CHAPTER XIX.

THE CAROLINAS FROM 1688 TO 1756

North Carolina-Conflict of Parties-Indian War-Increase of the Colony-A Royal Province-Immigrants-South Carolina— Archdale-Charleston-Indian War-War with the Yemassees -Hostility to the Proprietaries-End of the Proprietary Rule -Nicholson-The Governor and the Assembly-Indian Troubles-Revolt of Slaves-Trade and Emigration-Glen-Society in South Carolina.

SETTLEMENT in North Carolina, except on the Virginia border, went on very slowly. There were no towns or Social condi- villages. There were many Quakers in the

tion. colony, but when any attention was given to religion, there was much discord. Until 1705, there was no church built, and five years later there was only one clergyman. The scattered settlers were left each to follow his own ways. Organization of every kind was difficult to be secured. Under such circumstances it was not strange that the people should be impatient of the restraints of government, and that disorder should prevail. Runaways from the well-ordered community on the North found a safe asylum. Until 1754, there was no printing-press in the colony.

1089.

Philip Ludwell succeeded Sothel. After four years, when he was made Governor of both colonies, and took up his abode at Charleston, the northern province was put under the charge of deputies. The "Fundamental Constitutions" of the English philosophers were now abandoned, and the North Carolin

Conflict of

parties.

Carey was apremoved. Will

ians were allowed to govern themselves according to the charter. In 1704, Robert Daniel, the Deputy of Governor Johnson, undertook to establish the Church of England, and procured the assent of the legislature, which, also, passed an act requiring oaths to be taken by all officials. This would have the effect to shut out Quakers from holding office. The people now divided into two contending parties. pointed in Daniel's place, but was soon iam Glover became acting Governor, he being President of the Council. Glover was an active Churchman. Carey was the head of the opposing party, who denied the legality of his election. For four years there were two Assemblies and two Governors. When Edward Hyde was sent out by the proprietaries, Spotswood intervened in his favor. Carey, who led an insurrection against him, came into Virginia, but was sent to England to be tried. An Indian war now broke out on the borders. Hundreds of whites on the Roanoke and elsewhere were slaughtered by the savages of the Tuscarora tribe. The North Carolina militia would not obey the call of Hyde, but the Tuscaroras were defeated, and for a time reduced to quiet, by troops from South Carolina. Pollock, made President of the Council, and, as such, acting Governor, described the whole condition of the colony as ruinous in the extreme. Help was again implored from South Carolina, and Colonel James Moore, with a force from that province, inflicted such a defeat upon the Tuscaroras that the bulk of them moved northward and joined the Five Nations. Those that remained made peace. The grounds of their hostility were encroachments on their lands, alleged frauds of traders, and the killing of one of their tribe. Spotswood, the Governor of Virginia, wrote to the Lords Commissioners of Trade (May 9, 1716): "It has been the general

Indian war.

1713.

observation, both in this and the neighboring provinces, that the Indians have rarely ever broke out with the English, except when they have received some notorious injury from the persons trading with them." "Indian traders," he adds, "have been made drunk and imposed upon, and this has provoked a bloody retaliation. They being accustomed among themselves to compound for murder by a payment, count one as the equivalent of the other."

of

Charles Eden, the next Governor, was qualified for the post. The Carey faction was still active, and there was Increase a growing disaffection with the government of the colony. the Proprietaries. The population of the colony was increased in 1690 and in 1707 by the incoming of bodies of French Protestants. Swiss and German colonists settled at Newbern. The Legislature met at Edenton, which was founded in 1715. The progress of the colony was checked by the absence of any town on the coast from which exports could be sent abroad. Virginia rendered a service by interposing to put down piracy. Toleration was enacted, although the establishment of the English Church was continued.

At length the Proprietaries sold their rights to the Crown. The satisfaction of the inhabitants at this A royal change was somewhat chilled by the appearprovince. ance, as Governor, of Barrington, a worthless profligate, who had before exercised executive authority. He prorogued the Assembly for refusing to establish a permanent revenue and to grant to him the salary which he demanded. He was deprived of his office in 1734. Gabriel Johnston, a Scotchman, held the place for nearly twenty years. The salaries of the Crown officers were expected to be paid from quit-rents, but no satisfactory law for their collection could be extorted from the Assembly. When the Governor set about collecting them

by his own agents, the Assembly resisted the measure, and threw his officers into prison. There were improvements introduced-for example, in the judiciary system. But Johnston's endeavors to promote education do not appear to have been seconded by popular support. During the existence of the royal government, we have accounts of only two schools, one at Newbern, and the other at Edenton. Wilmington became one of the places for the meeting of the Assembly. In 1721, for the first time, a law was passed for the disfranchisement of free negroes. Highlanders and emigrants from Ireland came into the colony, the number of whose inhabitants was still more increased by an emigration into the central and western regions from the western parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania. Dobbs became Governor in 1754. Men and money were contributed for the aid of the more northern colonies at the outbreaking of the war with the French and Indians. But the Assembly kept up a struggle in behalf of popular government, in opposition to the Governor's assertion of prerogative.

Immigrants.

1690.

When Sothel was driven from North Carolina, being a "Palatine," he assumed authority in the southern province, but his misconduct was such that he was obliged to depart. Under Ludwell, his successor, the Proprietaries, finding it impossible to enforce the constitutions, finally gave them up, and left the colony to be governed by the charter. The Parliament became an Assembly. It was conceded that the power of proposing laws should not be confined to the Governor and Council. Smith, who followed Ludwell, succeeded no better than he in allaying strife. Two parties The two parsprang up, that of the Proprietaries and their officers, a party to which the Churchmen adhered, and the party comprised of the Dissenters, a majority of the

ties.

people. There was an opposition to the paying of quitrents. There were disputes about the tenure of lands, the naturalization of Huguenots, and other subjects. It was in Smith's time that rice was brought in from Madagascar. It became the principal product of the colony. As the raising of it was unhealthy for the whites, the effect of its introduction was to promote negro slavery.

Archdale.

Joseph Archdale, himself a proprietor, a pious Quaker, who knew how to bridle his tongue, was sent cut as Governor, to pacify discontent. He made important concessions. He allowed the number of representatives to be increased. He remitted, on certain conditions, arrears of quit-rents. He paved the way for his successor, Joseph Blake. Yet two years after Blake's coming, the Assembly asked for the privilege of coining money, and petitioned for the removal of duties on exports. In 1697, religious liberty was adopted by laws applicable to all except "papists." A liberal course was pursued in the enactments relating to the Huguenots. In 1700, James Moore was appointed Governor. Prominent party leaders now appear on the stage. One of the foremost was Nicholas Trott, who was at first on the popular side, but was won over by offices, and, with his brother-in-law, Colonel Rhett, became the champions of the Proprietary interest.

Charleston had now become a flourishing town, with a lucrative commerce, handsome houses, the homes of refined and intelligent families. When war Charleston. broke out between England and Spain, Moore commanded an expedition against St. Augustine. The town was pillaged and the castle was besieged; but the arrival of two Spanish ships compelled the English forces to retire, burning the town behind them. In 1703, a soldier, Sir Nathaniel Johnson, arrived to succeed Moore. The Apalatchees were allies of the Spaniards. Moore