7. It will be my duty to faithfully record faithfully these events faithfully.

8. To quickly punish crime quickly is the best policy. 9. The purpose of the minister is to earnestly set forth the truth earnestly.

IO. To be always believed always comes from always being true.

distress.

His duty shall be to promptly report promptly any

12. You will be expected to seriously consider seriously 'your friend's welfare seriously at this time.

FORMS OF THE INFINITIVE

The infinitive has two forms: the present infinitive and the perfect infinitive, and in the case of transitive verbs, has forms for both the active and passive voice. The infinitives may be classified as follows:

Present

Active Voice: to ship

Passive Voice: to be shipped

Perfect

to have shipped
to have been shipped

The correct use of these forms is determined from the relation between the time denoted by the infinitive and the time expressed by the principal verb.

If the time denoted by the infinitive is the same as, or after, that of the principal verb, the present infinitive should be used:

I expected to see you yesterday at ten o'clock.

The time of to see was at ten o'clock. I expected before ten o'clock. The present infinitive is correct.

I was sorry not to have seen you yesterday at ten o'clock.

As in the first example, the time of seeing was at ten o'clock. When was I sorry? After ten o'clock. The time of the infinitive is before that of the principal verb, therefore the perfect infinitive is the correct form.

Exercise 37

Write the following sentences, omitting the improper italicized infinitives :

I. We should have been pleased to have gone to go with you.

2. If you had given us references, we should have been glad to ship to have shipped the goods.

3. I paid no more than I expected to pay to have paid. I was sorry not to have seen to see you yesterday.

4.

5. I fully expected to see-to have seen you there.

6. It was his intention to take to have taken several photographs.

7. I hoped to have seen to see you do better.

8. They believed him to be-to have been insane.

9. He did not seem to know-to have known how to do -to have done the work.

IO.

II.

left.

12.

He intended to write-to have written you.

They had hoped to see-to have seen you before they

I have known him to be-to have been tardy. He believes me to be-to have been guilty. 14. He believed me to be-to have been guilty.

15. What the English ought to have done was to support -to have supported their natural ally, the sultan.

16. There was nothing left but to obey-to have obeyed. 17. You ought to have helped-to help me to do to have done the work.

18. We hoped to see-to have seen you often.

19. We expected him to arrive to have arrived last

night.

20.

21.

I should not have let you eat—eaten it.

I should have been obliged to have gone to go, although I should have found it difficult to do to have done so.

MODE

Mode is that form or use of a verb that indicates the manner in which the action or state is expressed.

There are three modes: the indicative, the imperative, and the subjunctive.

The indicative mode is used in asserting something as a fact, or to ask a question.

The imperative mode is that form or use of the verb that expresses a command, a request, or an entreaty. The subjunctive mode is used in expressing a doubt, a supposition contrary to reality, a future contingency, or a wish.

A verb in the subjunctive mode is usually preceded by one of the conjunctions, if, that, till, unless, except, though, lest, whether.

While some writers do not make a careful distinction between the subjunctive and the indicative mode, the subjunctive mode should be used to express contrary reality (supposition or wish) in sentences referring to present time. Were, not was, should be used in such sentences: If I were rich (but I am not), I should do much for the

poor.

I wish I were able to go. (I am not.)

In ordinary conditions referring to past time, was should be used:

If Mr. Brown was in the office, I am sure the matter was attended to.

In ordinary conditions referring to present time, is should be used:

If Mr. Brown is in the office, I am sure he will be glad to see you.

Note the difference between ordinary condition and contrary reality. When we say, If Mr. Brown is, we don't know whether he is or not. This is ordinary condition. When we say, If Mr. Brown were, we know he is not. This is contrary reality. Contrary reality in the past is expressed by had been. When we say If Mr. Brown had been, we know he was not.

Exercise 38

Write the following sentences, omitting the improper italicized words:

I. I wish I was were a musician.

2.

I would study bookkeeping if I were was you. 3. If everybody was were wise, there would be no need of schools.

4. I should be glad if my son was were here.

5. If John was—were there, I am sure he behaved properly.

6. If George ever told an untruth, I feel certain he was were unconscious of it.

7. If he was were rich, he would be generous.

8. Would that everybody were was honest.

9. If the weather were—was fine, the ship would sail. IO. If the nominee were was assured of your support, he would not withdraw.

II. If the chorister was were present yesterday, they had some fine singing.

12. The man runs like he was—as if he were afraid of arrest.

13. Though he was were very economical, he remained poor.

14. Though he was- were king over all the earth, I should despise him.

15. He acts as if it was—were possible always to escape death.

16. Was were it necessary, I should jump.

17.

If my mother was were here, she would say I might go.

18.

19.

If she was were at home, I did not hear of it.

If he was—were honest, he would pay me. 20. If he was were there, he fought bravely.

TENSE

Tense is that form or use of a verb that denotes the time of an action or an event.

There are three natural divisions of time: the past, the present, and the future. The tenses are named present, past or future, according as they express present, past, or future time. These are called the three primary tenses.

PRESENT TENSE

The present tense denotes present time:

We are shipping the goods.

The present tense is used in expressing a general truth or what is habitual:

Honesty is the best policy.