were impressed by his improvements in civic affairs, and almost worshiped the young queen on account of her beauty.

Page 73. — 1. Racine oder Molière, classic French dramatists of the seventeenth century.

2. Schauspieler. Napoleon loved display and pomp. To impress the newly conquered people or the humbled nations, he surrounded himself with a troupe of actors who flattered and glorified him in plays which were often especially written for the occasion or else were of the highest classical order.

3. die Anmut Ihres Gebens, 'the charm of your giving,' the charming way in which you act as hosts relieves us of expressions of gratitude. The actors had been invited by the three young people to share their meal.

Page 74. - I. Soyons amis, let us be friends.

...

2. ein Edelmann . . . von Geburt; the Chevalier de Montbrun was a nobleman by birth, but after equality was declared by the French Revolution, his art alone ennobled him and raised him above the masses. Cf. page 8, note 3.

3. Paris ist Frankreich; Frenchmen, even to-day, look upon Paris as the intellectual center of France and call all outside of Paris "La Provence."

4. Orest, the title rôle of Voltaire's tragedy Oreste, written in 1750. In Racine's Iphigénie en Aulide there is no such rôle.

Page 76.

1. Vive l'empereur! Es lebe der Kaiser! 2. Läufer der Imperatoren, Latin, cursor, 'forerunner,' 'lackey,' a footman who goes before his master. This Roman custom of having "runners run ahead of the coaches of state or the horses of noble people, became less common after the Revolution and was only made use of on formal occasions. It is still found in the Orient.

was the most versatile and brilliant Frenchman of letters in the

eighteenth century. His drama Mahomet was written in 1741.

Page 84. — 1. den Kunstschäßen der alten niederrheinischen Städte. In Holland and Belgium, architecture and painting reached a high stage of development. With the general prosperity of the cities a love for art and splendor grew among the rich. During this period, many splendid buildings such as churches, city halls, and other civic buildings in the Renaissance and Gothic style were built in Antwerp, Leiden, Ghent, Brügge, Amsterdam, Brussels, and other cities.

2. Brügge, famous for its city hall.

3. Gent; in Ghent as well as Brugge, the famous painter Hubert von Eyck (born 1366) was active. He was the founder of a new school of painting. His religious paintings are a realistic representation of his own times and his own country. He had a great influence on the development of the technic of painting and a large following, especially in the School of Flanders. Köln, see

page 11, note 2.

66

4. spanische Grenze. After the Treaty of Tilsit, Napoleon declared the Continental System," by which act he undertook to cut off the trade between the entire continent and England. He invaded Spain, under the pretense of guarding the coasts against the English (1807), and gave his brother Joseph the crown of Spain.

Page 85. — 1. Die Überraschung kömmt erst (kömmt, dialect for kommt), the surprise is yet to come.

Page 86. 1. jekt hätten wir uns gestärkt, now I have new strength or now I feel strong again. The subjunctive of modest or cautious statement, which is a weakened potential subjunctive with a suppressed conditional clause, is used quite frequently to make the statement of a truth modestly or cautiously in a less positive and definite way than in the indicative.

2. die Burg kömmt unter den Hammer: castle will be auctioned off.

wird versteigert, the

3. wir haben ja als wohl mal darüber gesprochen, as you know, we have spoken about it from time to time.

4. Jek(t) geht et (es) an . . . un(d) nu(n) wären wir an der Reihe, and now it seems to be our turn (to be auctioned off). The

ecclesiastical possessions on the right side of the Rhine were now being secularized; for wären, see note 1.

5. Sie müssen dat (das) Ding (8) selber erstehen, you must buy (the thing) it yourself.

Page 87. — 1. Die Kälte . . . drang bis ins Mark, the cold went through bone and marrow, ‘penetrated to the very marrow.' The air was tingling with the cold, and it went right through them.

Page 92. — 1. die eiserne Krone der Lombardei aufs Haupt gesetzt. In the year 1805, Napoleon crowned himself king of Italy in the Milan cathedral, placing the ancient iron crown of Lombardy on his head.

2. Österreich . . . zu büßen haben. In the treaty of CampoFormio (Oct. 1797), Austria ceded the Belgian provinces to France, recognized the Cisalpine Republic to be established by Bonaparte in northern Italy, and secretly consented to the cession of the German provinces on the left bank of the Rhine. In return, Napoleon gave Venice to Austria. In this treaty with Austria there was another secret stipulation that Prussia should not be indemnified in Germany for her losses on the west of the Rhine. Thus Napoleon used the selfishness of the allies to divide them from one another.

3. der Papst extra nach Paris gereist ist. In accordance with the policy of the "Concordat," the Pope, Pius VII, was invited to assist at Napoleon's coronation at Notre Dame, Dec. 2, 1804. Page 93.- -1. Austerlik; here, in Austria, Napoleon encountered (1805) the combined forces of the Czar of Russia and the Austrians and Prussians. His decided defeat of the allies ended the war.

2. Preßburg. The Peace of Pressburg followed the memorable battle of Austerlitz. By it, Austria gave up Venice, which was annexed to the new Italian kingdom, of which Napoleon was the head.

3. Eugen Beauharnais, Napoleon's stepson. No ruler since Charlemagne had held such power as was now wielded by Napoleon, sovereign of France from the Scheldt to the Pyrenees;

of Italy from the Alps to the Tiber. He was resolved to rule over an empire surrounded and guarded by a belt of dependent thrones. It was a grand system of centralization, with the newly made emperor of France as supreme arbiter and kingmaker.

Page 95.- - 1. Ich wöll . . . zu hierode, Ich will mich über meine Mutter beschweren. Das ist mit der Frau nicht mehr auszuhalten. Die alte Frau arbeitet sich tot. Das ist nicht mehr zum Ansehen. Es bleibt mir nichts anderes übrig, als selber eine Frau zu heiraten.

2. Mit deinen zweiundvierzig Junggesellenjahren? you, a bachelor forty-two years old?

Page 96. 1. Sechzehn deutsche Fürsten . . . vom deutschen Reiche. In July, 1806, the French government signed a compact with sixteen princes of southern and western Germany, who, renouncing their allegiance to the Holy Roman Empire, formed under Napoleon's protectorate the "Confederation of the Rhine." This new Germanic federation, consisting of Bavaria, Würtemberg, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, and several other smaller states, thus placed 63,000 troops under Napoleon's orders.

2. Jena und Auerstedt; here, in 1806, Napoleon with 170,000 troops of the French and the Rhenish Confederation hopelessly outnumbered and defeated the Prussians and Saxons.

Page 97.-1. Turn- und Schüßenverein. Among the leading patriots, whose spirit of resentment against foreign oppression was inflamed after Jena and Austerlitz, the name of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn deserves special mention. Jahn developed a special system of gymnastics which he called by a new German word, Turnen, to strengthen the German youths for the defense and liberty of their country, while at the same time he aroused their patriotism in his writings and preached to the Germans the gospel of nationality.

- 1. Koblenz

Page 101. Trier. Koblenz, at the confluence of the Moselle and Rhine, is the capital of the Rhenish province of Prussia. Few towns on the Rhine can vie with Koblenz in beauty of situation. As the pure form of its Latin name

Confluentis indicates, the town was founded by the Romans. This is also indicated by the remains of the castellum, the bridge of piles, and numerous tombstones. It was taken by the French in 1794, and made, in 1798, the capital of the Department of the Rhine and the Moselle. - Trier (Trèves), on the right bank of the Moselle, said to be the oldest town in Germany, was a settlement founded by Augustus in the territory of the Treveri, a tribe of Belgic Gauls that had been conquered by Caesar. The surrounding vine-clad hills and the rich plain in which the town is situated are strikingly picturesque.

Page 104. — 1. eine Madonna im Rosenhag werden. The Madonna in the Arbor of Roses is one of the important paintings of the Cologne school, the first to attain celebrity in Germany (fourteenth century).

Page 112. 1. dem Jammertag zu Tilsit refers to the treaty (1807) at Tilsit, on the north Prussian frontier. By that treaty, Prussia had to give up half of her territory. Out of a portion of it, lying west of the Elbe, Napoleon created the kingdom of Westphalia, which he gave to his brother Jerome. Prussia had to close her ports to British trade and to limit her army to 42,000 men. It was in vain that the lovely Queen Luise, mother of Emperor Wilhelm I, came twice to beg that Napoleon would give her at least Magdeburg. Berlin had been occupied by Napoleon a fortnight after the battles of Jena and Auerstedt (Oct. 14, 1806). The royal family, including the Queen Luise, were treated personally with harshness and disdain. The Prussian monarchy, to all appearance, was in ruins.

2. den Kaisertagen zu Erfurt; the meeting of the emperors of the west and east at Erfurt was graced by an assemblage of German kings and princes who were clearly made to perceive their dependence on the conqueror.

3. Trauer um das Schicksal des Vaterlandes. Never had the European system sustained such a shock as at Tilsit. The latter part of 1807 may be regarded as the zenith of Napoleon's career. In ten months he had humbled Prussia to the dust. The Prussia of Frederick the Great had utterly collapsed.