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to central and western Missouri, where Cols. Coffee and McBride were reported to have come to the assistance of Col. Quantrell.

After a series of desultory skirmishes, an attack was made on the 13th by the combined bands of these leaders, who had been joined a short time previously by Col. Hughes, and other officers of the Confederate army, upon Independence, resulting in a severe defeat of the State troops; and two days later a body of 800 of the latter were drawn into an ambuscade at Lone Jack, Jackson County, by Cols. Quantrell and Coffee, losing two pieces of cannon, and a number of prisoners. Heavy reënforcements under Gen. Blunt, of Kansas, coming up, however, the guerrillas beat a hasty retreat southward, and never paused until they were over the Arkansas line.

Scarcely was the southwest cleared of guerrillas than their operations commenced in the north with renewed activity. Col. Poindexter, after several defeats, was captured early in September, but so daring were the raids of Col. Porter and his followers in Lewis, Maria, and other northeastern counties, that a Palmyra newspaper declared the whole of that part of the State "to be in the possession of the rebels, with the exception of the posts immediately garrisoned by State or United States troops." It estimated the number of the Confederates at 5,000, divided into numerous small bands, and commanded by reckless and enterprising leaders. On the 12th, Palmyra, occupied by a small Union garrison, was plundered by Col. Porter's force; but, subsequent to the 15th, the efforts of Cols. McNeil, Guitar, and other Union commanders began to discourage the guerrillas, whose strength was gradually frittered away in petty combats.

By an order from the War Department of September 19, the States of Missouri, Kansas, and Arkansas were formed into a military district, under the command of Gen. Curtis, and soon after Gen. Schofield assumed command of the so-called "Army of the Frontier" in southern Missouri. Moving with rapidity and in considerable force, he broke up a formidable camp in Newtonia, and by the 10th of October had driven the enemy completely over the Arkansas border. In the latter part of the same month Cols. Lazear and Dewry defeated the Confederate bands in southeastern Missouri in several engagements, capturing many prisoners, and driving them finally into Arkansas. Col. Quantrell had reappeared in the west in the middle of September, but was almost uniformly beaten in his encounters with the State troops, and by the end of October the war, both there and in the north, was practically ended.

Before this event was consummated in the north an incident occurred in Palmyra, which created no little comment throughout the State. On the occasion of Col. Porter's raid upon Palmyra, in September, he had captured, among other persons, an old and respected resident of the place, by name Andrew Allsman, who had

formerly belonged to a cavalry regiment, and had been, from his knowledge of the surrounding country, of great service to scouting parties sent out to arrest disloyal persons. Allsman was not paroled like ordinary prisoners, but was conveyed by the band to one of their hiding places, and from the known hatred of his captors and their repeated threats, it was believed that he would be summarily executed by them. When several weeks had elapsed without intelligence of him, this belief ripened in the minds of his friends into absolute conviction, particularly as several Union men had been barbarously murdered by the guerrillas in the course of the campaign.

When Gen. McNeil returned to Palmyra, and ascertained the circumstances under which Allsman had been abducted, he caused to be issued, after due deliberation, the following notice:

PALMYRA (Mo.), October 8, 1862. JOSEPH C. PORTER,-SIR: Andrew Allsman, an aged citizen of Palmyra, and a non-combatant, having been arrayed against the peace and good order of the State carried from his home by a band of persons unlawfully of Missouri, and which band was under your control, this is to notify you that unless said Andrew Allsman is returned unharmed to his family within ten days from date, ten men who have belonged to your band, and unlawfully sworn by you to carry arms against the Government of the United States, and who are now in custody, will be shot, as a meet reward for their crimes, amongst which is the illegal restraining of said Allsman of his liberty, and, if not returned, presumptively aiding in his murder. Your prompt attention to this will save much suffering.

Yours, &c.

W. R. STRACHAN. Provost Marshal General, District N. E. Missouri. Per order of BrigadierGen. Commanding McNeil's column.

A written duplicate of this notice he caused to be placed in the hands of the wife of Joseph C. Porter, at her residence in Lewis County, it being well known that she was in frequent communication with her husband. The notice was published widely, and as Porter was in northeast Missouri during the whole of the ten days subsequent to the date of this notice, it is supposed to be impossible that he should have been unaware of Gen. McNeil's determination in the premises.

The ten days having elapsed without tidings of Allsman, ten prisoners, already in custody, were selected to pay with their lives the penalty demanded.

They received the announcement for the most part with composure or indifference, and were executed at Palmyra, on October 18, in the presence of a multitude of spectators, in literal accordance with the notice of Gen. McNeil.

In order to complete the history of the military operations of 1862, the proceedings against the Indians in Minnesota remain to be described. During the spring and early summer of 1862, reports from various sources reached the United States Govornment, indicating that the Indian tribes of Utah, Colorado, Dakota, and Western Nebraska, would ravage the Territories and

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frontier States. It was said that emissaries from the Southern Confederacy had been among them, stimulating them to rise and plunder and destroy the frontier settlements; and to encourage them in this movement, they were told that the United States Government was broken up by the South, and could make no resistance. Adventurers from Canada, too, had visited them in the early part of the year, urging them to bring their furs across the boundary, and assuring them that they should be aided with money and arms to drive the Americans from their lands. The Indians, while thus prompted to insurrection by evil and designing men from both north and south of their hunting fields, had also many imaginary and some real grounds of complaint against the Indian agents sent among them by the United States Government. Some of these had proved unworthy of their trust; had swindled and defrauded the Indians, and had treated them with harshness; and though these were the exceptions, and perhaps rare exceptions, yet the delay in paying the Indian annuities, owing to the negligence of the Indian bureau, and the attempt on the part of some of the agents to pay them in legal tender notes instead of gold, which the Government had furnished, aroused distrust in the minds of the Red men, and led them to plot revenge.

The reports which reached the Department of the Interior had given rise to so much apprehension that the Commissioner of Indian Affairs published in the summer an advertisement warning the public of the dangers in taking the overland route to the Pacific.

Meantime the settlers in Western Minnesota were entirely unsuspicious of danger. A large proportion of these settlers were Germans, especially in Brown and the adjacent counties; a considerable number were Norwegians, and the remainder generally of American birth. Most of them had purchased considerable farms, and they had built up small but thriving villages throughout the tier of western counties. They were on terms of friendship with the Indians, had no apprehension of any treachery from them.

Though an insurrection had been deliberately planned, there is reason to believe that the massacre was precipitated somewhat sooner than was at first intended. On the 17th of August, four drunken Indians belonging to Little Crow's band of Sioux, roaming through the country and becoming intoxicated on whiskey obtained from a white man, had a violent altercation with each other as to which of them was the bravest, and finally determined that the test of their bravery should be the killing of a white man. After committing several murders, and becoming somewhat sober, they fled to their village (Red Wood), and told their chief, Little Crow, who was one of the conspirators, what they had done. He, expecting retaliation for this outrage, at once determined upon commencing the intended attack, and on the morn

ing of the 18th, with a force of two hundred and fifty or three hundred Indians, proceeded to the agency at Yellow Medicine and engaged in an indiscriminate slaughter of all the whites he could find there. Mr. Galbraith, the agent, was absent, having left home three days before, but his family were among the victims of this murderous assault. A force of forty-five soldiers, sent up from Fort Ridgley at the first rumour of disturbance, were attacked by the Indians in ambush, and half their number slain. The marauders, flushed with success, pressed on with their work of death, murdering, with the most atrocious brutalities, the settlers in their isolated farmhouses, violating and then killing women, beating out the brains of infants or nailing them to the doors of houses, and practising every species of atrocity which their fiendish natures prompted. On the 21st of August they had attacked New Ulm, a flourishing German settlement, the capital of Brown County, with a large force, had beleaguered Fort Ridgley, and were advancing upon other settlements. The only Indians engaged in these outrages were Sioux, and that portion of them under the special command of Little Crow. The Chippewas, the inveterate enemies of the Sioux, who had also a reservation in Minnesota, were uneasy, and assumed a threatening attitude. They alleged gross frauds on the part of their agent, who escaped from the reservation and committed suicide; but they took no part in the Sioux massacres, and, indeed, a few weeks later, offered to raise a force of their warriors to fight the Sioux, an offer which the Government did not think it wise to accept. On the first intelligence of this insurrection Governor Ramsey sent four companies of the 6th regiment of volunteers from Fort Snelling, and, two days later, on fuller information, he sent forward seven companies more. Col. (now Gen.) H. H. Sibley, who had thirty years' experience among the Indians on the frontier, was placed in command. Mounted volunteers were also called for by proclamation to join these forces, and large numbers obeyed the call. The 3d Minnesota regiment, then on parole at St. Louis, was also ordered to report at St. Paul, and arrived there on the 4th of September.

On the 23d of August New Ulm was attacked by the Indians, who were repulsed after a severe battle by a body of the citizens, under Judge Flandrau; but remained in the vicinity, intending to renew the assault. The next day a detachment of Col. Sibley's troops relieved them from siege, and scattered the marauders; but as two thousand women and children, who had fled in terror from the surrounding region, had taken refuge there, it was deemed best to evacuate the place, in order to convey them to a place of permanent safety. Fort Ridgley had been besieged for nine days, and its little garri son had sustained and repelled three desperate attacks; they were relieved on the 26th by & force under the command of Lieut.-Col. McPhail, sent forward by Col. Sibley. Finding a large

force concentrating on their trail in this direction, the greater part of the Indians proceeded northward, burning and killing every thing in their way, toward Breckinridge, a town at the junction of the Bois des Sioux and Red River of the North, which at that point formed the west boundary of the State, massacred the settlers there, and crossing the river, laid siege to Fort Abercrombie in Dakota Territory. Intelligence of these movements having reached St. Paul on the 27th, two companies were forwarded at once to reenforce Fort Abercrombie. On the 3d of September a force of one hundred and fifty Indians unexpectedly appeared at Cedar City, in McLeod County, in the centre of the State, attacked a company of volunteers there, and drove them to Hutchinson, while another band about as numerous attacked Forest City not far distant, and were repulsed by the citizens. A few days later the Indians attacked Hutchinson, but were repulsed. Troops were sent at once to these points. Driven back here, the savages next extended their raid to Jackson, Noble, and Pipeston Counties, in the S. W. part of the State on the border of Iowa, and Col. Flandran, who had so valiantly defended New Ulm, was sent with five hundred troops to protect that region. Gov. Ramsey had meantime apprised the United States Government of the condition of affairs, and had called the Legislature of Minnesota together to meet in extra session on the 9th of September. At their assembling he laid before them, in his message, the circumstances of the Indian insurrection, and suggested the measures requiring their action, all of which were promptly passed. Meantime the Government had despatchied Maj.-Gen. Pope to command in that department, and aid in suppressing the insurrection. The Indians, finding a force greatly superior to their own ready to take vengeance on them for the terrible and dastardly outrages they had committed, began to withdraw from the region they had desolated. A force of three or four hundred of them made two assaults in September on Fort Abercrombie, but were repulsed in both, the second time with heavy loss; the larger part of those who had invaded the central and southwestern portions of the State, fled toward the western border, but were overtaken and brought to bay at Wood Lake on the 22d of September, where, after a sharp battle they were utterly defeated, and Little Crow, with his women and children, fled to the Yankton Sioux of Dakota Territory. About five hundred Indians were taken prisoners, and four hundred and ninetyeight were tried by court-martial, of whom three hundred were sentenced to be hung. The President ordered, however, that only thirtyeight of these should be executed, while the remainder were kept in confinement until further investigation could be had. One of the thirtyeight executed on the 26th of December was a negro named Godfrey, who had been a leader in the massacres, and it was said had killed more than any one of the Indians.

The whole number of Indian warriors among the Minnesota Sioux did not exceed 1,000 or 1,200, and many of these had taken no part in the insurrection, so that probably the killed and captured constituted the greater part of the insurgents. This defeat and prompt arrest of the assailants carried terror into the hearts of the other Indian tribes in the vicinity; and though there have been occasional symptoms of uneasiness since that time among some of the Indians of that region, and the inhabitants of Minnesota cannot feel safe with such treacherous and bloodthirsty foes so near them, it is hardly probable that there will be another uprising for some years. The citizens are desirous the Government should remove the Indians.

The loss of life in this insurrection has never been accurately ascertained. Gov. Ramsey, in his message, stated it in round numbers at eight hundred, a number undoubtedly larger than subsequent facts would sustain. Some of the writers from the region in which it occurred speak of it as not exceeding one hundred, which is probably as great an error in the other direc tion. Eighty-five were buried at Yellow Medicine, nearly all of whom were horribly mutilated, and a considerable number at New Ulm, Breckinridge, Birch Coolie, Fort Abercrombie, Red Lake, Red Wood, and Wood Lake, and many more in the isolated farm houses in the extensive tract overrun by the savages. Probably not far from five hundred in all lost their lives, either through the ferocity of the Indians or from the sickness, suffering, and starvation which resulted from their hasty flight from their homes. Between 20,000 and 30,000 persons thus fled for their lives, leaving every thing behind them. A part afterwards returned, others found their way to their friends at the East, but for some months between 6,000 and 7,000, mostly women and children, were necessarily dependent upon charity. The people of the State contributed most liberally to their relief, and considerable sums were forwarded from other States.

The following list of the most important military events, with the date when they occurred, presents a more summary view of the great magnitude of the simultaneous operations in 1862:

Burnside sails..

Mill Springs (Ky.), battle.
Cedar Keys (Fla.) captured..
Fort Henry (Ky.), captured..
Roanoke Island (N. C.), captured...
Elizabeth (N. C.), captured..
Edenton (N. C.), captured...
Springfield (Mo.), captured...
Donelson (Ky.), captured.
Bowling Green (Ky.), evacuated.
Fayetteville (Ark.), occupied...
Clarkville (Tenn.), occupied..
Winton (N. C.), occupied..
Nashville (Tenn.), occupied..
Columbus (Ky.), evacuated..
Fernandina (Fla.), captured..
St. Mary (Fla.), captured..
Pea Ridge (Ark.), battle..
Brunswick (Ga.), captured..
Jacksonville (Fla.), captured..
St. Augustine (Fla.), captured..
Newbern (N. C.), captured...
New Madrid (Mo.), captured..

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Yorktown (Va.), evacuated..
Williamsburg (Va.), evacuated.
Pensacola (Fla.), evacuated..
Norfolk, captured...
Baton Rouge, occupied...
Corinth (Miss.), evacuated.
Fair Oaks (Va.), battle..

25

26

8

5

8

What had been accomplished by the military operations of the year:-The State of Missouri 8 had been relieved from invasion by the Confederate force. Half of Arkansas had been permanently occupied. The Confederate force has been driven from the Mississippi River except at Vicksburg and Port Hudson. Western and Middle Tennessee were occupied, and the former and part of the latter held. Western 29 Virginia had been retained by the Federal Government. Maryland exhibited her preference for the Union. Norfolk and Yorktown were taken and held. The cities and towns on the coast of North Carolina, with few excep 1 tions, were occupied by a Federal force. Fort Pulaski, commanding the entrance to Savannah, was captured, and the important points on the coast of Florida occupied. Pensacola and New .Aug. .Sept. Orleans were also taken, and nearly all of .Sept. 14 Louisiana brought under Federal control. The .Sept. 14 forces of the North slowly but firmly advanced .Sept. 17 .Sept. 19 upon every side of the Confederacy, and per4 manently held every important position which they had gained. The battle of Antietam secured the border States, and decided the physical supremacy of the Union in favor of 81 the North.

Washington (N. C.), captured..

.March

25

Shiloh (Tenn.), battle..

.April

6, 7

Island No. 10, evacuated

April

Huntsville (Ala.), captured...

.April

Decatur and Stevenson (Ala.), captured..

.April

9

Fort Pulaski (Ga.), captured...

.April 11

Fort Macon (N. C.), captured..

.April

New Orleans, captured...

.April

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The Emancipation Proclamation-Action of Congress-Oath of Office required-Organization of West Virginia as a State Proceedings relative to the exchange of Prisoners-The Cartel agreed upon-Difficulties-Officers in the Insurrectionary Service-Condition of Gen. Lee's Army in the Autumn of 1862-Appeal to the Southern People-Condition of the Federal Army-Organization of a Provost Marshal's Department.

ON January 1, 1863, the President issued his emancipation proclamation, and its principles were adopted as controlling the policy of the Government in the future. The proclamation was as follows:

WHEREAS on the 22d day of September, in the year or our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixtytwo, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, containing, among other things, the following, to wit:

"That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any States or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.

That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any State, or the people thereof, shall on that day be in good faith represented in the Congress of the United States, by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such State shall have

participated, shall, in the absence of strong counter-
vailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence
in rebellion against the United States."
that such State and the people thereof, are not then

Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and Government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppress ing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days, from the day first above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit,

Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terre Bonne, Lafourche, Ste. Marie, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the city of New Orleans,) Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkeley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are for the present left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued.

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