incur the dangers inherent in it. Are they not too great a price to pay for the degree of acceleration of cooperative effort that may result? The writers are of the opinion that the net conclusion of the experience of the United States in the development of education points clearly toward no more Federal regulation or control than is necessary to accomplish the purposes of the legislation with due recognition of the rights of minority groups, and that these purposes should be stated in large terms.

Uniform Allotments to States

In a preceding section data have been submitted that show certain inequalities resulting from the uniform allotments made to the States in connection with the several extension acts. It is true that there is a minimum overhead expense called for in the administration of an extension program in a State, but the presence in each act of provisions for minimum allotment has resulted in disparities that cannot be justified. At the first opportunity inequalities should be corrected.

Clarification of State

and Federal Relations

The experience of the several States and the Federal Government in cooperative educational effort now extends over three-quarters of a century. As has been pointed out, the several acts vary considerably in their provisions and in the degree of control exercised by the Federal Government. It is suggested that before any additional grants are made, or the funds available under existing legislation increased, an exhaustive analysis should be made of the experiences of the States and Federal Government under the existing legislation as a basis for the clarification of future relationships. The present bases of determining policies are characterized too largely by opportunism and immediacy. Additional Grants

The benefits that have flowed from Federal aid to landgrant colleges and universities are unquestioned. The United States has the most effective program of education

in the technical fields represented by agriculture, engineering, and home economics to be found in any country and the series of acts affecting these institutions has played a large part in their growth. The results justify the view that further grants should be made if State interests and control are preserved. An analysis of the grants that have been made for the different purposes indicates the desirability of increasing the grants especially for resident instruction in all three types of work and for research in the field of engineering.

Influence of the Land-Grant
College Association

In 1887 a permanent organization of the land-grant institutions was effected. It bore the name Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations until 1920, when it was changed to the Association of LandGrant Colleges and Universities. In any adequate evaluation of the relationship of the Federal Government to the land-grant institutions, cognizance must be taken of this organization. It has furnished a forum in which many of the problems of Federal and State relationships involved in the administration of the land-grant program have been frankly discussed by the authorities from the United States Department of Agriculture and representatives of the land-grant institutions. Problems of relationship have been worked out through memorandums of understanding, especially in extension and experiment station activities. The existence of this powerful organization has undoubtedly been of great value in preserving for the States a much greater measure of responsibility and authority than they would otherwise have been able to retain.

In addition to the influence of the Association in the interpretation of legislation after it is enacted, there has been marked cooperation between the Department of Agriculture and the Association in securing additional grants for the development of research, extension, and instruction. Ample evidence of this cooperation is to be found in the Congres

11 True, A History of Agricultural Education, p. 210.

sional hearings and in the proceedings of the Association. A community of interest has thus been developed that has undoubtedly proved to be mutually helpful to the Department and the land-grant college, but which may be used to the disadvantage of other State institutions. It should be borne in mind that, if Federal funds are granted to States for the general support of schools, it is unlikely that there will be a comparable organization to preserve the interests of the States. This will make it very important that the rights of the States be safeguarded in the legislation.

APPENDIX A

MAJOR FEDERAL LEGISLATION CONCERNING LAND-GRANT COLLEGES AS OF OCTOBER 1, 1938

First Morrill Act 1

An Act donating Public Lands to the several States and Territories which may provide Colleges for the Benefit of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there be granted to the several States, for the purposes hereinafter mentioned, an amount of public land, to be apportioned to each State a quantity equal to thirty thousand acres for each senator and representative in Congress to which the States are respectively entitled by the apportionment under the census of eighteen hundred and sixty: Provided, That no mineral lands shall be selected or purchased under the provisions of this act. SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That the land aforesaid, after being surveyed, shall be apportioned to the several States in sections or subdivisions of sections, not less than one-quarter of a section; and whenever there are public lands in a State subject to sale at private entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, the quantity to which said State shall be entitled shall be selected from such lands within the limits of such State, and the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to issue to each of the States in which there is not the quantity of public lands subject to sale at private entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, to which said State may be entitled under the provisions of this act land scrip to the amount in acres for the deficiency of its distributive share: said scrip to be sold by said States and the proceeds thereof applied to the uses and purposes prescribed in this act and for no other use or purpose whatsoever: Provided, That in no case shall any State to which land scrip may thus be issued be allowed to locate the same within the limits of any other State, or of any Territory of the United States, but their assignees may thus locate said land scrip upon any of the unappropriated lands of the United States subject to sale at private entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents, or less, per acre: And provided, further, That not more than one million acres shall be located by such assignees in any one of the States: And provided, further, That no such location shall be made before one year from the passage of this act.

SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That all the expenses of management, superintendence, and taxes from date of selection of said lands, previous to their sales, and all expenses incurred in the management and disbursement of the moneys which may be received therefrom,

1 12 Stat. L. 503-5 (1862).

shall be paid by the States to which they may belong, out of the treasury of said States, so that the entire proceeds of the sale of said lands shall be applied without any diminution whatever to the purposes hereinafter mentioned.

SEC. 4. (original). And be it further enacted, That all moneys derived from the sale of the lands aforesaid by the States to which the lands are apportioned, and from the sales of land scrip hereinbefore provided for, shall be invested in stocks of the United States, or of the States, or some other safe stocks, yielding not less than five per centum upon the par value of said stocks; and that the moneys so invested shall constitute a perpetual fund, the capital of which shall remain forever undiminished, (except so far as may be provided in section fifth of this act,) and the interest of which shall be inviolably appropriated, by each State which may take and claim the benefit of this act, to the endowment, support, and maintenance of at least one college where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life.

SEC. 4. (as amended Mar. 3, 1883). That all moneys derived from the sale of lands aforesaid by the States to which the lands are apportioned, and from the sales of land-scrip hereinbefore provided for, shall be invested in stocks of the United States or of the States, or some other safe stocks; or the same may be invested by the States having no State stocks, in any other manner after the legislatures of such States shall have assented thereto, and engaged that such funds shall yield not less than five per centum upon the amount so invested and that the principal thereof shall forever remain unimpaired: Provided, That the moneys so invested or loaned shall constitute a perpetual fund, the capital of which shall remain forever undiminished (except so far as may be provided in section five of this act), and the interest of which shall be inviolably appropriated, by each State which may take and claim the benefit of this act, to the endowment, support, and maintenance of at least one college where the leading object shall be without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life.

SEC. 5. And be it further enacted, That the grant of land and land scrip hereby authorized shall be made on the following conditions, to which, as well as to the provisions hereinbefore contained, the previous assent of the several States shall be signified by legislative acts:

22 Stat. L. 484-5 (1883).