the Genoa railway station. A splendid Synagogue, like a Greek temple, with a massive tower, was opened 1871. Another in Piazza Azeglio is connected with Levi's Jewish College. Palaces.-At Palazzo Carignano a large semicircular pile of cut brick, built by Guarini, the Italian Chamber of Deputies held their sittings till 1865. Palazzo di Città is the Town Hall. Palazzo Birago di Borgaro was built by Giuvara. Palazzo Priero has an excellent picture gallery private). Palazzo Carlo Felice is near the Genoa railway station. Theatres.-*Theatre Royal (Teatro Regio) or Opera House, in Palazzo Castello, was built by Alfieri, and is the third largest in Italy, with every requisite for the public safety and comfort. Depth from curtain to back of boxes, 90 feet; depth of stage, 100 feet; width of the curtain, 50 feet. Teatro Carignano, in that Place, is supported by columns, and used for comic operas, &c. Academy of Sciences, in Piazza Carignano, contains the Museums of Natural History and Antiquities, and the Picture Galleries. 1.-Museo di Storia Naturale (Natural History), including a gallery of Zoology classified by orders, &c., and one of Fossils and Minerals, very full, especially in native specimens. 2.-Cabinet of Antiquities (Museo d' Antichita) Egyptian, Grecian, Roman, and Etruscan, besides one of 11,000 models arranged by countries. Among the marbles are Cupid sleeping in the Lion's Skin, Head of Antinous, a bronze Minerva, a mosaic (Orpheus and his Lyre) found at Stampace, 1766, many Roman and other bronzes, vases found at Potenzo, busts of Æsop, Julian, &c. The Egyptian Museum, founded on the purchase of Drovetti's collection in 1823, by Carlo Felice, is very rich and celebrated, having among other objects, statues of Osymandias (15 feet high), Thothmes I. and II., Amenophis II. (or Memnon), Rameses II. (or Sesostris), in granite or basalt, also Egyptian paintings, ornaments, domestic articles, mummies, papyri, MSS. on linen (one being part of a chronology, and a list of about 100 kings), and the Isaic Table (Table of Isis) a bronze covered with hieroglyphics of doubtful character, supposed to have been manufactured in the reign of Adrian. Champollion identified several of the statues here in his visit, 1824. 3.-*Gallery of Paintings (seen, 9 to 4) in fifteen rooms; chiefly of the Italian and Flemish schools. The rooms are named after the principal painters and schools-as the Piedmont Room, Raphael Room, &c.; and the specimens number about 510. Among them are the following: G. Ferrari's St. Paul; Lowering of the Cross; Christ in the Clouds; St. Peter. Giovenone's Resurrection; Virgin and Child. Garavoglia's St. Anthony and the Child; Virgin and Child. Raphael's Madonna della Tenda. Guido's St. Catherine. Guercino's Virgin and Child; Prodigal Son. Bassano's Rape of the Sabines. Gentileschi's Annunciation. Domenichino's Agriculture, Astronomy, and Architecture. Titian's Paul III.; Journey to Emmaus; Adoration of the Shepherds. Velasquez's Philip IV. Albano's Birth of Venus; Forge of Vulcan; Ceres, Juno, and Flora; Four Elements, with goddesses, nymphs, cupids, &c. Vandyke's Charles First's Children; Virgin and Child; Princes of Savoy. Lely's Cromwell and his Wife. Holbein's Luther and his Wife; Calvin. G. Dow's Children Blowing Bubbles. H. Vernet's Carlo Alberto (1834). There are many portraits and landscapes, &c., by Claude, G. Poussin, Teniers, Vandyke, &c., besides battlepieces and paintings on porcelain, by Con stantine. University, in Contrada del Po, founded 1465, and revived by Vittorio Amadeo in 1710, numbers about 1,000 students, under forty or fifty professors. It is a large well-planned building with an arcaded court, ornamented with bas-reliefs, and inscriptions fixed in the walls; making part of a Lapidarian Museum. Its Library numbers 200,000 volumes, and 2,000 MSS., of which last 170 are Hebrew, 370 Greek, 1,200 Latin, 220 Italian, 120 French. Some of its palimpsests have been deciphered by Peyron; among the MSS. are Theodoret's Commentaries on the minor Prophets, an illuminated Bible (from the sack of Rome, by the Constable Bourbon), an old Testament of the twelfth century, Bede's Commentary on Luke of the same date, and the Imitation of Jesus Christ (called the Arona MS.) on vellum, beautifully ornamented with miniatures and paintings, &c. The Botanic Garden is part of the New Public Garden, near the Valentino Palace, or Polytechnic School, outside the city. A Royal Academy of 40 members was founded 1780, and has published some memoirs. It stands on the Col del Accademia, with lecture rooms, laboratories, &c., attached. An Academy of Fine Arts, opposite the Teatro d' Argennes, has a gallery of Albano's works, besides works by Raphael, A. Dürer, Vandyke, C. Dolci, &c. Open daily by application to the keeper. Museo Civico is near the Royal Gardens. A collection of native minerals is at the Aziendo del Interno, or "Woods and Forests" Office, in Piazza San Carlo. Behind the Royal Theatre is the Royal Military Academy, founded in the seventeenth century by Vit. Amad. II., with a riding school, &c., attached. There is also a Reale Società Agraria (Royal Agricultural Society) whose garden is outside the Porta Nuova; besides a Philharmonic Society, schools for the blind, for the deaf and dumb, &c. Hospitals, &c.-Among these are the following:-Hospital of St. John (S. Giov. Batta.) as old as the fourteenth century, with about 400 beds, and an anatomical school, founded by Carlo Alberto; it is an immense building, in the Contrada del Ospedale. Hospital of St. Maurice and Lazarus (1572), for soldiers, &c.; Maniconico, or hospital for the insane (1728); Spedale della Maternita, for lying-in women and infants; Spedale di Carità, for children and the aged, in the Contrada del Po. A Reale Albergo de Vertu (or House of Industry) was founded 1580, for the benefit of the poor, and revived in 1851; its inmates work at various trades. Opera di S. Luigi Gonzaga (1794), for poor and incurables; Mendicity Refuge, founded 1838; the Retiro, founded 1745, by Rosa Govona, for poor girls who support themselves. At the Providence, founded sixteenth century, about 130 young ladies of birth are educated. There is a well-managed Monte di Pietà, or public pawn-shop, which serves as a loan fund. The Arsenal, near the Piazza d'Armi, was begun by Carlo Emanuele I., and improved by Carlo Emanuele III. It contains various trophies, a foundry, laboratory, plans of fortifications, school of metallurgy, and a cabinet of Natural History. The Government Tobacco Factory is near the Piazza Vittorio Emanuele. A Cemetery is at the Campo Santo, beyond the town. Silvio Pellico and General Colligno are buried here. The *Superga is 4 miles distant, on a hill about 2,000 feet above the sea. It is a striking object from any point, and consists of a college annexed to a circular chapel, with an octagon dome 60 feet in diameter, built by Giuvara, in consequence of the vow of Vittorio Amadeo before the battle of 1706, and his victory over the French. It is regularly designed with a portico, side towers, &c., and is "very cleverly arranged, so as to give size and importance to what otherwise would be a small church; but in doing this, the church and convent are so mixed up together, that it is difficult to tell where one begins and the other ends."-Fergusson. Many of the royal family are buried here, including the founder, and his son Carlo; also, Vittorio Emanuele I., and Carlo Alberto, the late There are also king, who died at Oporto, 1842. An annual festival is held here on the day of the victory (8th September), which the Court attends. Omnibuses go twice a-day as far as the Madonna del Pilone, within an easy walk of the Superga; (somarelli), which are kept here. In August, 1884, the ascent of which may be then done by asses a Funicular Rail was opened from Turin; see Bradshaw's Continental Guide. The King has country seats at Vigna della Regina, on a hill by the Po, built by Vittorio Amadeo's son-in-law, Maurice (it contains a lovely Carlo Dolce); at Stupinigi Forest, on the Sagone (4 miles off), built by Giuvara and Alfieri, with a good park; at Moncalieri (page 9), Rivoli, &c. A Royal the late king's favourite seat. Riding School is at La Venaria (8 miles). This was The climate of Turin is hot in summer, and cold in winter, and, on the whole, unfavourable to invalids, who are advised to be exceedingly careful. (See Introduction, pp. xxii. and xxiii.) In Strado di Basilica, an inscription marks the house in which Tasso resided for some months, in 1578. It was at Turin that the French authorities arrested Forsyth, the traveller, in 1803, as a British subject, and sent him, with many others, to Valenciennes. Among the natives of Turin (most of whom have statues here) are Lagrange, and Gioberti, the famous priest, at one time (1848-9) Prime Minister, and author of the Primato Morale e Civile d'Italia, advocating a free Italian confederation of states, under a free Pope; an idea which Pio Nono attempted to carry out till he fell back to the Jesuits. Gioberti returned to Turin. after several years' banishment, in 1848. Count C. Balbo followed up the efforts of Gioberti in his Speranza d'Italia, and by the Risorgimento (Resurrection) newspaper, assisted by Cavour, Massimo d'Azeglio, and others. D'Azeglio, a painter, novelist, soldier, and statesman, all in one, was Prime Minister to Charles Albert, and afterwards governor of Lombardy. By the influence of these great men, the Statuto, or fundamental law of the kingdom, promulgated on 4th March, 1848, was preserved through the reactionary period, and constitutional government settled on a firm basis in Italy. Cavour's Monument (by Duprè of Florence), in Piazza Carlo Emanuele II. (or Carlina, now improved with new houses), was opened by the King in 1873. It consists of his statue, surrounded by allegorical symbols, and arms of Italian cities. The Monument of D'Azeglio (by Bulzico of Cava), opened also in 1873, stands in Piazza Carlo Felice, facing the Central Station. The country round Turin yields two harvests, and three crops of hay annually. Susa...... Condove............... 17 S. Antonino 19 2641 81 At Bussoleno, the Mont Cenis Tunnel line falls in. Near Alpignano (Stat.), where the rail leaves the plain, is RIVOLI, a small town (population, 5,672), with a castle in which King Vittorio Amadeo died in 1732, after his abdication. Rail from Turin, 73 miles, in 30 minutes. Ambrogio (Stat.), a little walled place, with a population of 1,300, and an eight-sided church. The old Convent and Castle of Sacra di S. Michele are seen on Mont Picchiriano, about 2,000 feet high. The castle was restored by Carlo Alberto. There are granite quarries near this. Bussoleno (Stat.) Here the Mont Cenis Tunnel rail comes in, via the direct line across France. (See Route 5 in Bradshaw's Continental Guide.) It passes Meana, Chiomonte, Salbertrand, Oulx, to Bardonnechia, as below. (See Introduction.) Susa (Stat.) A small city (Hotel de la Poste), population, 3,655, at the junction of the Monte Cenisio (or Mont Cenis) and Mont Genèvre routes, in a picturesque hollow, on the site of the Roman Segusio, founded by Augustus. A small triumphal arch, nearly 50 feet high, dedicated to him in the year 8 B.C., remains. The Cathedral of St. Just is of the twelfth century. Near it is the ruined fort of Brunetta, demolished by the French in 1798. The rocks here, "exposed to the full force of the sun, support many plants which are rarely seen so far from the Mediterranean." (BALL'S Guide to the Western Alps.) From Susa, over Mont Genèvre to Briançon, is 34 English miles. By diligence from Susa in 8 hours. It is lifted to and from the line without changing carriages. The distances are: which is the southern terminus of the Mont Cenis Tunnel through the Alps, 8 miles long, to Modane, completed in December, 1871. CESANA (population, 580), about 900 feet higher, where the road from Fenestrelle and Pinerolo joins with the paths from Serrières, &c. About 4 hours north-west is Mont Chaberton, 10,258 feet high. Following the road, you come to the pass of Bourg Mont Genèvre, on the French border, 6,102 feet high, with a douane. Thence the road (constructed by Napoleon, in 1807) descends the valley of the Durance to the picturesque old fortified town of Briangon. (See Bradshaw's Hand-Book to France.) Candiolo None..... Abrasca.. 9 .12 ...14 Miles. .18 .21 .23 Torre Pellice ....... 34 Nichellino (Stat.) is near the royal forest and hunting seat of Stupinigi, on the river Sangone. Airasca (Stat.); from here there is a branch line to Vigone, continued to Saluzzo (page 8), and intended to run on to Cuneo (page 8). Pinerolo (Stat.), or Pignerol in French, at the terminus. A garrison town and the capital of a province of the same name. Population, 15,464. Hotel: Corona Grossa. It has a cathedral; a church dedicated to St. Maurice, with some frescoes by Pozzi; factories of silk, &c.; and is overlooked by the remains of a state prison, in which the Man with the Iron Mask was shut up. The line is now continued through San Secondo, Capella Moreri, Bricherasio (branch to Barge), Bibiana, and Luserna to La Torre, La Tour, or Torre Pellice. It contains a handsome church, college or grammar school, hospital, and other institutions of late date; founded by the exertions of Archdeacon Gilly, General Beckwith, and other friends of the Vaudois. Hotel: De l'Ours. This is the little capital (population 3,329) of the community, numbering about 21,000, in thirteen parishes in the valleys, on the slope of the mountains, from which they derive their names-Vaudois in French (the language of their service), Valdesi in Italian, Valdés in their own dialect, all originating in Vallis, and meaning dwellers in the valleys. The valleys are those of the Lucerna or Pellice, which rises near Monte Viso, and runs to the Clusone; the Perosa or Clusone, which runs to the Po; and San Martino or Germanasca, which rises in Col d'Aliries; a space about 20 miles each way. The principal villages, next to La Torre (or La Tour de Luserne), are St. Giovanni, Angrogna, Bobbio, Villaro, Pomaretto, St. Martino, Villasecca, and Perera. Each village has a church and school, besides a chapel for Roman Catholics, of whom there are about 2,000. The persecutions to which they were subjected by the Dukes of Savoy, encouraged by the Papacy, gave rise to the missions from Charles I. in their behalf, to Sir S. Morland's mission, under Cromwell, and to Milton's famous sonnet- "Avenge, O Lord, thy slaughtered saints, whose bones Lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold." The particulars of these persecutions, of their transportation to Switzerland, and their daring return across the mountains, under Henry Arnaud, in 1689, are related in Gilly's "Excursions among the Vaudois." Under the present equal system all their disabilities are removed. The Valdés dialect is a mixture of Romance and Italian, nearly the same as that of the "Nobla Leyçon," their ancient confession of faith, composed in the twelfth century, when they were, as they had been from time immemorial, independent of the Church of Rome. It begins "O Frayres, entede una nobla leyzon; Ben ha mil e cēt ānus upli entermt, Que fo scpta lora car sen al denē tēp." That is, "O, Brethren, hear a noble lesson. We ought often to watch and pray. Eleven hundred years are fully completed since it was written, The end of all things is at hand.'" There is some fine scenery in the neighbourhood of La Torre, with views of the neighbouring Alps as you ascend (2 hours) to Bobbio, which is 2,888 feet above sea level (population, 2,233). At Col de la Croix is an embankment on the Pellice, erected with a grant made by Cromwell. Here Henry Arnaud defeated the French in 1689-90. From hence it is 4 hours to Col Julien, which commands a magnificent prospect of Monte Viso. (See BALL'S Guide to Western Alps.) From Pinerolo, up the Val de Perouse and Val Pragelas, on the Clusone, it is 12 miles to Perouse, past the Malanaggio quarries of building stone, chiefly gneiss, with masses of schist and serpentine. Several passes meet here; and the vine and mulberry flourish. It is 5 to 6 hours to La Torre, through Val Angrogna and the picturesque defile of Pra del Tor, the scene of a Vaudés victory in 1560; 9 hours past Porrero, in Val Germanasca, in Abriês, an easy pass, used in winter; and 9 miles to Fenestrella, a small town (population, 1,614), remarkable for a strong fortress or state prison, on a bleak spot, in which Cardinal Pacca was confined by Napoleon, 1809-13. He gives an account of it in his "Memorie Storiche." From this it 20 miles under Mont Genèvre to Cesana, on the Dora; and 5 hours across Col de la Fenêtre to Susa, facing the Mont Cenis Pass. Moncalieri Miles. ............ Savigliano Fossano ..................................... 321 39 Maddalena............. 44 Moncalieri (Stat.) Or Moncaglieri (population, 10,181), on the Po, is the usual summer residence of the present King of Italy, in a castle restored by Vittorio Emanuele I. (who died here 1823), and built by Yolande, wife of Amadeus of Savoy. It is the site of the ancient Testona. Trofarello (Stat.), population, 1,242, where the line to Alessandria and Genoa parts off. Villastellone (Stat.), population, 2,564, near Carignano, on the Po, which gives a dukedom to the royal house. Population, 7,912. It has three churches, one of which, Santa Maria, contains the tomb of Bianca Palæologus, wife of Charles of Montferrat. Carmagnola (Stat.) A town of 13,000 inhabitants, formerly defended by walls and towers, one of which serves as a clock-tower to St. Filippo Church. It gave the surname of Carmagnola to F. Bussone, a soldier of fortune, who was born a swine-herd, and became one of the first generals in Italy. After serving Philip Visconti, Duke of Milan, and the Venetian Republic, he was beheaded in 1432. A Racconigi (Stat.) Population, 10,415. favourite seat of the late king, Carlo Alberto. Cavallermaggiore (Stat.) Population, 5,516. [Here a branch rail of 7 miles leads to Bra, or Bra St. Vittoria (Stat.)-A town of 9,200 inhabitants, on a hill-side, above the Stura. Near this is Pollenzo Castle, on the River Tanaro, Here the on the site of the Roman Pollentia. line to Alba and Alessandria parts off. Alba (Stat.) On the Tanaro, with a population of 6,400, is the ancient Alba Pompeia; near which the Emperor Pertinax was born, the son of a charcoal dealer. He lived at Villa Martis, which he adorned with fine buildings, leaving his own cottage untouched. Going up the stream is Cherasco (population, 11,000), where the treaty of 1796 was signed between France and Piedmont] [From Bra (Stat.) to Savona, the stations by the new line of 98 kil., opened 1874, past tunnels and viaducts, are Narzole, Farigliano, Carrù (where a branch of 9 miles turns off to Bastia and Mondovi, towards Cuneo, many as below), Niella Ceva, Sale, St. Giuseppe de Cairo (where an extension of 43 kil. from Acqui comes in-See Route 4), Santuario, and Savona (page 21), which is reached through a tunnel in the Apennines.] Savigliano (Stat.), on the Macra. Population, 17,000. A town containing two churches, a theatre, the Taffini Palace (painted by Molineri or Carracino), and a triumphal arch erected when Victor Amadeo married Christine of France. [Here the branch line of 10 miles turns off, vid Lagnasco, to Saluzzo (Stat.) Population, 15,814. It is the capital of a province, formerly the Marquisate of Saluzzo, and a fief of Dauphiné, which Henry IV. exchanged for La Bressa, &c. The old castle, now a penitentiary, commands a fine view. The Cathedral, built 1480, was restored in 1844. Monument to Silvio Pellico, born here 1788. From this you ascend the Po, to Paesana, 14 miles, a fine spot, 1,778 feet high, whence a path over the hills leads to La Torre, in the Vaudois country. Population, 6,457. The scenery improves at San Chiaffieddo, where the September festa attracts a large gathering, and also at Crissolo (population, 1,025), 8 miles, the highest village in the valley of the Po (4,544 feet), and a good station for making the ascent of Monte Viso. The scenery is of an Alpine character. Within a short distance are La Balma di Rio Martino, a celebrated stalactite cavern, in the dolomite; the Col del Poreo, 9,604 feet high; the Piano del Rè, the largest of the head streams of the Po; and Monte Meidassa, 10,991 feet high. COL DELLA TRAVERSETTE, 7 miles from Crissolo, on the shoulder of Monte Viso, in the boundary between Dauphiné and Piedmont. It commands a view as far as Milan in fine weather. Below the crest is a remarkable Tunnel, cut in 1480 by the Marquis of Saluzzo, to open an easier communication with Dauphiné, at the height of 9,500 feet. It is generally filled with snow, down to July. From this point there is an easy descent by the old paved way, down the valley of the Guil, to Mont Dauphin (36 miles) and Embrun. (See Bradshaw's Hand-Book to France). Abriés, the first village, is five hours from the foot of the mountain. Monte Viso, the ancient Mons Vesulus, in the Cottian Alps, rises tier on tier, to the height of about 12,640 feet. It was thought to be inaccessible till ascended by two members of the Alpine Club, in 1861, and again in 1862; in both cases from the Val di Vallanta, on the south side, above Sampeyre. The whole range of the Western Alps from Provence to Monte Rosa is visible. In 1839, Professor J. D. Forbes made the complete tour of the mountain in a hard day's walk of 14 hours; a most interesting excursion. (See BALL'S Guide to the Western Alps.)] The next station to Savigliano, on the main line, is Fossano (Stat.), on the Stura, and so called from Fonte Sano. Population, 15,844. It has remains of a castle and old walls. [Hence there is a railway to Mondovi, and over the hills to Savona, on the Riviera of the Mediterranean. Mondovi (Stat.), on the branch rail from Carrù to Cuneo (below), is a city (pop., 17,300), and capital of a province, 1,930ft. above sea, celebrated for a French victory in 1796. It has a fort in the old town or Piazzi, with a large Cathedral. Ceva (Stat.), on the Tanaro. Population, 4,520. Hence by way of Millesimo (about 1,550 feet high), on the Bormida, where the French beat the Austrians, 1796, and Altare, on the north slope of the Apennines, and Cadibona, at their summit, you come to Savona, on the sea, 30 kils. from Millesimo. (See Route 9). Savona may be now reached by railway direct from Turin (as on page 7.) From Ceva there is a way, via Garezza (13 miles), and Ormea (7 miles), to the Col de Nava (2,480 feet high), and thence to Pieve (13 miles), down the Arrosia, to Oneglia (20 miles), on the Riviera. (See Route 9).] From Fossano, following the main line, up the Stura, the only station of importance is CUNEO, or Coni (Stat.), At the junction of the Gesso with the Stura. A bustling town (population, 12,413), at the terminus of the line, and in the further corner of the valley of the Po, strongly fortified down to the battle of Marengo, when its walls were razed by the French, 1800. It has a cathedral, two churches, and a theatre. The Maritime Alps and Monte Viso are in view. A branch to Mondovi (above) was opened 1888. There is a short line to Roccadebaldi. From Cuneo, it is 24 miles to the Baths of Valdieri, up the Gesso, 4,226 feet high. An omnibus runs thither daily. The accommodation consists of an établissement de bains, well appointed, frequented mostly by the Piedmontese. The waters are hot and cold, sulphureous, and saline, but the most singular curative agent is a cryptogamic plant, which grows in the hot springs at a temperature of 135°, and forms a gelatinous mass, very useful in hot applications to the body for internal complaints, old wounds, &c. The Gesso di Entracque was a favourite resort of Victor Emmanuel, for chamois hunting; and many beautiful and rare flowers are seen. The posts to Nice, across Col di Tenda, are as follows:-Robillante, 2 posts; Limone, 1; Tenda, 4; Giandola, 23; Sospello, 2: Scarena, 3; Nice, 23, or 184 posts in all-equal to 224 English miles, or 146 Piedmontese. Malle poste in 22 hours, or longer in winter, when the coach is laid on sledges over the Col. The first place is Borgo S. Dalmazzo, a small town (population, 4,054), at the foot of the mountain. Thence to |