence 1435 Alfonzo the Wise, King of Naples and Aragon 1439 Felix V., the last Antipope 1440 Frederick IV., Emperor of Germany. The last Emperor crowned at Rome Discovery of Printing 1441 Lionel, Lord of Ferrara 1444 Louis III., Lord of Mantua 1445 John V., M. of Montferrat 1447 Nicholas V.* (Parentucelli), Pope 1449 Christopher and Peter Guy I., Counts of Guastalla 1450 Borso, Duke of Ferrara 1450 Francis Sforza, Duke of Milan 1453 Constantinople taken by the Turks 1455 Clixtus III. (Borgia) Pope Mantegna, the painter 1457 Pasquale Malipiero, Doge of Venice 1458 Pius II.* (Piccolomini), Pope 1458 Ferdinand I., King of Naples 1460 Guy Galeotto and Francis-Mary, Counts of Guastalla 1461 Louis XI., King of France 1462 Christofero Moro, Doge of Venice 1464 Paul II.* (Barbo), Pope Perugino, the painter 1464 Pietro de' Medici, Lord of Florence 1464 William VI., Marquis of Montferrat 1469 Lorenzo (the Magnificent) and Giuliano de Medici, Lords of Florence 1471 Niccolo Trono, Doge of Venice A.D. 1471 Sixtus IV. (Della Rovere), Pope 1471 Hercules (Ercolo) I., Ferrara Ghirlandajo, the painter 1473 Niccolo Marcello, Doge of Venice 1474 Pietro Mocenigo, Doge of Venice 1474 Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain 1476 John Galeas-Mary, Duke of Milan Columbus discovers America 1493 Maximilian I., Emperor of Germany 1500 Louis XII., of France, Duke of Milan A.D. 1539 Pietro Lando, Doge of Venice 1540 Francis II., Marquis of Mantua 1545 Francesco Donato, Doge of Venice 1545 Peter Louis Farnese, Duke of Parma G. Romano, the painter 1547 Octavius Farnese, Duke of Parma 1550 William I., Duke of Mantua 1550 Julius III.* (Ciocchi), Pope 1553 M. A. Trevisano, Doge of Venice 1554 Francesco Veniero, Doge of Venice 1555 Marcellus II. (Cervini), Pope Titian Palladio Sansovino 1555 Paul IV.* (Carafa), Pope 1567 Pietro Loredano, Doge of Venice 1585 Pasquale Cicogna, Doge of Venice 1586 Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma Tasso 1587 Ferd. I., Grand Duke of Tuscany 1587 Vincent I., Duke of Mantua and Montferrat 1589 Henry IV., King of France 1590 Urban VII.* (Castagna), Pope L. Carracci, the painter 1590 Gregory XIV.* (Sfrondati), Pope 1591 Innocent IX.* (Facchinetti), Pope 1592 Clement VIII.* (Aldobrandini), Pope 1595 Marino Grimano, Doge of Venice Galileo Guercino, the painter 1605 Paul V.* (Borghese), Pope 1606 Leonardo Donato, Doge of Venice 1609 Cosmo II., Grand Duke of Tuscany 1612 Francis II., Duke of Mantua 1612 Ferdinand, Duke of Mantua A.D. 1612 Matthias, Emperor of Germany 1612 M. A. Memmo, Doge of Venice 1615 Giovanni Bembo, Doge of Venice 1618 Nicolo Donato, Doge of Venice 1618 Antonio Priuli, Doge of Venice 1619 Ferd. II., Emperor of Germany 1621 Gregory XV,* (Ludovisi), Pope 1621 Ferdinand II., Grand Duke of Tuscany Dedication of St. Peter's (founded 1450) 1627 Ch. I., Duke of Mantua 1629 Francis I., Duke of Modena and Ferrara 1638 Ch. Emmanuel II., Duke of Savoy 1646 Francesco Molino, Doge of Venice 1655 Alexander VII.* (Chigi), Pope 1659 Domenico Contarani II., Doge of Venice 1667 Clement IX.* (Rospigliosi), Pope 1670 Clement X.* (Altieri), Pope C. Maratti, the painter 1670 Cosmo III., Grand Duke of Tuscany 1678 Charles, Duke of Mantua and Guastalla 1689 William and Mary, King and Queen of England 1691 Innocent XII.* (Pignatelli), Pope 1692 Vincent de Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla 1694 Frances I., Duke of Parma 1694 Reginald, Duke of Modena 1694 Silvestro Valiero Doge of Venice 1700 Clement XI.* (Albani), Pope 1700 Alvise Mocenigo I., Doge of Venice 1705 Joseph I., Emperor of Germany A.D. 1709 Giovanni Cornaro II., Doge of Venice 1715 Antony Ferdinand, Duke of Guastalla 1718 Victor Amadeus II., King of Sardinia 1722 A. S. Mocenigo, Doge of Venice 1735 Charles III. (Bourbon), King of Naples 1737 Francis II. (Lorraine), Grand Duke of Tus- 1749 Don Philip, Duke of Parma and Guastalla 1762 Marco Foscarini, Doge of Venice Canova 1773 Victor Amadeus III., King of Sardinia 1775 Pius VI.* (Braschi), Pope 1779 Pablo Reinier, Doge of Venice 1780 Hercules, Duke of Modena 1789 Luigi Manin, last Doge of Venice 1790 Ferdinand III., Grand Duke of Tuscany 1790 Leopold II., Emperor of Germany 1792 Francis II., Emperor of Germany 1797 Modena, part of Cisalpine Republic 1800 Pius VII.* (Chiaramonti), Pope 1801 Louis, Grand Duke of Etruria (Tuscany) 1802 Victor Emmanuel I., King of Sardinia 1803 Charles Louis, Duke of Etruria (Tuscany) 1803 Parma united to France 1804 Napoleon I., Emperor of France 1804 Francis II. of Germany becomes Emperor of A.D. 1815 Ferdinand IV. (restored as Ferdinand I. of Naples) 1821 Charles Felix, King of Sardinia 1823 Leo XII.* (Genga), Pope 1824 Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1824 Charles Louis, Duke of Lucca 1829 Pius VIII.* (Castiglioni), Pope 1830 Louis Philippe, King of France 1830 Ferdinand II. ("Bomba"), King of Naples 1831 Gregory XVI.* (Capellari), Pope 1831 Charles Albert, King of Sardinia 1833 Isabella, Queen of Spain 1835 Ferdinand, Emperor of Austria 1837 Victoria, Queen of England 1846 Pius IX., Pio Nono (Mastai-Ferretti), Pope, 16th June. Born, 1792 1846 Francis V., Duke of Modena 1848 Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria 1848 Republic in France 1849 Victor Emmanuel II., King of Sardinia, May 24th, upon the abdication of his father; who died at Oporto the same year LEADING EVENTS IN THE REIGNS OF VICTOR EMMANUEL AND UMBERTO I. 1849 February-June. Rome under the Triumvirs -Mazzini, Saffi, &c. 1850 April 4.. Pope Pius returns to Rome from Gaëta 1852 Napoleon III., Emperor of France April 27. Leopold II. leaves Tuscany June 4. Battle of Magenta 25. Battle of Solferino July 11. Treaty of Villafranca Lombardy annexed to Sardinia 1860 March 18-24. Annexation of Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and the Papal Legations of the Romagna, Umbria, and the Marches March 24. Savoy and Nice ceded to France May 11. Garibaldi lands in Sicily November. Naples and Sicily annexed by 99 Garibaldi. Monastic houses suppressed 1861 February 18. First Italian Parliament meets at Turin October 20. Rome annexed. The Ecumenical Council adjourned sine die November 16. Victor Emmanuel's son, Amadeo, elected King of Spain December 4. Pius IX. issues another Encyclical letter December 25. Mont Cenis Tunnel finished after twelve years' labour December 31. Victor Emmanuel visits Rome, at the inundations of the Tiber 1871 January 23. Prince Humbert moves to Rome May 13. Law of Guarantees passed assuring the Pope of his position and income at Rome. June 16 The Pope celebrates the twenty-fifth July 2. The king and government move to September 17. Mont Cenis Tunnel formally 1872 Death of Mazzini at Pisa 1873 February 11. Abdication of Amadeo, as King of Spain |