KING PHILIP'S WAR; GOVERNOR ANDROS

83

and Philip fled to the Nipmucks, who, through the next year, continued the fight. They, too, were doomed. During three years the war dragged on. At least one thousand white men and scores of women and children perished. The savages were fiendish in their cruelty, but

A FLINTLOCK AND A BANDOLEER

the English were pitiless in their punishment. Tracked to his hiding place, King Philip was overtaken and shot. The power of the New England Indians was broken for

ever.

Massachusetts Loses Charter (1684). Massachusetts was instructed by King Charles II to permit the Episcopal form of worship, but paid no attention to his order. Another offense was her refusal to allow any persons to vote who were not members of the Congregational church. Many people who were not of that fold, resisted the colonial government, and in 1684, at the instance of the king, an English court annulled the charter. The next year Charles II was succeeded by his brother James II, who was equally determined to govern Massachusetts as a royal province.

The Rule of Andros. Partly for the purpose of defense against the French, who were becoming numerous in Canada, King James II resolved to unite all the northern plantations and put them under a single ruler.1 This official, Sir Edmund Andros, had his headquarters in Boston.

1 This included not only all the New England provinces but New York and New Jersey.

charters of Connecticut When he visited Hart

He had been directed to seize the and Rhode Island, but had failed.

ford, in 1687, he could not find the charter, for it had been hidden in a hollow oak. From that time forth this tree

was known as the Charter Oak.

During the control of Andros the people of Boston were given much cause for complaint, and even without any revolution in England they probably would have risen up against him. James II was a Catholic, but the great majority of the English people were Protestants, who made such opposition that in 1688 the king fled to France. England welcomed his nephew and son-in-law, William III, who was crowned with his wife Mary. Hearing of the great events in England, the people of Boston threw Andros into prison and restored the old government. The new sovereigns, William and Mary, allowed Connecticut and Rhode Island to keep their old charters, and gave a new charter to Massachusetts, which was extended to include Plymouth and Maine. New Hampshire they kept a separate province.

QUESTIONS AND REFERENCES

Review Questions. What influence planted the first colony in New England? Give an account of the Pilgrims. What caused them to leave Holland? What was the Mayflower Compact? Name some of the early leaders in the Plymouth colony. How was local government managed? Tell the story of the first Thanksgiving Day.

Who were the Puritans? What settlements were made by them? What is said of the charter granted by Charles I to the Massachusetts Bay Company? By whom was Boston settled? What was the Puritan attitude toward the Established Church after they came to America? Who were the freemen in Massachusetts Bay? When was Harvard College founded? What is said of the Salem witchcraft?

Describe the first settlements in the Connecticut Valley and tell how they came to be made. When was the first written constitution prepared in America? When was New Haven founded? Why was it fortunate for the English that they settled Saybrook just

QUESTIONS AND REFERENCES

85

when they did? How did Roger Williams serve the Connecticut colonists? When did the Pequot war break out and what was the result? Why did Charles II punish New Haven, and how?

How did Roger Williams offend the authorities of Massachusetts? Whither did he go? What form of government did his followers establish? What settlements were made by Mrs. Hutchinson and her friends? What did Williams succeed in doing in the year 1643? For what does he stand in history?

What two men made settlements in New Hampshire? What colony claimed the same territory? Who received the land between the Piscataqua and the Kennebec? What name did it receive? What was the character of the settlements? When did Maine become a part of Massachusetts?

What union was formed in 1643? and the result of King Philip's War.

State the cause, the progress,
Why did the king annul the

charter of Massachusetts? Describe the rule of Andros.

References. - Thwaites, The Colonies (Epochs of American History, Vol. I); Channing, A History of the United States, Vol. I; William Bradford, History of the Plymouth Plantation; John Fiske, The Beginnings of New England; Alexander Johnston, Connecticut (American Commonwealths); Richman, Rhode Island (American Commonwealths); Sanborn, New Hampshire (American Commonwealths); Fisher, The Colonial Era.

CHAPTER VII

THE MIDDLE COLONIES

NEW NETHERLAND

Hudson's Exploration. - Early in the seventeenth century the States-General, the lawmaking body of the Dutch Republic, offered 25,000 guilders to the one who would find a northeast passage to China and Japan. This in

ducement led some

merchants of Amsterdam to fit out the Half Moon, a small ship with a crew of sixteen. Henry Hudson, the English commander of this little vessel, sailed for the Arctic Ocean in April, 1609. Something like a mutiny among the members of his crew led him to leave that region of snow and ice. In September, 1609, Hudson arrived off

New York Bay. Entering the bay, the Half Moon lay at anchor for a week. At the end of that time the explorers sailed up the river past Manhattan, along the Palisade rocks, and anchored opposite the site of West Point. Here there was some trade with the Indians, a few of whom they shot for attempting to steal. The crew resumed their exploration

NEW NETHERLAND

87

and, finding the water growing shallow, the mate in a boat went up as far as where Troy now stands. Afterward the Half Moon dropped down the great river (now called the Hudson). In a short time Hudson was again in England, whence his vessel sailed for Holland.

Adrian Block. - Dutch merchants immediately took advantage of the reported riches of the new country. Many ships crossed the Atlantic and returned laden with furs. Christiansen, who made ten voyages to the Hudson River, built a trading post on Castle Island, now in the city of Albany. These traders did not fail to visit the Manahattas and carefully to note the resources of their island. Adrian Block, who had come out in the Tiger in 1612, built the Onrust (Restless) in America, and in it sailed by way of the East River, through "Helder-Gat," into Long Island Sound. On his map this explorer noted the Fresh River (Connecticut), Rood Island,1 and Block Island, which still bears his name.

New Netherland. - The country re-discovered by Hudson was officially named New Netherland. It included the territory between the Connecticut and Susquehanna rivers; was especially rich in furs; contained several deep rivers and many fine harbors. After a few years the Dutch government gave the control of this region to the great Dutch West India Company. Strange to say, the first settlers to come to America from Holland were not Dutch but Walloons, a French-speaking people who, like the English Pilgrims, had gone to Holland to obtain religious freedom.

One of them, Jesse de Forest, asked and received from the States-General permission to enroll settlers for New Netherland. He brought together thirty-one families in Leyden, from which the Pilgrims had taken their depar

1 Rood is pronounced by the Dutch as if it were spelled Rode.