of Painters;" Miss Thompson's "Hand-Book to the Public Picture Galleries of Europe; " Fergusson's "Illustrated Hand-Book of Architecture," 2 volumes; Street's "Brick and Marble in the Middle Ages" (North Italy). CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF IMPORTANT EVENTS IN ITALY, ROMAN EMPERORS, POPES, SOVEREIGNS OF STATES, DOGES, ARTISTS, &c. N.B.-Many of the earlier dates of Roman events, Bishops or Popes, are very doubtful. The Popes marked thus are Romans or Italians by birth. 63 Cicero, Consul Seneca, 2-65. 14 Emperor Tiberius 33 The Crucifixion 41 Emperor Claudius 42 "St. Peter," reputed Bishop of Rome 54 Emperor Nero Tacitus, 61-110 Pliny the Younger. Died about A.D. 110 100 St. Evaristus, Bishop of Rome 109 St. Alexander,* Bishop of Rome 117 Emperor Hadrian Juvenal died A.D. 128 119 Sixtus I.,* Bishop of Rome 127 St. Telesphorus, Bishop of Rome 138 Emperor Antoninus Pius 138 St. Hyginus, Bishop of Rome 142 St. Pius I., Bishop of Rome 156 St. Anicetus, Bishop of Rome 161 Emperor Marcus Aurelius 161 Emperor Lucius Verus 168 St. Soter, Bishop of Rome 177 St. Eleutherus, Bishop of Rome 180 Emperor Commodus 185 or 193 St. Victor, Bishop of Rome 193 Emperor Pertinax Emperor Didius Severus 193 Emperor Septimius Severus 197 or 202 St. Zephyrinus,* Bishop of Rom 211 Emperor Caracalla 217 Emperor Macrinus 60 First Triumvirate between Cæsar, Pompey, 218 Emperor Heliogabalus, or Elagabalus and Crassus 59 Cæsar Consul, first time Livy, B.C. 59-17 A.D. 58-50 Cæsar's Campaigns in Gaul 222 Emperor Aurelius, or Alexander Severus 217-219 St. Calixtus I.* Bishop of Rome 222-223 St. Urban I.,* Bishop of Rome 230 St. Pontianus,* Bishop of Rome A.D. 235 St. Antherus, Bishop of Rome 252 St. Cornelius,* Bishop of Rome 252 St. Lucius,* Bishop of Rome 253 St. Stephen I.,* Bishop of Rome 253 Emperor Valerianus 257 St. Sixtus II., Bishop of Rome 259 St. Dionysius, Bishop of Rome 261 Emperor Gallienus 268 Emperor Claudius II 269 or 270 St. Felix I.,* Bishop of Rome 270 Emperor Domitius Aurelianus 274 or 275 St. Eutychianus, Bishop of Rome 275 Emperor M. Claudius Tacitus 276 Emperor Probus 282 Emperor Carus 283 St. Caius, Bishop of Rome 284 Emperors Diocletian and Maximinianus 296 St. Marcellinus,* Bishop of Rome 304 St. Marcellus,* Bishop of Rome 305 Emperors Constantius Chlorus and Galerius 306 Emperor Constantine the Great, first Christian Emperor 310 St. Eusebius, Bishop of Rome 311 St. Melchiades, Bishop of Rome 312 Constantine defeats Maxentius at Rome 313 At Milan, he proclaims the equality of Christianity with other religions 314 St. Sylvester,* Bishop of Rome 336 St. Mark I.,* Bishop of Rome 337 St. Julius I.,* Bishop of Rome 337 Emperors Constantine II. and Constantius II 352 St. Liberius I.,* Bishop of Rome 355 Felix II.,* Antipope 361 Emperor Julian, the Apostate 363 Emperor Jovian 364 Emperors Valentinian I., or Valens, and Gratian 366 St. Damasus I., Bishop of Rome 398 St. Anastasius I., Bishop of Rome 417 St. Zosimus, Bishop of Rome 422 St. Celestine I, Bishop of Rome 432 St Sixtus III.,* Bishop of Rome 438 Theodosian code proclaimed 440 St. Leo I. the Great, Bishop of Rome A.D. 450 (East) Emperors Pulcheria and Marcian Attila and the Huns enter Italy 455 Vandals sack Rome 455 (West) Emperor Maximus 461 St. Hilary, Bishop of Rome 467 (West) Emperors Anthemius and Procopius 472 (West) Emperor Olybius 478 (West) Emperor Glycerius 474 (East) Emperor Zeno 475 (West) Emperor Romulus Augustulus (so styled in ridicule), the last Emperor of the West; dethroned by Odoacer, 476 476 Odoacer, King of the Eruli ("Italy"), at Ravenna 481 Clovis the Great, King of France 498 Theodoric the Ostrogoth, King of "Italy," at Ravenna 496 St. Anastatius II.,* Bishop of Rome 514 St. Hormisdas, Bishop of Rome 527 (East) Emperor Justinian, Author of the "Digest." 530 Boniface II.,* Bishop of Rome 530 Dioscuros, Antipope 531 or 533 John II., Bishop of Rome 534 Theodatus, King of "Italy" 535 St. Agapetus* 536 St. Silverius, Bishop of Rome 536 Vitiges, King of "Italy" 537-9 Belisarius recovers Italy from the Goths 537 or 540 Vigilius,* Bishop of Rome 540 Theodebald, King of "Italy " 541 Alaric, King of "Italy" 541 Totila, King of "Italy; " he takes Rome 546 547 Belisarius retakes Rome 552 Teia, last Ostrogoth King of "Italy" 553 Narses, Duke of Italy under the Emperor Justinian 555 Pelagius I.,* Bishop of Rome 573 Cleoph or Cleophis, King of the Lombards 578 St. Pelagius II.,* Bishop of Rome 578 (East) Emperor Tiberius II. A.D. 582 (East) Emperor Mauritius 584 Autharis, Duke of the Lombards 584 Smaragdus, Exarch of Ravenna 590 St. Gregory I.* (the Great), Bishop of Rome 590 Romanus, Exarch of Ravenna 591 Agiluph, Duke of the Lombards 597 Callinicus, Exarch of Ravenna 602 (East) Emperor Phocas 602 Smaragdus, Exarch of Ravenna (a second time) 604 Sabinianus. Bishop of Rome 606 Boniface III.,* Pope. About this time the Papal power begins to rise. 608 Boniface IV., Pope 610 (East) Emperor Heraclius 611 Johannes Lemigius, Exarch of Ravenna 615 Deodatus,* or Adeodatus I., Pope 615 Adawald, King of Lombards 625 Honorius I., Pope 625 Ariwald, King of Lombards 628 Dagobert the Great, King of France 636 Rotharis, Duke of Brescia, or King of the Lombards 638 Plato, Exarch of Ravenną 639 Severinus,* Pope 640 John IV., Pope 641 Theodore I., Pope 648 Theodorus I., Exarch of Ravenna 649 St. Martin I., Pope 649 Olympius, Exarch of Ravenna 652 Rodvald, King of the Lombards 757 Paul I.,* Pope 763 Stephen IV., Pope 768 Theophylact, Antipope 768 Constantine II., Antipope 768 Charlemagne, King of the Franks 769 Philip, Antipope 772 Adrian I.* (of the Colonna family), Pope 774 Lombardy, &c., taken by Charlemagne 652 Theodorus, Exarch of Ravenna (a second time) 795 St. Leo III.,* Pope 653 Aribert I., King of the Lombards 654 Eugenius I.,* Pope 657 Vitalian, Pope 661 Pertharitus, King of the Lombards 800 Egbert I., King of England 800 Charlemagne (Carolus Magnus) the Frank, Emperor of the West. From this time the Roman Pontificate was finally separated from the Eastern Empire, and came under the influence of the Frank or German Empire 814 Louis I., Emperor of the West 826 Zinzinus, Antipope 827 Valentinus,* Pope 827 Gregory IV.,* Pope 828 Boniface I., Marquis of Tuscany 840 Lothaire, Emperor of the West 844 Sergius II.,* Pope 846 Leo IV.,* Pope 847 Adelbert I., Duke of Tuscany (Legend of Pope Joan, or "John VIII." 858-6) 855 St. Benedict III.,* Pope 955 Louis II., Emperor of the West 855 Anastasius, Antipope 858 Nicholas I.,* Pope 867 Adrian II.,* Pope 872 John VIII.,* Pope 872 Alfred, King of England 876 Carloman, King of France 880 Charles III., King of Italy, and Emperor of Germany 888 Berenger, Duke of Friuli 889 Guy, Duke of Spolete, King of Italy; Emperor of Germany, 892 890 Arnulf, Emperor of Germany 890 Adalbert II., Duke of Tuscany 891 Formosus,* Pope 891 Sergius III., Antipope 894 Lambert, King of Italy, and Emperor 897 Boniface VI.,* Pope 897 Stephen VII.,* Pope 897 Romanus I., Antipope 897 Theodore II., Pope 899 John IX., Pope 900 Louis the Blind, King of Italy 900 Benedict IV.,* Pope 903 Leo V., Pope 903 Christopher,* Antipope 904 Sergius III.,* Pope 905 Berenger, King of Italy; Emperor, 915 911 Anastasius III.,* Pope 913 Landus, or Lando, Pope 914 John X.,* Pope 919 Guy, Duke of Tuscany 922 Rodolph, King of Italy and Burgundy 926 Hugh, King of Italy 928 Leo VI.,* Pope 929 Stephen VIII.,* Pope 929 Boson, Marquis of Tuscany 931 John XI.* (Conti family), Pope 936 Leo VII.,* Pope 936 Otho the Great, Emperor of Germany 936 Hubert, Duke of Tuscany 938 Aledran, Marquis of Montferrat 939 Stephen IX., Pope 943 Martin III.,* Pope 945 Lothaire, King of Italy 946 Agapetus II.,* Pope and 950 Berenger II. and Adalbert, King of Italy 956 John XII.* (Conti), Pope 961 Hugh the Great, Duke of Tuscany 962 Italy united with Germany, under Emperor Otho the Great 963 Leo VIII., Antipope 964 Benedict V.,* Pope 965 John XIII.,* Pope 972 Domnus or Donus II.,* 972 Benedict VI.,* Pope Pope 973 Otho II., Emperor of Germany 974 Boniface VII., Antipope 975 Benedict VII.* (Conti), Pope 983 John XIV., Pope 983 Otho III., Emperor of Germany 985 John XV.,* Pope 986 John XVI.,* Pope 987 Hugh Capet, King of France 991 Pietro Orseolo II., 26th Doge of Venice 995 William I., Marquis of Montferrat 996 Gregory V., Pope 997 John XVII., Antipope 999 Sylvester II., Pope A.D. 1001 Adalbert III., Duke of Tuscany 1002 Henry II., Emperor of Germany 1003 John XVIII., Pope Gregory VI., Antipope 1003 John XIX.,* Pope 1009 Ottone Orseolo, Doge of Venice 1012 Benedictus VIII.* (Conti), Pope 1018 Normans enter Italy 1024 John XX.,* (or John XIX.), Pope 1024 Conrad II., Emperor of Germany 1026 Pietra Barbolano, Doge of Venice 1027 Boniface, Duke of Tuscany 1032 Domenico Flabanaco, Doge of Venice 1033 Benedict IX.,* Pope 1033 Sylvester III., Antipope 1039 Henry III., Emperor of Germany 1043 Will. Braccia-ferro, Count of Apulia 1043 Domenico Contarini I., Doge of Venice 1044 Gregory VI.,* Pope 1046 Clement II., Pope 1046 Drogo, Count of Apulia 1046 Emperor Henry III. deposes three Popes 1048 Damasus II., Pope 1049 S. Leo IX., Pope 1051 Humphrey, Count of Apulia 1054 Robert Guiscard, Count and Duke of Apulia 1055 Victor II., Pope 1055 Beatrice and Godfrey, Dukes of Tuscany 1056 Henry IV., Emperor of Germany 1057 Stephen X., Pope 1058 Benedict X.* (Conti), Antipope 1059 Nicholas II., Pope 1060 Philip I., King of France 1060 Boniface I., M. of Montferrat 1061 Alexander II.* (Badagio family), Pope 1061 Honorius II., Antipope 1066 William the Conqueror, King of England. 1067 Frederick I., Lord of Ferrara 1071 Domenico Silvio, Doge of Venice 1072 Roger I., Count of Sicily 1073 Gregory VII.* (Hildebrand or Aldobrandeschi), Pope |