Alaskan tongue, which belongs to the Turanian or agglutinated languages and is thoroughly alien in its construction to that of the European family of languages.

University of Paris.-In Chapter V (pp. 519-558) Dr. John W. Hoyt gives a history of the University of Paris during the Middle Ages. The historical antecedents and causes of the movement which resulted in the gathering of teachers and students at Paris are pointed out, including both the civil and ecclesiastical conditions of the time. The organization of the students into "nations" and of the teachers into faculties is traced, together with an account of the scope of the mediæval studies, the scholastic method of teaching, and the influence of the university upon contemporary life and the history of France. The recent interest in Oxford University occasioned by the Rhodes bequest has made the organization and purpose of the great universities of the Middle Ages an object of special study in this country with a view to understand better the survivals found even in our later and latest foundations on the border lands.

Development of the public school system in the South.-In Chapter XVI (pp. 999-1090) Dr. A. D. Mayo gives an historical account of the final establishment of the American common school system in the States of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, covering the period from the close of the civil war to the beginning of the present century. In all of these States the friends of popular education had to contend not only with the widespread prejudice against educating the negroes at public expense, but also with the more or less active opposition of those who were antagonistic to any system of free public schools for either race. The story of the alternate successes and reverses of those who were waging the campaign in behalf of the schools until success finally rewarded their efforts is graphically told by Doctor Mayo, whose labors in the South in the cause of education, extending over the greater portion of the period included in his narrative, have given him an intimate acquaintance with the course of events in that section, and render him peculiarly qualified to speak upon the subject.

Schools of Alaska.-Chapter XXXVI (pp. 2257-2268) contains an account of the schools in Alaska, which, owing to the delay of the report, has been brought down to the 1st of July, 1905. The historical table, showing the length of school term and enrollment of pupils, begins on page 2263 and includes three pages, giving the months taught and the enrollment for the years beginning 1892–93 and extending to 1903-4. For the years 1903 and 1904 the total enrollment and average attendance are given by months. Owing to the fact that the natives have a winter residence different from the summer residence, the schools vary much from month to month in average attendance, and, as is shown by the comparatively large

number in total enrollment for the year, there must be in many cases sets of children who come to school in the fall and early spring and other sets who come in the summer time or in the winter. As is the case with the rural schools in the States, the number enrolled is the most important item of statistics, for it shows how many different individuals in the population are reached by school influence; nor is it possible to say that some of the older children who attend school in the severe weather of some of the winter months do not learn more in a few days than the young children during a much longer period of school attendance in the summer.

For advancement in higher studies such as are pursued in the grammar school grades of the elementary schools in the States or in our high schools, what is learned by a long session is out of all proportion to a short session. But in the case of the rudiments of reading, writing, arithmetic, and geography the ratio is reversed, and in one week's time the pupil learns more than half as much as he would learn in two weeks' time. Many of the natives are extremely bright, judged by the readiness of their memory for forms and sounds. They pick up words quite fast and learn the alphabetic symbols readily. They do not make so much progress in syntax or in the construction of the white man's sentence. They learn to count readily and to add small numbers, but they do not seize very well the operations of subtraction and multiplication. Multiplication is an abbreviated method of addition based upon a knowledge. of units of different orders indicated by the position of the digit, namely, units, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc., each place to the left or right being ten times more or ten times less than its neighbor in value. A bare statement of the operation of multiplication shows that it rests upon the use of reflection as much as memory. From this it may be readily understood why the multiplication of written arithmetic is quite difficult for the natives of any tribal civilization. But if subtraction and multiplication are difficult, division has a higher order of difficulty. For it proceeds by analysis, taking to pieces large numbers which are indicated by digits of different orders a process which requires one more stage of reflection than multiplication or subtraction of written numbers. It requires a reduction of the remainders left to the next lower order of digits and the addition of the same to the digits belonging to that place or order. It is of interest to notice, on page 2260, the report of Joseph Weinlick at the school at the Moravian mission near Bethel. some years of little result in the attempt to teach his pupils arithmetic he was able to make some progress in teaching addition, subtraction, and multiplication to these children, "but division is yet a mystery to them."

ED 1904 M-IV

After

On page 2261 in the report of Mrs. Otha Thomas, the teacher at Kotzebue, a hint is given as to the method or device by which a little education at school becomes fruitful to an entire family or to many families through the teaching of bright pupils who instruct younger and older members of the family at home. "One of these particularly bright lads, who lived at a point about 225 miles distant from Kotzebue, took a number of old books from the school and taught his smaller friends their letters."

The reindeer history is epitomized on the three pages, 2266-2268. Nine comparative tables are given, showing the distribution of the deer at the 15 stations and the increase or progress from 1893 to 1905. Table 1 shows the increase of fawns surviving, those of 1893 being 79, and each successive year showing an increase until the fawns of 1905 numbered almost 3,000.

Table 2 shows the annual importations of deer from Siberia, there being 9 annual importations in the fourteen years from 1892 to 1905, making in the aggregate 1,280 imported deer. From these 1,280 the entire 10,241 deer, reported in the herds on July 1, 1905, were descended.

Table 3 shows the annual mortality of the herd for fourteen years, and includes the numbers that died by disease, by old age, by accident, or males that were slaughtered for food, either by the natives or the missions, or sold to miners or other white immigrants for food. The slaughter or transfer of female deer is strictly prohibited in all the herds in Alaska.

Table 4 shows the sex of the old deer living on July 1, 1905, and the sex of the fawns born in the spring of 1905. There are 7 instances out of the 30 where the sex is not given-3 in the case of adults and 4 in the case of fawns. The report as to sex of fawns is not so important, because the average is 103 males to 100 females. The sex of the adults at Nulato by later returns is known to have been 47 males and 147 females, and that at Bettles 75 males to 225 females. This makes the stations reporting 14 out of the 15, giving 2,584 adult males and 4,504 females, a ratio of 36 per cent of males to 63 per cent of females, the same being a ratio of 4 to 7, or 100 males to 175 females. The previous year, July 1, 1904, the ratio was 38 per cent adult males to 62 per cent adult females, showing a slight increase in the proportion of females in the herds in 1905. The ratio of fawns born in 1904 was 105 males to 100 females, a slightly larger proportion than for 1905, possibly due to a greater severity of the season of 1904. This table, No. 4, settles for all practical purposes the question of the truth of rumors of loose management of the herds in Alaska with regard to the sale or slaughter of female deer in Alaska. A proportion of 4 males to 7 females ought to be considered satisfactory.

Table 5, page 2267, shows the various loans of deer to missions for the training of apprentices and to the 5 Laplanders for their annual services as teachers. There are 10 stations at missions to

which loans have been made.

The loan to Wales of 1894 was counted as a gift since 1899, when the deer taken by the Government for the relief of the whalers at Barrow were returned to their respective stations. Three other mission stations have returned the deer borrowed-Golofnin Bay and Tanana, 50 each, and Teller station, 100. Four stations, Nulato, Bethel, Carmel, and Kotzebue, with an aggregate of 371 deer loaned, make returns in the year 1906. Besides these the Lapp herders Sara, Spein, Nilima, Bahr will return their loans of 100 each in the summer of 1906, making with the 371 returned from the missions an aggregate of 771 deer from loans returned in 1906 to the Government. In this table, No. 5, there should be entered another station, Cape Nome, where in 1894 a herd of 100 was loaned to a native Eskimo, Antisarlook. After his death, which occurred in 1900, his herd passed by inheritance to his wife, Mary Antisarlook, who has placed her deer in the charge of the Government, paying to the Government 25 deer per annum for their keeping, by an arrangement effected by the Bureau for the purpose of saving from destruction the remnant of a fine herd left by Antisarlook at his death.

In Table 6 the number of apprentices at each station, together with their several holdings in reindeer earned by their apprenticeships of five years each, are given. Seventy-eight apprentices owned 3,817 deer.

In Table 8 the relative holdings of the Government, the mission stations, the Lapp herders who form a teaching force, and the apprentices who are natives, are given. The Government holding is 3,073, the stations hold 2,127, the Lapp herders 1,189, and the apprentices 3,817. Reduced to percentages the Government owns, either under direct control or under loan to others, 30 per cent of all the deer; the mission stations own 21 per cent, the Lapp herders 11 per cent, the apprentices 38 per cent. The missions and Lapp herders form the teaching force, and the greater part of the mission herds goes to rewarding successful apprentices. The missions and Lapps own 32 per cent of the deer, while the apprentices own 38 per cent. Thus outside of the Government ownership more than half of the deer are in the hands of the apprentices already and their quota increases from year to year.

It is in place here to mention the policy of management that has prevailed to date with the reindeer as an educational apparatus in Alaska.

There are three classes of reindeer stations in Alaska--first, mission stations; secondly, relief stations, and, thirdly, stations in which the reindeer and the schools are entirely under the Government.

1. The first and by far the largest number are included in the class of mission stations that have received loans of small herds of deer for three years or five years, as shown in Table 5 (p. 2267), said stations entering into agreement to furnish apprentices for instruction in the care of herds, and to reward the successful apprentices by the gift of a certain number of reindeer at the close of the apprenticeship of five years, and further agreeing to return the number of deer in good condition equal to the number loaned, and a like proportion of male and female deer, and with other agreements as to the prevention of the slaughter of female deer, etc.

Below I give a brief history of each of the mission stations, showing the beginnings and the present status as to number of deer and as to distribution (a) to apprentices, (b) to station, and (c) to Government, and the cost to the Government for supplies as well as the cost to the Government for superintending the herds. Next I bring together in three tables the most important of these items.

The first table below, total number of deer at the mission stations in 1905, shows how all the stations are observing the regulation which forbids the slaughter of female deer and permits to some extent the slaughter of male deer. It shows that the male to female deer are in the proportion of 2,178 to 3,711, and that the total number of deer at the mission stations is 8,585 (including loans from Government and the herds of Lapp herders), out of the total of 10,241 for all the herds reported on July 1 of the present fiscal year, 1905–6. The second table shows the cost to the Government of the reindeer herds at the mission stations, showing an expense of only $358.38 for supplies (which was for services in removing herd), and for cash expenditure for superintending herd only $1,060.60, giving a total of less than $1,500 for the entire expense to the Government, paid from the appropriation of Congress for the support of the reindeer experiment, the same being an average of 163 cents per year for each reindeer.

The third table shows the distribution of reindeer at the mission stations in 1905-first, the number in charge of the mission stations; secondly, the number of Lapland herders who have received the loan of reindeer as wages for five years of instruction in herding; thirdly, showing the number of apprentices (including also apprentices who have become herders on their own account) and the number of deer belonging to said apprentices, and, lastly, the number of reindeer in the mission herds directly under control of the Government or due to the Government upon the expiration of the loans now pending. It will be seen that the number of deer belonging to the 65 apprentices is 3,236; the number belonging to the stations is somewhat less, namely, 2,698; the number belonging to the Lapland herders is 1,688, and the number owned by the Government at these mission