Emotions Across Languages and Cultures: Diversity and UniversalsCambridge University Press, 1999年11月18日 - 349 頁 In this ground-breaking new book, Anna Wierzbicka brings psychological, anthropological and lingusitic insights to bear on our understanding of the way emotions are expressed and experienced in different cultures, languages, and culturally-shaped social relations. The expression of emotion in the face, body and modes of speech are all explored and Wierzbicka shows how the bodily expression of emotion varies across cultures and challenges traditional approaches to the study of facial expressions. This book will be invaluable to academics and students of emotion across the Social Sciences. |
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內容
Introduction feelings languages and cultures | 1 |
2 Breaking the hermeneutical circle | 7 |
3 Experiencenear and experiencedistant concepts | 10 |
4 Describing feelings through prototypes | 12 |
disruptive episodes or vital forces that mould our lives? | 17 |
6 Why words matter | 24 |
7 Emotion and culture | 31 |
8 The Natural Semantic Metalanguage NSM as a tool for crosscultural analysis | 34 |
15 Conclusion | 166 |
Reading human faces | 168 |
2 From the psychology of facial expression to the semantics of facial expression | 172 |
3 Social does not mean voluntary | 175 |
4 What kind of messages can a face transmit? | 177 |
5 Messages are not dimensions | 178 |
6 The face alone or the face in context? | 180 |
7 Analysing facial behaviour into meaningful components | 182 |
sadness in English and in Russian | 38 |
10 The scope of this book | 45 |
Defining emotion concepts discovering cognitive scenarios | 49 |
1 Something good happened and related concepts | 50 |
2 Something bad happened and related concepts | 60 |
3 Bad things can happen and related concepts | 72 |
4 I dont want things like this to happen and related concepts | 87 |
5 Thinking about other people | 97 |
6 Thinking about ourselves | 108 |
7 Concluding remarks | 121 |
A case study of emotion in culture German Angst | 123 |
2 Heideggers analysis of Angst | 126 |
3 Angst in the language of psychology | 128 |
4 Angst in everyday language | 130 |
5 Defining Angst | 134 |
6 The German Angst in a comparative perspective | 137 |
7 Luthers influence on the German language | 139 |
8 Eschatological anxieties of Luthers times | 141 |
9 The meaning of Angst in Luthers writings | 143 |
10 Martin Luthers inner life and its possible impact on the history of Angst | 148 |
11 Luthers possible role in the shift from Angst affliction to Angst anxietyfear | 151 |
12 The great social and economic anxieties of Luthers times | 158 |
13 Uncertainty vs certainty Angst vs Sicherheit | 159 |
14 Certainty and Ordnung | 163 |
8 Summing up the assumptions | 185 |
9 In what terms should facial behaviour be described? | 186 |
a unified framework for verbal nonverbal and preverbal communication | 191 |
11 The meaning of eyebrows drawn together | 195 |
12 The meaning of raised eyebrows | 201 |
13 The meaning of the wide open eyes with immobile eyebrows | 206 |
14 The meaning of a downturned mouth | 208 |
15 The meaning of tightly pressed lips | 211 |
the what the how and the why in the reading of human faces | 213 |
Russian emotional expression | 216 |
2 Emotion and the body | 219 |
3 Conclusion | 234 |
Comparing emotional norms across languages and cultures Polish vs AngloAmerican | 240 |
2 The scripts of sincerity | 241 |
3 The scripts of interpersonal warmth | 251 |
4 The scripts of spontaneity | 255 |
5 Conclusion | 271 |
Emotional universals | 273 |
2 A proposed set of emotional universals | 275 |
3 Conclusion | 305 |
Notes | 308 |
| 318 | |
| 338 | |
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常見字詞
adjective afraid analysis anger Anglo Anglo culture angry Anna Wierzbicka anxiety attitude bad can happen bad happened bad things bad will happen brow Burarra C. S. Lewis chapter cognitive scenarios collocations context cultural scripts described dictionary discussion Ekman embarrassment emotion concepts English word example experiencer's explication facial behaviour facial expressions facial gestures fact fear feels something bad felt focussed frown Furcht German language glaza glossed gniew goal Goddard grust happy implies interpretation kind language lexical lexical categories lico linguistic linked Luther's meaning mouth Natural Semantic Metalanguage noun one's eyebrows Paul Ekman pečal person feels person thinks phrase Polish culture polysemy psychology quote raised RECDHB reference remorse roughly Russian sadness Schadenfreude semiotic sentence shame smile someone sometimes a person speaking Stearns suggests thought something sometimes tion toska verb verbal want things whereas Wierzbicka 1992a word Angst X felt X thought xoxot