No doubt, the idea of a North-Italian | ually disappeared, by being incorporated kingdom, extending from the Alps to the with their neighbors. Out of these amalApennines, having Milan and Turin for gamations, the Sardinian monarchy, Lomits capitals, and Genoa and Venice for its bardy, Tuscany, and the Papal State have seaports, with a population of between been formed. The same progressive nine and ten millions, and extending over course would point to the ultimate formaone of the most fertile regions in Europe, tion of three great Italian states, North, -such a kingdom is a splendid vision, Centre, and South. Each of these three and, supposing the Austrians out of the divisions contains within itself sufficient question, might be realized without any elements of greatness, both material and great obstacles from localities, or from the moral; each has its own historical assovarious populations themselves. There is ciations, and its own peculiar character, no natural frontier between Piedmont and physical and moral, while the parts comLombardy the same great river waters posing each have sufficient homogeneity. both, and receives its affluents from both These are mere speculations concerning the Alps and Apennines; and Parma, events still buried in the womb of futurity, Modena, and the Legations are natural but if people will speculate upon such parts of the same region. The idea of things, they ought at least to reason acsuch a union is much more plausible than cording to probabilities, according to nathe startling one of melting down all the tural causes and effects and historical exItalian populations, even unto Calabria and perience; they would thus produce a new Sicily, into one great state, and that state idea of something satisfactory and plausia republic! Why, it would require a stern ble, to which the attention of men might unbending despotism of a quarter of a turn itself in time. century at least in order to amalgamate Our notice of M. Dal Pozzo's work, and Neapolitans and Sicilians with the Milan-" the celebrity (which it seems) we have ese; Romans and Tuscans with the Pied- thereby imparted to it," have impelled into montese. The great cities of the south the lists with him a volunteer champion are interested against such a scheme. of the liberal cause on this side of the The climate, the localities, the character Channel, to whose productions we should of the populations, are too essentially dif- have felt disposed to pay greater attention, ferent. Naples has been for eight hun- had the author's facts, his arguments, or dred years a kingdom by itself; its boun- his eloquence (which last is eminently of daries have never varied; during the two the invective kind) been at all upon a par hundred years it was subject to the crown with his skill in calling names, in which he of Spain it suffered greatly, but its national character remained; the habits, manners, feelings, local institutions, are based upon its entity as a distinct country. With seven millions and a half of inhabitants, a splendid capital, which ranks the third in Europe, a soil rich in all the productions of the south, and an immense line of coast, the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, placed between Europe and Africa and on the threshold of the Levant, has within itself all the elements of prosperity, and a distinct political orbit assigned to it by nature itself. This, however, should not exclude a federal bond between it and the rest of the Peninsula. Analogous reasons militate against the amalgamation of Tuscany and Rome with either Naples or North Italy, but there exists not the same repulsive force between Tuscany and Rome; they were both once in the boundaries of Italia proper, as far as the Rubicon. has attained a proficiency only to be ascribed to native talent or long practice. For the vituperation which he has bestowed upon ourselves we readily forgive him, seeing that the motives for it exist so completely in his own imagination. Of him we shall only say in return, that we believe him to be a sincere, however intemperate, partisan. The object of this pamphlet* is directly opposed to that of Count Dal Pozzo's book, and in entire conformity with the spirit and maxims of La Giovine Italia, to the editor of which it is dedicated; it is almost superfluous therefore to say, that the author preaches to his countrymen eternal war with Austria-that he advocates the union of all Italy under one government— and that government a republic. Of his * "Strictures on the Publication of Count Dal Pozzo with some Remarks on the Foreign Quarterly Review. By P. A." London, 1834. The author describes himself as an Italian-twenty-five years absent from his native country, during twenty of which he has been constantly resident in England: circumstances sufficient of themselves to deprive his testimony--if he had any to give, which he has not-of all Ever since the close of the middle ages, VOL. XIV. 22 And "Swear an eternal, uncompromising hatred to the Church of Rome, the only source of all the evils which for centuries past have desolated your fine Be convinced-that libillustrious country... erty and papistry are irreconcilable enemies. style of reasoning an extract or two will rious people of Italy, the agricultural poenable our readers to judge. pulations, the industrious classes in the After saying that "a republican gov- cities, the inhabitants of the Apennines, or ernment must rest on the basis of genuine the seafaring people of the coasts, does virtue, of which the annals of the world he mean that they are ready to abjure cado not offer a single specimen," p. 72, after tholicism and turn evangelicals? expressing his dread of a financial and this same writer had said above, that the commercial aristocracy, and his reverence French are conscientiously subservient to for the aristocracy of rank in England; the tenets of Rome! Verily, he seems to after abusing in good set terms the people know the one of the two nations as intiof the Stock Exchange, and showing a mately as the other. His motto is delenliberal contempt for "bakers, stationers, da est Roma! and he thus addresses his cheesemongers, et hoc genus omne, who countrymen :have laid out part of their rapidly gotten fortunes, not in assisting charitable institutions and founding new ones, not in improving the city of London, but in obtaining a title (!)" the writer decides that republican institutions are not suited to England, and, à fortiori, still less suited "to the volatile French nation, where the unquenchable thirst for sensual pleasures -the esprit de bagatelle which presides over all their most serious pursuits, and their (the French) conscientious subserviency to the tenets of Rome (!!) form the counterpart of the sobriety, firmness of Now these are precisely the sentiments, purpose, simplicity of manner, and stern this is the political enthusiasm, some morality of genuine republicanism."-p. would call it fanaticism, which we have 79. And all these requisites, which are said we doubted, as we still doubt, whether wanting in the French and English, are, they would find an echo in the breasts of it would seem, met with in Italy, among one thousandth part of the people in Italy. the abstemious, platonic, self-denying, pri- We even doubt whether any very conside mitive populations of Milan, Venice, Tu-rable number of Italian liberals would asrin, Florence, Genoa, Bologna, Rome, Na- sent to such sentiments and views. It is ples, Palermo, &c.-among the ascetic loungers of the Corso or Toledo, the disinterested frequenters of the Porto Franco or Piazza Banchi of Genoa, or the Via Grande at Leghorn. There is no taste whatever for sensual pleasures in those places; no desire of making money; no personal ambition, ambizione di primeggiare, which poor Bossi has pointed out as a characteristic of the Italians, time out of memory; no luxury, no epicurism: a Spartan-like simplicity pervades the land. This is the inference we must draw, as our author concludes that a republic, the qualifications for which he has just stated, "appears to him the most suitable of all governments for the Italians."-p. 81. But we had forgotten another qualification for this republican government: "No religion at present exists in Italy, (so at least this Italian asserts,) a consequence of the too long prevalence of a sanguinary sect; but there exists in the minds of the Italians a sincere, nay, an impatient desire, to adopt Christianity as it came from the mouth of its divine founder." Does he really mean that the masses of the va now well understood, that the exaltados of Spain in 1822-3 did not represent the feelings of the Spanish people. Our position as writers in an English journal places us far from the heated atmosphere of foreign political clubs and coteries, and makes it our duty to tell our readers that which we, after mature investigation, believe to be the truth; this requires us to listen to the reports of the different parties, without relying implicitly upon any of them; to compare conflicting statements, weigh authorities, discard exagge rations, and discriminate between authenticated facts and vague surmises. This we have endeavored till now conscientiously to do with regard to the various political questions which we have had occasion to discuss. On the subject of Italy we have stated our opinion; our wishes are out of the question in such a case. We think that all arguments concerning that country which are based upon the position that Italy is but one nationwhich it never has been-and ought to have but one government, must lead to vague and unprofitable discussion. It is judging of things in esse, from an assump-| the knife" in order to compel her to do so. As a sequel to his late production, and also to show his readiness to hear the other side of the question, M. Dal Pozzo has, we see, recently published a prospectus, offering a prize of a gold medal of a thousand francs value for "the best treatise either for or against his late work, or which may point out the best and most practicable means of securing the happiness of the Italians." The treatises must be written either in Italian, French, or English, and delivered before the end of March next at his house, No. 1, Rue St. Croix d'Antin, Paris. The decision upon the merits of the essays will be entrusted to some academy or literary society, or to a jury of five or seven members of unexceptionable character and reputation. We suspect the author of the English pamphlet we have just noticed will not have much chance of obtaining the prize. In the notes accompanying this prospectus, M. Dal Pozzo refutes several attacks of the liberals, and complains of their intolerance. One of his former friends wrote to him, "that he had not read his work, because the title alone was enough for him to condemn it," and at the same time reprcached him with "having trampled upon the most sacred sentiments of the Italians, with having insulted justice and truth, &c." M. Dal Pozzo must know that his is not the first book that has been condemned without being read. Some of the French journals have, it seems, judged his production upon similar grounds. Another friend writes to him from Milan, that a great difference of opinion prevails about his book; that those who judge without passion find much truth and sound sense in it, but that it will have no effect, because the advice which Count Dal Pozzo gives to the Austrian government will not be adopted, as the Aulic Councillors follow their old state maxims, and are opposed to all innovation. French writers," continues M. Dal Pozzo's correspondent, "call the Aulic Council ver moulu, worm-eaten,' but this worm-eaten council still maintains itself, whilst other cabinets and administrations spring up and fall like the insects of a summer's day, which example, probably, induces our Aulic Councillors to persevere in the same path they have always trodden." Count Dal Pozzo exposes also a perversion of the text of the famous Austrian Catechism, which has gone the round of the liberal journals. He quotes the words of the text in their proper order, which modify considerably the servile meaning that has been ascribed to them. ART. IV.—1. Eloge de M. le Baron Cuvier. Par. C. L. Laurillard, Conservateur du Cabinet d'Anatomie au Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. 1833. 8vo. 2. Notice Historique sur les Ouvrages de M. le Baron Cuvier. Par G. L. Duvernoy, D. M. P. &c. &c. 1833. 8vo. 3. Eloge du Baron Cuvier. Par M. E. Pariset, Secrétaire Perpétuel de l'Académie Royale de Médecine. 1833. 8vo. 4. Mémoires sur le Baron Georges Cuvier, publiés en Anglais par Mistress Lee, et en Français par M. Théodore Lacordaire. 1833. 8vo. No private death within our recollection occasioned a more deep, general, and permanent concern than that of the eminent person to record the particulars of whose life the above works have been written. For a time after it occurred, a feeling was left in men's minds as if the very course of natural science must be arrested by it; and vain as such a feeling must be for the course of science can never wholly depend upon any individual, however wonderfully endowed-it not unnaturally arose out of the impression which so capacious an intellect as that of Cuvier made on the age in which its manifestation was permitted. A long cessation of the rude excitements incidental to a state of war has left men more open to such impressions, and to the true glories of science an undisputed claim. Our enthusiasm now waits on the merits of the improvers of knowledge, and the fact speaks well for the age of which it embodies the character. To follow with eagerness the unavoidable devastations and outrages of conquest, to peruse with savage wonder the daily reports of all that legal carnage and unrestrained physical force can effect upon mankind, is no longer the accustomed occupation of a large part of the thinking world. After a quarter of a century of military glory, nations have leisure to ask to what end their triumphs have led, and what increase of happiness, what social blessings, have been purchased by so much bloodshed. The conquests which now excite our interest are those achieved in the fields of science, where victory scatters flowers and fruits-is not followed by exactions and sorrows that wring comfort from human hearts, but by happiness and pure delights. The force of which we now contemplate the prodigious effects, is that of the instructed mind of man. We applaud, whilst he lives, the philosopher who reads the heavens and the earth; and we grieve for him when death removes him from the world he improved. We weave the brightest wreath and costliest crown for those who benefit their fellow-creatures, and the fresh leaves adorn their memory unspotted by cruelty and crime. ened nations have had to mourn the loss Certainly, of all those of whom enlightin this age, none was more deserving of their attachment, none did more for them, none performed his duty upon earth more efficiently and with more marked effects, none more advanced the thoughts of the philosophers of his time, or left the influence of his labors more visible on the labors commencing when his own were ending, than Cuvier. He not only lives in his works; but his spirit is yet with us: even in death he is in the front of those who are advancing, and his very remains lead them on to the rich rewards of new discovery. The journals of science and of literature throughout all Europe have shown the anxiety of different classes of writers to do justice to his greatness. His various acquirements, equally vast and minute; his multiplied labors; his elevated views; his private virtues, have furnished to each admirer so many topics of just eulogy. The naturalist, the moralist, the orator, the statesman, have each acknowledged the sympathy which binds them all to a man in whom every variety of merit seemed to be united, and whose eloquence equally adorned and enforced the philoso phy of science and of life. His attached friends, and the pupils who reverenced and loved him, have felt that the contemplation of such a character charmed and elevated their own, and have lingered over reminiscences, before which all that was mean, or indolent, or unintellectual, fled away. The publications before us are but a few of the offerings laid upon his tomb, but they are sincere and precious. M. Laurillard, the Conservator of the Cabinet | dukes of Würtemberg. His parents were of Anatomy in the Museum of Natural not in easy circumstances, his father being History of Paris, was a co-operator with a half pay officer, who, after forty years' Cuvier in several of his most important in-service, was unable to afford to his son vestigations, drew many of the figures more than the common advantages of prowhich illustrate his works, and is entrust-vincial school education. At fifty years ed with the publication of some of his man- of age he had married a young and acuscripts. M. Duvernoy is the professor complished woman, who became the moof natural history at Strasburg, and deems ther of George Cuvier, and by whom his no means so powerful to excite a noble early years were guarded with affectionate enthusiasm in his pupils as that of setting and judicious care. Her more than pabefore them Cuvier's example. M. Pariset rental solicitude for his mental improve. is a distinguished physician of Paris, who ment justifies us in adding the instance of has often been honored with important pub- Cuvier to the many examples of distinlic commissions, and whose attainments guished men who, perhaps, owed a conand eloquence render him a proper organ siderable share of their greatness to the for the expression of admiration and grati- attainments and character of a mother of tude on the part of a profession to which superior understanding. History presents the labors of the naturalist had presented us with numerous instances of this nature, many valuable facts and opened great ge- and they seem the more curious when conneralizations. Mrs. Lee's book, already trasted with an equally well established well known in our own language, is the re- fact, that the children of very eminent men cord of an accomplished friend, who, exhi- have seldom been distinguished for ability, biting in her appreciation of the writings and have frequently proved either feeble and public services of Cuvier, a delicacy, in mind, or of precocious talents and a a discrimination, an extent of information, fragile and unenduring frame. In many and a modesty, most honorable to her sex, families rendered illustrious by one great has also painted him as he was in private name, the father and grandfather of the life, and in the bosom of his family, amidst distinguished member of the family were the tranquil occupations of his study, or men of good understanding, without being when sustaining as became him the domes- brilliant; but after the great man, the line tic griefs which in his later years oversha- has immediately and sensibly declined. dowed him; and she has done this with a The physiological hypothesis may be, that fidelity and a pathos to which we think the offspring of men devoted to the purthe sympathy and tears of many readers suit of fane in arduous paths, are necesmust have borne an unsuspicious testimony. sarily of imperfect organization; or that From these publications might be col- there is some law which, permitting an lected ample biographical materials, which ascending scale of intellect to render fawould be read with much interest; but milics eminent in a generation, checks these, for the most part, have already been the vain aspirations after perpetuity of inlaid before the English reader. Their fluence, by withdrawing the gift when it perusal has, however, reminded us of Cu- has reached a certain elevation, leaving vier's claims to be commemorated, not only the proud edifice of their fame, which by those who love science, but by all to once they flattered themselves would reach whom intellectual excellence, or even the the heavens, a mere unfinished monument. pleasures of an elevated literature, afford However this may be, Cuvier's mother any gratification. When death has put a was worthy to bear such a son. She period to the efforts of exalted individuals, watched over his infirm infancy with the exposed even by that exaltation to some tenderest care, and she saw and directed misrepresentation, we may reflect, not the development of his wonderful faculwithout profit, on their earliest efforts, on ties. "The joys of parents," says Bacon, their maturer performances, and on the are secret;" and great, although it may hopes and thoughts which animated them have been unexpressed and inexpressible, until death extinguished all that mortal must have been the joy of such a mother efforts can reach, or left the least perisha watching such a son. He was singularly ble results to be transferred to successive diligent and thoughtful, and when no more minds for slow and complete development. than ten years old was not only a delight We shall only mention such particulars of ed reader of Buffon, but faithfully copied Cuvier's life as cannot be separated from all the plates, and colored them according a view of his intellectual progress. He to the descriptions which he read. Acwas a native of Montbéliard, then the chief customed as we are to speak of Cuvier as town of a principality belonging to the the great interpreter of the animated parts |