be observed

twenty men.

said western part, (eastern ?) from the mouth of the great 1642. river to Cape May, and even to another small river, Narratisenks kill, the whole extending about twelve German miles, comprising therein even Ferkens kill, above mentioned; the Conciliatory governor ought to maintain this contract of purchase invio- conduct to lable, and with force, and thus to attract these English towards the families under the authority and power of her majesty; she English. suggests that these people are disposed to submit as a free people to a sovereign who can protect and defend them, and advises a conciliatory course; "yet as her majesty judges it will be better and more advantageous for Sweden, for the crown, and for those interested, to be able to disembarrass themselves of it honestly, she leaves it to the governor's discretion, to endeavour to obtain this point, and for it to work underhand as much as possible, with good manners and with success." As the Dutch West India Company undoubtedly wishes to appropriate to itself the lands possessed by the English, and certainly also all the eastern part of the great South River, (especially as their fort or redoubt Nassau, now Fort Nassau occupied by about twenty men, is not very far from the occupied by eastern side of this river;) and since they make no pretensions. to all the western part, of which the Swedes are in possession, imagining by their Fort Nassau they have acquired and reserved the possession of all said river, and the country on both sides, for which reason they have protested against the Swedish subjects, and have never been willing to permit or grant them to ascend before Fort Nassau, the governor Course of will comport himself towards the Dutch Company with mild- conduct toness and moderation, as the Swedes, only seeking to open a according to. free communication for commerce, had bought from the stances. natives that which they possessed and cultivate. If, however, Also to Engthe Dutch, contrary to all hope, show any hostile intentions, ginia. "it would be very proper to be on your guard, and repel force by force" at so great a distance, the government leaves it much to the governor's discretion. If, however, the Dutch do not trouble us in our possessions, "the governor must maintain amity and good neighbourhood with the Dutch of Fort Nassau, and those established higher up the North River, at Manhattan or New Amsterdam, and likewise with the English who inhabit Virginia, especially because the latter have already begun to procure for the Swedes all sorts of necessary provisions, and at reasonable prices, both for cattle and grain."

wards Dutch

circum

lish in Vir

1642.

Bogardt's

As to those of the Dutch nation who have gone to New Sweden, and are there established under Swedish protection, and under Commandant Jost de Bogardt, the governor Directions in must show them all good will, seeing that they comply with relation to the conditions stipulated, and also obey the orders signified to them this year; that being established too near to Fort Christina, (report says only three miles distant,) they must abandon it, and occupy a place more distant from the fort; but the governor may remove them, or suffer them to remain, as he finds expedient.

colony.

The savages

with kind

ness, and

courted.

With regard to the savages, the governor is to treat them with humanity and mildness, and see that neither violence nor to be treated injustice is done them, but "must labour to instruct them in the Christian religion, and the divine service, and civilize their favour them. He must bring them to believe that the Swedes have not come there to do them injustice, but rather to procure them what they need, in order to live reciprocally in common, and sell and exchange provisions. The governor must sell to them at lower prices than the Dutch at Fort Nassau, or the English, so as by this means to disengage them from these people, and accustom them more to the Swedes."

Having thus summarily disposed of the Dutch, English, and savages, the instructions enter upon matters of internal regulations. regulation.

Internal

choose his

place of residence; also

The governor may choose his place of residence where he Governor to finds most convenient; he will choose a place suitable for fortifications, either at Cape Henlopen or at "James's Island,”1 or any other favourable position. He must pay particular for fortifica- attention, that by such a fortress the South River "may be shut," if it is possible, or commanded by it, and find a convenient port where vessels may be safe, even in winter.

tions and a fort.

is sufficient,

must attend

to agriculture, &c.

If, however, he can protect himself with Fort Christina, If Christina he ought to turn his attention especially to agriculture, sowing enough grain for their support. He may then attend to the culture of tobacco, and allot to it a certain number of labourers, to increase the quantity, and that all vessels may bring back a great portion of it. Sheep and cattle are next to claim his attention, especially to improving the breeds of sheep, by procuring from the English or others, and increasing the number.

In order to support, in good condition, the trade in peltries 1 A part of Camden was formerly an island and so called. See Mickle, p. 85.

with the Indians, he must have an inspection, establish com- 1642. missaries to prevent others from trading with them, that it may be exclusively for the company.

of salt.

It is supposed, from the climate being the same as Portu- Manufacture gal, that manufactures of salt may be established; if the heat of the sun is not sufficient, use fire. It should have the governor's attention, as also should the culture of the vine, as grapes are everywhere found wild.

Recommends examination for metals and minerals; if any Mines and are found, send home a particular account, and wait for minerals. orders.

Must reflect on what can be done with the superfluous Superfluous wood, especially oak and nut trees; from the latter try if oil wood. Oil cannot be procured by pressure; wood may answer as ballast.

from nuts.

Fisheries are next noticed. Inquire where they can be Fisheries. established to advantage, especially for whales, which are at times numerous in Godyn's Bay.

and silk.

Silk and silk worms may be produced to advantage. The Silk worms good culture of the country generally is specially recommended. "But above all, whatever regards the police, government Police, goand justice, must be done in the name of her majesty. De- vernment tailed and perfect instruction cannot be given, therefore it is left to the discretion of the governor, according to circumstances. For the present he may use his own seal, but with great form, in all the contracts and correspondence.”

and justice.

May use his

own seal.

toms, and usages of

prevail.

All controversies to be decided by the laws, customs, and Laws, cususages of Sweden, and in other things he will adopt and follow the laudable manners, customs, and usages of Sweden." Sweden to He has power to bring to obedience and order the mutinous and refractory, who will not live in peace; he may punish Crimes and great offenders by imprisonment, and even with death, accord- punishing to the crime, after legal forms and sufficient examination by the most noted persons, such as the most prudent assessors of justice that he can find and consult in the country.

ments.

cording to

Confession.

"Before all, the governor must labour and watch that he Worship of renders in all things to ALMIGHTY GOD the true worship which God to be acis his due, the glory, the praise, and the homage that belongs Augsburg to him, and take good measures that the divine service is performed according to the true Confession of Augsburg, the council of Upsal, and the ceremonies of the Swedish church, having care that all men, and especially the youth, be well

joy their

1642. instructed in all the parts of Christianity, and that a good ecclesiastical discipline be observed and maintained. With Dutch to en- respect to the Dutch colony which resides and is established in the country of her majesty and of the crown, the governor must not disturb what has been obtained in the aforesaid grant of her majesty, with regard to the exercise of the reformed religion."

own wor

ship.

mentioned

As to what cannot be here written, the governor must comThings not port as a faithful patriot, and observe with the greatest care, best intelligence, and great zeal, all that concerns his charge, regulating himself also by what has been verbally communicated.

above.

The governor is appointed for three years, after which he Governor ap- may return, leaving a successor or viceroy in his place, or he three years. may be reappointed.1

pointed for

salary.

A special order was passed, allowing Governor Printz “an Gov. Printz's annual support and compensation, as long as he shall remain in service in the country, 1200 silver dollars to be drawn regularly from the existing revenue, or which shall be regulated hereafter, to commence January 1, 1643.2

August 16.

Governor Printz sailed from Stockholm, with the ships Fame and Stork, and after a passage of one hundred and for, and ar fifty days, arrived in the Delaware in February of next

Departure

rival at De

laware.

August 30.

of New Swe

provided for.

year.

The government furnished Governor Printz soldiers and officers to assist him in the discharge of his duties, and Expenses of passed an order on the counsellors of the kingdom, requiring government them to provide for the regular payment of the expenses of den. How the government of New Sweden, amounting to 3020 rix dollars per annum, viz. governor, 1200 silver, or 800 rix, half silver and half excise; lieutenant-governor, 16 rix dollars per month; one sergeant major, 10; one corporal, 6; one gunner, 8; one trumpeter, 6; one drummer, 5; twenty-four soldiers at 4; one paymaster, 10; one secretary, 8; one barber, (probably surgeon,) 10; one provost, 6, and one, 4; making 185 rix dollars per month, or 3020 rix dollars per annum, viz. 400 rix or 600 silver, and in excise on tobacco coming from New Sweden, 2620 rix dollars. An ordinance was, about the same time passed, decreeing and assigning for the state and support of the government of New Sweden, of the 1 MSS. A. P. S., Reg. of Penns. p. 219, in detail.

2 Ibid. p. 200.

garrison under its orders, and others in its employ, 2,000,619 1642. rix dollars, to be collected each year from the excises upon tobacco.1

1643.

Gov. Printz.

Governor Printz, as we have seen, left Stockholm, "in the February 15. Lord's name," August 16th of last year, and arrived here in Voyage of February of this year. Rev. John Campanius, who accompanied him as chaplain, has left us an account of their voyage, which may furnish some idea of the tediousness of a passage at that time. They sailed in the ship Fame;2 after touching at Dahlehamn, Copenhagen, and Helsingör, they reached Gottenberg on 12th of September: on the 1st of November they took their departure from Gottenberg; on the 21st they were sailing along the coast of Portugal, "where the crew performed the ceremony of tropical baptism." On the 26th they sailed along the coast of Barbary; on the 28th they were half way between Old and New Sweden; they passed the Canaries, and on 20th of December arrived at Antigua, where they spent the Christmas holidays, and were well entertained at the governor's house. On the 3d of January, 1643, they left Antigua, passing numerous islands. On the 24th they made soundings, and on the 25th began to see land. Having had severe storms, with snow, on the 26th and 27th, when, being in the bay off the Whorekills, they lost three anchors, a spritsail, and mainmast; the ship ran aground, and lost some of her "apparel." On the 15th of February, "by God's grace," they came up to Fort Christina, in New Sweden, Virginia, at 2 o'clock, P. M.,” being five months, or 150 days, from their leaving Stockholm.3

At the time of Governor Printz's arrival, he found here Dutch, English, and Swedes, all professing to have claims upon the river and country; his situation, therefore, required great caution as well as energy, as all his movements would be closely watched, and any encroachments on preconceived

1 MSS. A. P. S., Reg. Penns. vol. iv. p. 314. Ibid. 373.

2 In the instructions to Printz, two vessels are named, the Stork and Renown. This last is probably the one here named, by a different translation, the Fame. Most writers give the names of the vessels in Printz's company, as the Swan and the Charitas; the former is probably the same as the Stork; where the latter name is derived from we do not know. Campanius speaks only of the Fame, on which he came, not mentioning the other, though there were probably two vessels in the company.

3 Campanius, p. 70.