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Page 39. 1. die Kette des Siebengebirges, see page 2, note 2. Notice Herzog's description of this stretch of the Rhine. This love for the Rhine country is characteristic of the Rhenish people, and is by no means exaggerated in the Burgkinder. The charm of the scenery, combined with the many legends, tales, and sagas, cannot be overemphasized. Aided by the old ruined castles which still remain, such as the Drachenfels, the Wolkenburg, the Rosenau, the Löwenburg (which are all near Rheinbreitbach), our phantasy carries us back some hundreds of years, so that we may imagine every peak crested by such a Burg, and we do not wonder that medieval knights chose this much traveled road of the Rhine for their abodes.

2. Schneewittchen bei den sieben Zwergen. Notice the repetition of the number seven in the fairy tale and its adaptation to the Siebengebirge: Die sieben Zwerge mit den sieben Lichtern, das Tischlein mit den sieben Tellern, sieben Messerlein, sieben Bettlein, etc. — Siegfried was one of the most splendid figures of the German heroic legends and the center of a great complex saga-cycle. In the Nibelungen legend Siegfried killed the dragon which guarded the Nibelungen treasure. By means of the dragon's blood, which he drank and in which he bathed, his strength increased and his body became invulnerable, except in one spot on the shoulder, where the linden leaf protected him. — Dietrich von Bern. This saga has grown up around the name of Theodoric the Ostrogoth (455– 526) of Verona, whose father Theodemir (Dietmar) died about 475. It is the story of young Dietrich von Bern, who with his master, Hildebrand, killed the two giants Grim and Hilde with the giant's sword, Nageling, and thus freed, to the rejoicing of the peasants, the surrounding country from the ravages of these giants.

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3. Heinzelmännchen Wichtelmännchen, 'little earth spirits,' a name given to these busy little house-sprites of medieval superstition. They are kobolds who secretly do housework for good people. Cf. August Kopisch in Karl Simrock's collection of Rheinsagen:

Wie war zu Köln es doch vordem

Mit Heinzelmännchen so bequem!

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Page 41. -1. den jämmerlichen Zuständen der Stadt. In the twelfth century, Cologne was a cradle of German art. Again in the fourteenth century it had a golden era in art. At the end of the fifteenth century, it was one of the wealthiest cities of Germany; after the sixteenth century it declined. Occupied by the French in 1794, it was incorporated with France in 1797. It was not until after 1815, under Prussian rule, that it began to revive.

Page 42.

1. Kölner Schnurren, Possen, albernes Zeug, Lachen

erregende Einfälle, Geschichtchen, Anekdoten (aus Köln).

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Page 43. 1. die Weinberge öffnete. When the juice in the grapes begins to turn into wine, the city fathers decide upon the closing of the vineyards. Even the owner is not allowed to enter them. During this time, guards watch the vineyards closely. When the grapes are fully ripe, the opening of the vintage is publicly and solemnly announced by the ringing of bells and cannon salutes. With rejoicing hearts the vintagers then ascend to the vineyards and the happy festival of the vintage (Lese) begins. The whole valley resounds then with laughter and singing.

Page 44.

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- 1. Mr sucht sich sons, etc.: =man sucht sich sonst ge= wöhnlich einen besseren Herbst dafür aus.

Page 46. 1. Nix für ungut = nichts für ungut, no offense! do not take my remark amiss.

2. der frohe Lärm der Weinlese; the vintage on the Rhine is peculiarly typical and interesting. It is a festival in every respect. The vintagers in their work sing Neck-verse (teasing verses) to each other. The Rhenish people are gay and fond of song and dance, and are happy at work.

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2. einen Juchzer . wedte; the Juchzer of the mountain people, particularly in Switzerland, consists of a series of notes which, when properly produced, carries the sound for an incredible distance.

3. Bruchhausen, a small town, a little southeast of Rheinbreitbach, in the Westerwald.

Page 50. 1. Völkerwanderung; this great migration began towards the end of the fourth century with the moving eastward of the Goths, driven from their homes by the wild, nomadic Huns. They separated into two tribes, the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths; the former settled in Italy, the latter in Spain. Four causes are given for this great migration in Europe: the pushing westward of the irresistible Huns, the Wanderlust, love for the southern culture, and the overcrowded condition of the settled parts of western Europe.

2. dem Einzug . . . die Rheinstraße entlang. The great cultural movements in Germany have passed along the Rhine from Roman times. It was the great, powerful Kulturstrasse. Under Emperor Augustus, the Roman boundary towards Germany followed the course of the Danube and the Rhine. The Germanic tribes in the Roman provinces along the Rhine learned of the teachings of Christianity, even before the third century, from numerous prisoners of war, or others who returned home after service in the Roman legions. In the third century, Christian communities were found in Belgian and Rhenish provinces, and along the Danube many Goths were converted. In the seventh century, through Irish missionaries, the people along the upper Rhine began to be converted and from here Christianity spread to the interior of Germany.

3. Nibelungen Not, or Nibelungen Lied, is the greatest popular epic of the Middle High German period. It was composed by an anonymous poet at the close of the twelfth century. The poem is divided into cantos called adventures. The scene of the first part of the poem is laid on the Rhine with Worms as the center; while the chief events of the second part take place on the lower Danube at the residence of Attila, the king of the

Huns. The principal hero of the first part is Siegfried who assists Gunther in obtaining the hand of Brunhilde, for which service he is rewarded by the hand of Gunther's sister Kriemhilde.

4. Krönungsstuhl zu Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle); Ludwig, the son of Charlemagne, was crowned here.

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Page 51. - 1. die Mittfastenzeit, die Mitte der Fastenzeit; the reference is to a period of fasting, in the Catholic Church, which begins six weeks before Easter.

Page 53.- — 1. Andernach (see page 11, note 2), a picturesque town on the left bank of the Rhine, southwest of Rheinbreitbach. The French crossed the Rhine here.

2. Unkel, just south of Rheinbreitbach, a very old town with an old Gothic church.

Page 54. 1. Erpeler. Ley (Lei:

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Felsen; cf. Lorelei). Erpel lies directly south of Unkel. This rock is over 650 feet high and offers a beautiful view over the surrounding country.

2. das bergige Meer der Eifel, a bleak, mountainous plateau, about forty-five miles in length, on the west bank of the Rhine; a bare, volcanic region just back of the fruitful wine-raising lands of the Rhine.

3. Remagen, see page 11, note 2.

Page 55.1. Der österreichische Feldherr, i.e., General Mack. 2. Sieg, a small tributary entering the Rhine opposite Bonn.

Page 56.- 1. des Westerwaldes, a mountainous forest region south of the Siebengebirge.

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2. Se han en Bonn de Republik erklärt Sie haben in Bonn die Republik erklärt, i.e., the republic of the left side of the Rhine. In the Peace of Basel (1795), Germany ceded to France the left side of the Rhine. The policy of republican France was to surround itself with republics.

3. Frieden zu Campo Formio. The war (1796-1797) of Austria, Germany, and England against France ended with the Treaty of Campo-Formio. The young Napoleon had charge of the Italian

campaign and drove the Austrians back as far as Lodi. Napoleon was now master of Italy. In the peace of Campo-Formio, France gained the entire Austrian Netherlands (or Belgium). By this treaty, the Republic of Bonn was dissolved, and the whole of the left side of the Rhine fell to the French.

Page 59. 1. Düsseldorfer Kunstschule. Düsseldorf lies in a beautiful valley on the lower Rhine near the influx of the Düsselbach. Here is the famous Royal Art Academy, founded in 1767, and the Art Industrial School. It is now an important industrial town.

Page 61. 1. Königswinter, north of Rheinbreitbach on the right bank of the Rhine, a small town most picturesquely situated.

Page 62. 1. Gott grüß die Zukunft, ́may God bless the future,' God's blessing on your future. .

2. das Nonnenwert, see page 2, note 4.

Page 67. 1. war in Paris zum Konsul gewählt worden. In October, 1799, Napoleon suddenly returned from Egypt to France and deliberately overthrew the government of the Directory. A new constitution was adopted, and Napoleon was chosen First Consul for ten years.

Page 69.— 1. Weg und Steg, highways and byways; the German language has many examples of such pleonastic and alliterative expressions: Das Schiff ging unter mit Mann und Maus; Haus und Hof; Kind und Kegel; Schuß und Trußz; Wind und Wetter; hin und her; Rast und Ruh.

2. in den Kaiser Napoleon verwandelt. On May 18, 1804, the people, by a practically unanimous vote, elected Napoleon emperor.

Page 70. — 1. Kaiserin Josephine, Napoleon's first wife; of West-Indian origin and very beautiful. He divorced her in 1810, to marry the Austrian princess Marie Louise. Notice how jubilantly the Rhenish people joined in to greet the foreign oppressor and conqueror. They loved the pomp and display of Napoleon,

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