that line the coast, and bringing up at the same points. Then there are the river lines continually plying between Jacksonville and this place, and the small boats that run weekly to the Ocklawaha: all these make Pilatka a busy, lively, and important place.

With Pilatka the interest of our return voyage finished. With Green Cove Springs, Magnolia, Hibernia, at all of which we touched on our way back, we were already familiar; and the best sight of all was the cottage under the oaks, to which we gladly returned.

XIX

OLD CUDJO AND THE ANGEL

The little wharf at Mandarin is a tiny abutment into the great blue sea of the St. John's waters, five miles in width. The opposite shores gleam out blue in the vanishing distance; and the small wharf is built so far out that one feels there as in a boat at sea. Here, trundled down on the truck along a descending tramway, come the goods which at this point await shipment on some of the many steamboats which ply back and forth upon the river; and here are landed by almost every steamer goods and chattels for the many families which are hidden in the shadows of the forests that clothe the river's shore. In sight are scarce a dozen houses, all told; but far back, for a radius of ten or fifteen miles, are scattered farmhouses whence come tributes of produce to this point. Hundreds of barrels of oranges, boxes of tomatoes and early vegetables, grapes, peaches, and pomegranates, here pause on their way to the Jacksonville market.

One morning, as the Professor and I were enjoying our morning stroll on the little wharf, an unusual sight met our eye, -a bale of cotton, long and large, pressed hard and solid as iron, and done up and sewed in a wholly workman

like manner that excited our surprise. It was the first time since we had been in Mandarin a space of some four or

five years wharf.

that we had ever seen a bale of cotton on that Yet the whole soil of East Florida is especially adapted not only to the raising of cotton, but of the peculiar long-staple cotton which commands the very highest market price. But for two or three years past the annual ravages of the cotton-worm had been so discouraging that the culture of cotton had been abandoned in despair. Whence, then, had come that most artistic bale of cotton, so well pressed, so trim and tidy, and got up altogether in so superior a style ?

Standing by it on the wharf was an aged negro, misshapen, and almost deformed. He was thin and bony, and his head and beard were grizzled with age. He was black as night itself; and but for a glittering, intellectual eye, he might have been taken for a big baboon, the missing link of Darwin. To him spoke the Professor, giving a punch with his cane upon the well-packed, solid bale:

66

Why, this is splendid cotton! Where did it come

from? Who raised it?"

"We raise it, sah, me 'n' dis yer boy," pointing to a middle-aged black man beside him; "we raise it."

"Where?"

"Oh! out he'yr a piece."

A lounging white man, never wanting on a wharf, here interposed:

"Oh! this is old Cudjo. He lives up Julington. He's an honest old fellow."

Now, we had heard of this settlement up Julington some two or three years before. A party of negroes from South Carolina and Georgia had been induced to come into Florida and take up a tract of government land. Some white man in whom they all put confidence had undertaken for them the task of getting their respective allotments sur

veyed and entered for them, so that they should have a solid basis of land to work upon. Here, then, they settled down, and, finding accidentally that a small central lot was not inclosed in any of the allotments, they took it as an indication that there was to be their church, and accordingly erected there a prayer booth, where they could hold those weekly prayer meetings which often seem to the negroes to take the place of all other recreations. The neighboring farmers were not particularly well disposed towards the little colony. The native Floridian farmer is a quiet, peaceable being, not at all disposed to infringe the rights of others, and mainly anxious for peace and quietness. But they supposed that a stampede of negroes from Georgia and Carolina meant trouble for them, meant depredations upon their cattle and poultry, and regarded it with no friendly eye; yet, nevertheless, they made no demonstration against it. Under these circumstances, the new colony had gone to work with untiring industry. They had built log cabins and barns; they had split rails and fenced in their land; they had planted orange-trees; they had cleared acres of the scrub-palmetto, — and any one that ever has seen what it is to clear up an acre of scrub-palmetto will best appreciate the meaning of that toil. Only those black men, with sinews of steel and nerves of wire, men who grow stronger and more vigorous under those burning suns that wither the white men, — are competent to the task.

But old Cudjo had at last brought his land from the wild embrace of the snaky scrub-palmetto to the point of bearing a bale of cotton like the one on the wharf. He had subdued the savage earth, brought her under, and made her tributary to his will, and demonstrated what the soil of East Florida might, could, and would do, the cotton-worm. to the contrary notwithstanding.

And yet this morning he stood by his cotton, drooping and dispossessed. The white man that had engaged to take

up land for these colonists had done his work in such a slovenly, imperfect manner that another settler, a foreigner, had taken up a tract which passed right through old Cudjo's farm, and taken the land on which he had spent four years of hard work, taken his log cabin and barn and young trees, and the very piece that he had just brought to bearing that bale of cotton. And there he stood by it, mournful and patient. It was only a continuation of what he had always experienced, — always oppressed, always robbed and cheated. Old Cudjo was making the best of it in trying to ship his bale of cotton, which was all that was left of four years' toil.

"What!" said the Professor to him, 66 are you the old man that has been turned out by that foreigner?

"Yes, sah!" he said, his little black eyes kindling, and quivering from head to foot with excitement. "He take ebryt'ing, ebryt'ing, my house I built myself, my fences, and more 'n t'ree t'ousand rails I split myself: he take 'em all!

There is always some bitter spot in a great loss that is sorer than the rest. Those rails evidently cut Cudjo to the heart. The "t'ree t'ousand rails" kept coming in in his narrative as the utter and unbearable aggravation of injustice.

"I split 'em myself, sah; ebry one, t'ree t'ousand rails! and he take 'em all! ""

"And won't he allow you anything?"

6

"No, sah; he won't 'low me not'ing. He say, 'Get along with you! don't know not'ing 'bout you! dis yer land mine.' I tell him, You don't know old Cudjo, but de Lord know him; and by'm by, when de angel Gabriel come and put one foot on de sea and t' odder on de land, and blow de trumpet, he blow once for old Cudjo! You mind now!"""

This was not merely spoken, but acted. The old black

kindled, and stepped off in pantomime.

He put, as it were,

one foot on the sea and the other on the land; he raised

his cane trumpet-wise to his mouth.

reality to him.

66

It was all as vivid as

None of the images of the Bible are more frequent, favorite, and operative among the black race than this. You hear it over and over in every prayer meeting. It is sung in wild chorus in many a spiritual." The great angel Gabriel, the trumpet, the mighty pomp of a last judgment, has been the appeal of thousands of wronged, crushed, despairing hearts through ages of oppression. Faith in God's justice, faith in a final triumph of right over wrong, a practical faith, such had been the attainment of this poor, old, deformed black. That and his bale of cotton were all he had to show for a life's labor. He had learned two things in his world lesson, work and faith. He had learned the power of practical industry in things possible to man; he had learned the sublimer power of faith in God for things impossible.

Well, of course we were indignant enough about poor old Cudjo; but we feared that the distant appeal of the angel, and the last trump, was all that remained to him; and, to our lesser faith, that seemed a long way to look for justice.

But redress was nearer than we imagined. Old Cudjo's patient industry and honest work had wrought favor among his white neighbors. He had lived down the prejudice with which the settlement had first been regarded; for, among quiet, honest people like the Floridians, it is quite possible to live down prejudice. A neighboring justice of the peace happened to have an acquaintance in Washington, from this very district, acquainted with all the land and land-titles. He wrote to this man an account of the case, and he interested himself for old Cudjo. He went to the land-office to investigate the matter. He found that, in both cases, cer