part of the 17th century, who translated Ross' History of all Religons into French, &c. GRUET, N., a young poet of promising abilities; he was killed by the discharge of a fowling piece, in 1778.

GRUGET, Claude, a Parisian, of the 16th century, who translated Spanish and Italian works into French.

GRUNER, John Frederic, an able theologian and scholar, of Cobourg, and author of several works on language; he died in 1778.

GRUTERUS, Janus, a celebrated philologer, antiquary and historian, born at Antwerp, in 1560, died in 1627.

GUAY TROUIN, Rene du, a famous admiral. See DU-GRAY.

GUAZZI, Stephen, an Italian, author of some poems, dialogues, &c., much esteemed; he died in 1565.

GUAZZI, Mark, of Padua, eminent in arms and literature; he wrote a History of Charles VIII., and died in 1556.

GUDIN DE LA BRENELLERIE Paul Philip a French writer, author of tragedies, essays on various subjects, &c., died in 1812.

GUDIUS, Marquard, an able critic, of Holstein, who owed his elevation, being counsellor to the duke of Holstein, to the friends of his pupil Schas, who left him his property; he died in 1689.

GRUTERUS, Peter, a practitioner of physic, in Flanders, who published "A Century of Latin Letters," &c.; he died in 1634. GUDIUS, Gottlob Frederic, a Lutheran minisGRYLLUS, son of Xenophon, slew Epami-ter, author of some valuable works. nondas, and fell himself at the battle of Matinea, 363 B. C.

GRYNÆUS, Simon, a learned German, Greek professor at Vienna, and afterwards at Heidelberg, became a protestant, for which he suffered much; he died in 1541.

GRYNÆUS, John James, a native of Berne, and minister and professor at Basil; he died in 1617.

GRYNÆUS, Thomas, was professor of Greek and Latin, at Berne and Basil; he left four sons, all eminent in literature.

GRYPHIARDER, John, professor of history and poetry, at Jena, died in 1612.

GUEDRIER DE ST. AUSTIN, Henry Michael, a doctor of the Sorbonne, distinguished as a casuist; he died in 1742.

GUERARD, Robert, of Rouen, who wrote an abridgment of the Bible in questions and answers, &c.; he died in 1715.

GUERART, Benjamin, governor of the state of South Carolina, died at Charleston, in 1789. GUERCHEVILLE, Antoinette de Pons, marchioness of, a French lady, who, when Henry IV. meditated an attack on her virtue, replied that she was not noble enough to be his wife, but too noble to be his mistress.

GUERCHI, Claude Lewis de Regnier, count GRYPHIUS, Sebastian, a very celebrated de, a French general, who distinguished himself printer, of Lyons, in France, born in Germany, in the wars of Italy and Flanders; he died in in 1493. The books printed by him are highly||1768. valued by the connoisseurs, being no less accurate than beautiful; he died in 1556.

GRYPHIUS, Andrew, the Corneille of Germany, died in 1664.

GRYPHIUS, Christian, son of Andrew, was professor of eloquence at Breslaw; he was a man of extensive erudition, &c., and died in 1706.

GUERCINO, (so called from a cast that he had in one of his eyes, for his true name was Francesco Barbieri da Cento,) a celebrated Italian painter, born near Bologna, in 1590, died in 1666.

GUERET, Gabriel, eminent as an advocate at the bar, and as an author; he died at Paris, in 1688. GUERICK, Otho, a Prussian, and the most GUA DE MALVES, John Paul de, a French celebrated mathematician of his time, born in ecclesiastic, who first conceived the idea of an 1602, died in 1686. He was inventor of the airencyclopedia, which was executed by d'Alem-pump, and wrote largely on natural philosophy. bert; he died in 1786. GUERIN, Francis, professor of the college of GUADAGNOLO, Philip, a learned orientalist, Beauvais, translated Tacitus and Livy into boin at Magliano, and author of several works; French. he died in 1656.

GUERINIERE, Francis Robichon, author of

GUAGUIN, Alexander, an author, who wrote" l'Ecole de Cavalerie," &c.; he died in 1751. some topographical works; he died at Cracow, after 1581.

GUERRE, Martin, a Frenchman, whose wife, in his absence, received another man, as her husband; but he returning, the impostor was hanged, in 1650.

GUALBERT, St. John, a Florentine, who founded a monastery at Vallombrosa, which spot is immortalized by Milton; he died in 1073. GUESCLIN, Bertrand du, constable of GUALDUS, Prioratus, an Italian, historio- France, a renowned general, who checked the grapher to the emperor; he wrote the histories victorious progress of Edward III., of England, of Ferdinard II. and III., &c., and died in 1678. after king John of France was taken prisoner; GUALTERUS, Rodolphus, author of Com-he was born in Brittany, in 1311, died in 1380. mentaries on the Bible, &c., died in 1586.

GUARIN, Peter, an excellent Hebrew scholar, of Rouen; he died in 1729.

GUETTARD, John Stephen, a French physician and botanist, whose application was the cause of bis death, in 1786; he wrote on plants. GUEULETTE, Thomas Simon, a French ad

GUARINI, an eminent scholar, of a noble Veronese family, professor of languages at Ferrara,vocate, author of some novels and comedies; ke and author of some works; he died in 1460.

GUARINI, John Baptist, a celebrated Italian poet, born at Ferrara, in 1537, died in 1612. The "Pastor Fido" has immortalized the name of Guarini.

GUARINI, Guarino, a well known architect, who embellished Turin and Paris; he died in .683.

GUASCO, Octavian, a native of Turin, who distinguished himself by his writings; he died in 1783.

died in 1766.

GUEVARA, Antony de a Spanish writer, whose life of M. A. Antonius has been translat cd into all the languages of Europe; he died in 1544.

GUEVARA, Lewis Velcz de, a Spanish poet, and author of several humorous comedies, born at Andalusia, and died in 1646.

GUGLIELMINI, Dominic, a mathematician, patronised by Lewis XIV., and author of se veral valuable works; he died in 1710.

GUIBERT, author of Gesta Dei per Frances; | GUILLET DE ST. GEORGE, George, first he died in 1124.

historiographer to the academy of painting and GUIBERT, James Anthony Hippolite, a French sculpture in Paris; he wrote the History of Mawriter on military affairs, born at Montauban, in homet II., and other works, and died in 1705. 1743. He acquired the rank of colonel, and the GUILLIAUD,Claude, doctor of the Sorbonne, cross of St. Louis, by his active services in the author of commentaries on some of the Gospels, French army, and published, in 1770, his cele- &c. brated work," Essai general de Tactique;" a GUILLIM, John, the reputed author of a cework which, though known and admired over lebrated book, entitled, "The Display of Heralall Europe, drew upon its author the envy too drie," was born in Herefordshire, in 1565, died in often attendant on merit, which embittered a 1621. See BARKHAM.

great part of his days. He was also a dramatic GUILLOTIN, a physician, of Saintes, inventor writer, and produced three tragedies, "The Con-of the guillotine; he died of grief that this instrustable of Bourbon," "The Gracchi," and "An-ment was so much abused. na Bullen" neither of which, however, was published; he was admitted a member of the French academy; and died of air almost broker heart, in 1790; exclaiming on his death-bed, alluding to his enemies, "They will one time know me, and do me justice."

GUICCIARDINI, Francisco, a celebrated historian, of Italy, was born at Florence, in 1482, and died in 1540.

GUISCARD, Robert, a famous Norman knight, who assisted in the conquest of Naples from the Saracens; he died in 1085.

GUISCARD, Charles, a Prussian officer of distinction, author of "Military Memoirs of the Greeks and Romans," &c.; he died in 1775.

GUISE, Claude de Lorraine, duke of, settled in France, and became founder of the family of Guise there; he died in 1513.

GUICCIARDINI, Lewis, nephew of the pre- GUISE, Francis, duke of, son of the precedteding, and a historical writer of the most ap-ing, a man of great talents; in him began the proved fidelity. His principal work is a "His-factions of Conde and Guise; he died in 1563. tory of the Low Countries, and of the Affairs of GUISE, Henry, duke of, memorable in the hisEurope," from 1530 to 1560. He was born at Flo-tory of France as a gallant officer; but an imperence, in 1523, and died in 1583.

GUICHARD, Claude de, historiographer to the duke of Savoy, and author of " The Funerals of the Ancients;" he died in 1607.

GUICHERON, Samuel, a French advocate and historian; he wrote "History of the House of Savoy," and died in 1664.

rious, turbulent, seditious subject, who placed himself at the head of an armed force, and called his rebel band, The League; the plan was formed by the cardinal, his younger brother; and, under the pretext of defending the Roman catholic religion, the king, Henry III., and the freedom of the state, against the designs of the GUIDI, Alexander, an eminent Italian poet, Huguenots, or French protestants, they carried born at Pavia, in 1650, died in 1712. on a civil war, massacred the Huguenots, and GUID,Reni,an Italian painter, born at Bolog-governed the king, who forbade his appearance na, iu 1575, died in 1642. The heads of this pain-at Paris; but Guise now became an open rebel, ter have been considered as not at all inferior to Raphael's.

GUIDO, Cagnacci, a historical painter, of Bologna, of great merit, died in 1680.

GUIDOTTI, Paul, a painter and anatomist, who, in attempting to fly, fell and broke his limbs; he died in 1629.

entered that city against the king's express or der, and put to the sword all who opposed him; the streets being barricadoed to prevent his pro gress, this fatal day is called in the French history, The Day of the Barricades. Masters of Paris, the policy of the Guises failed them; for they suffered the king to escape to Blois, though

GUIGNARD, John, a jesuit, who was execut-he was deserted in his palace at Paris by his ed at Paris for high treason, in 1595.

GUIGNES, Joseph de, a native of Pontoise; he became interpreter to the French king in 1741, and wrote many works; he died in 1800.

GUILD, William, D. D., a Scotch divine, professor of divinity and philosophy at Aberdeen; he died in 1662.

very guards. At Blois, Henry convened an assembly of the states of France; the duke of Guise had the boldness to appear to a summons sent him for that purpose; a forced reconciliation took place between him and the king, by the advice of this assembly; but it being accidentally discovered, that Guise had formed a plan to dethrone the king, that weak monarch, instead of resolutely bringing him to justice, had him privately assassinated, Dec. 23, 1558, in the GUILLANDIUS, Melchior, an eminent phy-38th year of his age His brother, the cardinal, sician and botanist in Prussia, wrote an excel-shared the same fate the next day. lent commentary on the Papyrus, &c.; he died in 1589.

GUILLAIN, Simon, a sculptor, rector of the painting and sculpture academy at Paris; he died in 1658.

GUILLELMA, of Bohemia, the foundress of an infamous sect which started up in Italy in the 13th century, and which, under the mask of devotion, used to practise all manner of lewdness. Guillelma imposed so effectually upon the world by a show of extraordinary devotion all her life time, that she was not only reputed holy at her death, but also revered as a saint a considerable time after it. However, her frauds, and the delusions she had employed, were at last discovered; upon which her body was dug up, and burnt, in 1300. She died in 1281, and had been buried in Milan.

GUISE, Charles, duke of, eldest son of Henry, was arrested on his father's murder, but escap ed; he was reconciled to the king, but the jea lousy of Richelieu drove him from the kingdom; he died in 1640.

GUISE, Lewis de Lorraine, cardinal of, son of Henry, well known as illustrious in arms, and in the arts of peace; he died in 1621.

GUISE, Henry of Lorraine, duke of, grandson of Henry, was remarkable for his intrigues with the duke of Bouillon, &c.; he died in 1664.

GUISE, William, an English divine, eminent for his translations from the oriental languages, born in Gloucestershire, in 1653, died in 1683. Foreigners have styled him " the immortal orna GUILLEMEAU, James, a French surgeon,ment of the university of Oxford." author of some valuable works; he died in 1612. GUITTON, John. a citizen of Rochelle, was

elected mayor, captain-general, and governor, known as an able antiquarian, and correct writwhen that city was besieged by cardinal Riche-er; he died in 1638.

lieu, in 1637. He would not accept the command, GUTHRIE, William, a very laborious and vounless it was agreed that a poignard, which he luminous writer on history, politics, and other produced, should lie on the table in the town-subjects, born at Breichen, in Angusshire, in 1701, house, for him to put to death the first man who died in 1769. His principal works are, "Histories proposed to surrender. When he was told that of the World," of "England," and of "Scotfamine had swept off the greatest part of the in-land." He was a "writer by profession," and habitants, he coolly answered, "No matter, is said to have lent his name to booksellers for while there is one left to shut the gates." GUITTON, d'Arezzo, an early Italian poet, flourished in the middle of the 13th century. GULDENSTAEDT, John Antony, a famous traveller, born at Riga; visited Astracan, Caucasus, &c.; he died in 1781.

GUNDLING, Nicolas Jerome, a native of Nuremberg, professor at Halle, and author of some valuable works, he died in 1729.

publications in which he had no concern. Such is asserted to have been the case with respect to the Geographical Grammar, called “Guthrie's;" which, however, is a work that, for its general utility and comparative perfection, confers credit on the compiler, whoever he he.

GUTTEMBERGH,John of, a citizen of Strasbourg, to whom is attributed the invention of the art of printing, in conjunction with Fust, or GUNNERUS, John Ernest, a native of Chris-Faustus, and Peter Schoeffer, or Schuffer, the tiana, founder of the royal Norwegian society at Drontheim; he died in 1773.

servant, and afterwards the son-in-law, of Faustus, by whom it was further improved. He was born at Mentz, in 1408, and died there, in 1467. GUY, a monk of Arezzo, who invented the six syllables of the gamut, ut, re, mi, fa, sol, lạ, liv

GUNNING, Peter, an English prelate, born at Hoo, in Kent, was one of the committee ap pointed to review the liturgy; he died in 1684. GUNTER, Edmund, an English mathema-ed about 1026. tician, and professor of astronomy at Gresham col- GUY, Thomas, founder of Guy's hospital, was lege, born in Herefordshire, in 1581, was bred for the son of Thomas Guy, lighterman and coal'the church, and took orders; but genius and in- dealer in Horsley-down, Southwark. He was clination leading him chiefly to mathematics, he put apprentice, in 1660, to a bookseller, in the applied early to that study, and distinguished porch of Mercer's chapel, and set up trade with himself by many important improvements in ma- a stock of about 2007., in the house that forms thematical instruments for the use of naviga- the angle between Cornhill and Lombard-street. tion; of those the most celebrated are, a new projection of the sector, the invention of a small portable quadrant, the discovery of a new variation in the mariner's compass, and of a scale, which, after him, is called "Gunter's Scale." He died in 1626.

GUNTHER, a German poet, in the beginning of the 18th century, who was poisoned by a rival, when going to be presented to Augustus II., king of Poland.

GURTLER, Nicolas, a native of Basil, author of a German and French Lexicon, and other works; he died in 1707.

GUSMAN, Lewis, a Spanish jesuit, author of the history of his fraternity, in the Indies, &c. ; he died in 1605.

GUSSANVILLAN, Peter, a native of Chartres, edited the works of Gregory the Great.

GUSTAVUS VASA, who, having delivered Sweden from the Danish yoke, was, in 1523, elected king of that country. He was born in 1490, and died in 1560.

The English Bibles being at that time very badly printed, Mr. Guy engaged, with others, in a scheme for printing them in Holland, and im porting them; but this being put a stop to, he contracted with the university of Oxford for their privilege of printing them, and carried on a great Bible trade for many years to considerable advantage. Thus he began to accumulate money, and his gains rested in his hands; for, being a single man, and very penurious, his expenses were next to nothing. His custom was, to dine on his shop-counter, with no other table cloth than an old newspaper: he was also as lit tle nice with regard to his apparel. The bulk of his fortune, however, was acquired by purchasing seamen's tickets during queen Anne's wars, and by South-sea stock, in the memorable year 1720. He was 76 years of age when he formed the design of building the hospital, near St.Thomas', which bears his name. The charge of erecting this vast pile amounted to 18,7937., besides 219,4991. which he left to endow it: and he just lived to see it roofed in. He died Dec. 17, 1724, in the 81st year of his age, after having dedicated to charitable purposes more money than any one private man upon record in England.

GUYARD, de Berville, a French author of some merit, died in poverty, aged 73.

GUYARD,Anthony, a Benedictine monk, au thor of several works, died at Dijon, in 1770. GUYET, Francis, an eminent critic, of An gers, died in 1655, much esteemed.

GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, the greatest king that Sweden ever had. He conquered Ingria, Livonia, Bremen, Venden, Wiesmar, Pomerania, &c. He shook the throne of the emperor Ferdinand II. He protected the Lutherans in Germany, and by his victories humbled the house of Austria. The glory of this action has been unjustly attributed to cardinal Richelieu, who had the art of raising his reputation from the victòries which Gustavus was content to gain. He carried the war beyond the Danube, and would perhaps have dethroned the emperor, had he not been slain at the battle of Lutzen, A, D. 1663, in the 37th year of his age, after he had de- GUYON, Johanna Mary Bouviers de la feated the imperial army commanded by Wal-Mothe, a French lady, memorable for her writstein. He carried to his tomb the name of "The ings and her sufferings in the cause of Quietism, Great Gustavus," the love of his subjects, and born at Montargis, in 1648, died in 1717. Some of the esteem of his enemies. her spiritual songs have been translated by Cowper.

GUSTAVUS III., king of Sweden, came to the throne in 1771, was shot at a masked ball, and having languished some time, died in 1792. GUTHIERES, James, a French advocate,

GUYON,Claude, a French historian, author of an ecclesiastical history, and other works; he died in 1771.

GUYS,Peter Augustine, a native of Marseilies, eminent as a man of letters, and a merchant died in 1799.

GUYSE, John, D. D., minister of an inde-ffter, well skilled in oriental literature; his books, pendent congregation at London, and author of on theological subjects, are much esteemed; he several theological works; he died in 1761. died in 1659. GUYTON DE MORVEAU, Lewis Bernard, HADDICK, N., count of, an Austrian genean eminent lawyer, of Dijon, and advocate geral, distinguished himself against the Turks, in neral to the parliament of that city. He was dis- 1789, and died the next year. tinguished as a proficient in natural philosophy and chymistry, and as the author of a course of chymistry, in 4 vols., and other writings on the same subject; he was made a member of the legion of honour, and a baron of the empire, by Napoleon, and died in 1815.

HAKLUYT, Richard, famous for his skill in the naval history of England, was born in HereHACKET, William, an English fanatic, in fordshire, in 1553, and died in 1616. He is authe reign of Elizabeth. He was hung and quar-thor of a "Coilection of Voyages and Discovetered for blasphemy, in 1592. ries," in 3 vols. folio, and of several other useful

HACKSPAN, Theodore, a Lutheran minis-works.

HALDE, John Baptist du, a learned French-been a man of great wit and learning, and of as man, born at Paris, in 1674, died in 1743. We great meekness, modesty, and piety. His works have of his, a valuable work, entitled "Grande make 5 vols. in folio, and have gained him the Description de la Chine et de la Tartarie," in 4 appellation of the "Christian Seneca." Vols. 10!io.

HALL, Lyman, governor of Georgia, was s zealous advocate for the revolution, a member of congress in 1776, and a signer of the decla tion of independance. He died about 1790. HALLE, Antony, a good Latin poet and professor of eloquence at Caen; he died at Faris

HALE, Sir Matthew, a most learned lawyer, and chief justice of the King's Bench, born in 1609. The attainments of Sir Matthew were wonderful; for he had, beside his peculiar profession, a considerable knowledge in the civil law, in arithmetic, algebra, and other mathe-in 1675. matical sciences, as well as in physic, anato- HALLE, Peter, professor of canon law in the my, and surgery; was very conversant in ex-university of Paris, born at Bayeux, in Normanperimental philosophy, and other branches of dy, in 1611, died in 1689. philosophical learning, and in ancient history and chronology; but, above all, he seemed to have made divinity his chief study; so that those who read what he has written upon theological questions, might be inclined to think that he had studied nothing else. His principal works are legal, philosophical, and religious; of the former, the most valuable are, his "Pleas of the Crown," and a "History of the Common Law of England." He died in 1676.

HALLE, Claude Guy, of Paris, distinguished as a painter, died in 1736. His son, Noel, was also respectable in the same art; he died in 1758.

HALLER, Albert, an illustrious physician, and voluminous writer, born at Berne, in Switzerland, in 1702, died in 1777. He is supposed to have been the most acute, various, and original genius, that has appeared in the medical world since Boerhaave.

HALLEY, Edmund, a most eminent English HALES, John, an English divine and poet, philosopher and astronomer, born in London, in born at Bath, in 1584, died in 1656. After his 1656. His astronomical discoveries greatly im death, there came out a collection of his works, proved the art of navigation, and his works are with this title, "Golden Remains of the ever-highly valued in every part of Europe. He died memorable Mr. John Hales, of Eton College," at Greenwich, in Jan. 1741-2. &c.

HALES, Stephen, a very celebrated natural philosopher and mathematician, born in Kent, in 1677, died in 1761. Among many other useful inventions of his, was that of ventilators; which he continued to improve as long as he lived. His "Statical Essays" have been often printed, and are well known.

HALI-BEIGH, a Polander, whose original name was Bobowski. Being taken by the Tartars, while a child, he was sold to the Turks, who educated him in their religion. He acquired the knowledge of 17 languages, and became interpreter to the grand signior; translated into the Turkish language the catechism of the church of England, and all the Bible; composed a Turkish grammar and dictionary, and other things which were never printed His principal work is "A Treatise upon the Liturgy of the Turks, their Pilgrimages to Mecca, their Circumcision, and Mauner of visiting the Sick." He died in 1675.

HALKET, Lady Anna, was born in London, in 1622, and married Sir James Halket, in 1656. Her father, Robert Murray, was preceptor to Charles I. From her MSS. was selected a volune of meditations; she died in 1699.

HALLIFAX, George Saville, marquis of. See SAVILLE.

HALLIFAX, Dr. Samuel, bishop and archdeacon of St. Asaph, was a prelate of great knowledge and ability; an incomparable civilian, and an extremely acute public speaker. His sermons at bisliop Warburton's lectures are much esteemed; and his Analysis of bishop Butler's Analogy (a book entirely abstruse and metaphysical) is written with great elegance of style, as well as with much profundity of thinking. He was born at Chesterfield, in 1730, aud died in 1790.

HALS, Francis, an admired portrait painter, of Mechlin: he died in 1666.

HALS, Dirk, brother of the preceding, was a painter of festive and low scenes; he died in 1656.

HAMBERGER, George Albert, an eminent mathematician, of Franconia, and author of a valuable work on optics and other subjects; he

died in 1726.

HAMBERGER, George Christopher, a learn ed German, published Orpheus and other volu minous works; he died in 1773.

HAMEL, du Monceau, Henry Lewis du, of Paris, eminent for his knowledge of mechanics, agriculture and commerce; he died in 1782.

HAMEL, John Baptist du, a celebrated French philosopher and divine, born at Vire, in

HALL, John, an English lawyer and poet, celebrated as a political writer, died in 1656. HALL, Henry, an English divine, who pub lished some occasional sermons, and was great-1624, died in 1706. ly beloved; he died in 1763.

HAMILCAR BARCAS, a famous Carthagiflou-nian general, slain in battle 227 B. C.

HALL, John, a surgeon of Kent, who rished in the reign of Elizabeth: he published a compendium of Anatomy, &c. 1565. HALL, Jacob, a noted rope dancer in the age

of Charles II.

HALL, Richard, an English popish priest. He left England to avoid the penal laws against his religion, and became divinity professor at Douay; he was author of some theological works, and died in 1604.

HAMILTON, Patrick, abbot of Ferne, in Scotland. He was condemned to the flames, for his adherence to the tenets of Luther, and endured the sentence with wonderful fortitude. He was not only pious, but learned and polite. He suffered in 1527, aged 23.

HAMILTON, James, first duke of, a distinguished commander under Charles I. He maintained his master's cause in the North, after its ruin in England; was at length defeated at Preston, and beheaded in 1649.

HALL, Joseph, an eminent and learned bishop of Norwich, born in 1574, died in 1656. His "Meditations" are well known; and his poeti- HAMILTON, Count Antony, an elegant wrical talents, chiefly exercised in satire, were very ter, born in Ireland, in 1646, of a Scotch family. respectable. He is universally allowed to have|Iis most celebrated work was "Memoirs of the