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four for a stuyver." In 1657 they were publicly reduced from 6 to 8 for a stuyver, which is twopence. The wampum was used greatly by the Indians to decorate and ornament their persons. The women strung theirs, and hung them round their necks and sewed them on their moccasins and mantles.

The Dutch bore several names among the Indians. They called them Swannakwak or Swanekens; also Assyreoni, the cloth makers; Charistooni, the iron workers; Sankhicanni, the fire workers, in allusion to their use of matchlocks.

The lands on York Island, without the bounds of the town walls, along Wall street, appertained to the company, and were either used for public grazing grounds for the town cows, sheep, or swine, or else for the Governor's farms, under the names of Bouwerys. The Bouwery or farm sold to governor Stuyvesant in 1631, now so invaluable as building lots in the hands of his descendants, was originally purchased by him for 6,400 guilders (1,0667.), and having besides the land, "a dwelling-house, barn, reek-lands, six cows, two horses, and two young negroes."

On another farm the company erected a wint molen (wind-will) for the use of the town. Its site was by the Broadway, between the present Liberty and Courtland streets. The first having decayed, it was ordered, in 1662, that there be another on the same ground "outside of the city land-port (gate) on the company's farm."

There was once a water mill near the kolch, having its outlet of water to the North river. In order to obtain more water for the mill, the use of the vallies was granted to the miller; and as the race he had dug ad

mitted the salt water' occasionally into the kolch of fresh water, to its injury, he was required by law, in 1661, to hang a waste gate so as to bar the passage of the salt water.

We may close this article with some little notices and recollections of Dutch manners, as they appeared in their last remains when receding from the innovations of later times, to wit:

Capt. Graydon, who was a prisoner on Long Island in the war of independence, and was quartered at Flat Bush, speaks of his neighbours as a quiet inoffensive people; as too unaspiring and contented to have ever made a revolution from their own impulse. Their religion, like their other habits, were all plain and unostentatious: A silent grace before meat was their general family habit. The principal personage in every Dutch village was the "domine" or minister; and their manner of preaching was extremely colloquial and familiar. Their most frequent diet was clams, called clippers; and their unvaried supper was supon (mush); sometimes with milk, but more generally with buttermilk, blended with molasses. Their blacks, when they had them, were very free and familiar; sometimes sauntering about among the whites at meal time, with hat on head, and freely joining occasionally in conversation, as if they were one and all of the same household.

The hospitality and simple plainness of New-York city, down to the period of 1790 and 1800, was very peculiar. All felt and praised it. Nothing was too good, and no attention too engrossing for a stranger. It was a passport to every thing kind and generous. All who were introduced, invited him to their home and

board. As wealth and pride and numbers came in, it wore off more and more; till now it follows selfishness and reserve like other cities.

EARLY INLAND SETTLEMENTS.

*Bold master spirits-where they touch'd they gain'd
Ascendance,-where they fix'd their foot, they reign'd."

For numerous years after the first settlement, Albany constituted the ultima Thule-the remotest point of interior civilization and improvement. Even as late as the war of independence, the present flourishing towns of Troy and Lansingburgh were scarcely named. Saratoga Springs and Ballstown, now so famed and fashionable, were in their native barrens.

Kinderhook, Esopus, and Rhinebeck, were among the earliest Dutch settlements along the banks of the Hudson. They are mentioned as early as 1651 by Joost Hartgers; and in 1656 by Vanderdonck. Esopus having been made a place of depot for our military stores, was assaulted in 1777 by the British general Vaughan, and taken and burnt.

Rhinebeck, as well as Strausburgh nigh it, were at an early period much occupied by Germans. The former place, in 1749, had its separate church and German pastor, the Rev. Mr. Harturig. The Germans were encouraged to settle in New-York state in the time of Queen Anne. Several got dissatisfied there and

moved into Pennsylvania, under some encouragements received from Gov. Sir W. Keith.

Some Scotch presbyterians went out early under the auspices of the Livingston family. At the first settlement of Albany, Livingston was secretary to the Dutch government, his family being at the same time, Brownists in Holland, from Scotland. I have seen an autograph letter of his mother to his address, written from Amsterdam when in her 80th year of age, and providing therein for his receiving out fifty of that people at a time, as his working men, to serve seven years a-piece for only food and raiment; all for the sake of freedom of conscience. The Livingston family settled near Hudson city; and one of the Livingstons (Robert) in later years (1752) took up 300,000 acres of forest land, extending from Esopus to the Delaware river, and proposing to rent them out forever on the condition of 50 bushels of wheat per 100 acres yearly.

Hudson city is but a modern affair, having been, till the year 1784, cultivated as a farm. It was then purchased by a few enterprizing persons of capital from the eastward, chiefly for the purpose of conducting there the whale fishery to the Pacific ocean. Such was its rapid progress, that in two years there were as many as 150 dwelling-houses erected. During the snowy winter of 1786, it was visited daily, it was said, by 1,200 sleds, bringing in and taking out articles of traffic. It is deemed at the head of tide water and ship navigation.

Newburgh existed before the revolution; and being a place beautifully situated, and not far from West Point, it was occasionally made a place of visit and re

laxation by Gen. Washington, and other superior officers serving during that war at that post.

The earliest inland advance of settlement and civilization beyond Albany, was made at Schenectada, on the Mohawk river, 16 miles westward from that city. It derived its Indian name from its situation, as placed in a surrounding pine-barren country. Its chief support was derived from its fur trade, which it continued down to the period of the revolution. While it was yet a village and frontier post, it was made the scene of sudden and cruel destruction. On the 8th February, 1690, a small expedition of 200 French and a number of Canadian Indians, destined to assault Albany itself, arrived unapprehended, in the dead of the night, and entering the guard gates before the inhabitants could be aroused for defence, they forced and fired almost every house, butchering sixty persons of every age and sex, and bearing off several prisoners. The rest fled almost naked in a terrible storm and deep snow. Several of them lost their limbs through the rigour of the cold. It was an awful time; and long, long was the calamity remembered and related by the few who survived to keep alive the painful story. Those who most felt for the sufferers, and sighed most for revenge, had an opportunity, in the next year, to join in an expedition under the command of Major Peter Schuyler of Albany, "the Washington of his day." He conducted about 300 men, of whom the half were Mohawks and Schakook Indians; and at La Prairé they encountered 1,200 men under De Callieres, and in several conflicts slew 13 officers and 300 men, returning home in safety.

The Mohawk river, extending far westward through a narrow and long valley of fruitful soil, presented the

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