The Salt Merchants of Tianjin: State-Making and Civil Society in Late Imperial ChinaUniversity of Hawaii Press, 2001年1月1日 - 239 頁 For nearly four hundred years the Changlu salt merchants played a leading role in the urbanization, commercial development, and social change of the city of Tianjin. In this the first detailed study in English of the mercantile activities and social role of Tianjin's salt merchants, Kwan Man Bun reveals how they helped stabilize the city and assumed many civic responsibilities, providing relief, charities, and other services to their fellow citizenry. |
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Beijing Beiyang Bian Board of Revenue Chamber of Commerce Changlu commissioner Changlu Division Changlu salt merchants chants Chen Chinese city's civil society CLYFZYZ comp Confucian copper cash copper coins culture custom dated district donations economic Emperor Feng finance foreign banks Grand Canal head merchants Hebei Henan household division Imperial Household Department jinshi juan 21 Kangxi Kangxi Emperor Late Imperial China late Qing lease Lianghuai loans Manchu memorial million taels Ming monopolies North China officials petition political Provincial Consultative Assembly Qianlong Qianlong Emperor Qing Code Qing dynasty QYFZ reforms salt merchants salt tax scholar-gentry self-government Shandong Shanghai Shanxi shehui silver social state's Sun Hongyi tael per yin taels Tianjin Tianjinshi tion TJSHDAXB trade University Press urban Wang Xianbin Yan Fansun yanjiu Yongzheng Emperor Yuan Shikai Zhang Zhenfang Zheng Zhili Zhongguo Zhonghua shuju Zhou