The History of the Church of England to the Revolution, 1688 - Thomas Vowler Short - Google 圖書

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CONTENTS.

§ 1. GENERAL outline of the history of the Bri-

tish church before the Saxon invasion.

2. England early converted to Christianity;

possibly by St. Paul: other traditions

without any foundation.

3. King Lucius. Early persecutions; the Dio-

clesian. St. Alban. Constantius Chlorus.

Constantine puts an end to persecution.

4. British bishops at early councils; Arles,

Nice, Sardica, Ariminum.

5. Pelagian heresy. Germanus, Lupus, and

Severus. Schools established. Illutus and

Dubritius; Banchor; Gallican liturgy.

6. Saxons converted by St. Augustin; Ethel-

bert, Britha. Gregory I. instrumental in

7. Augustin, archbishop of England. Chris-

tian festivals accommodated to the hea-

then feasts. Ecclesiastical establishment.

Union with the British church attempted.

Easter; Roman method of keeping it

adopted by Oswi.

8. Theodore made archbishop. Adrian. Pa-

rish churches established. Bishoprics

divided. Wilfred appeals to the pope.

Sussex converted.

9. Wilfred's appeal to Rome; superiority of

Rome over Saxon England. Council of

10. Union of the heptarchy. The Danes at-

tack monasteries. Ethelwulph's grant to

the church: tithes had been previously

mentioned: they are sometimes spoken

of as due by divine right.

11. Alfred educates England; he translates

many books into Saxon; his general in-

formation; establishes a school for his

son; foreign kings educated in England;

sends an embassy to the Syrian Indians.

12. Odo and Dunstan. The Danes incorpo-

rated with the English. Wealth of the

13. Imperfection of this sketch; materials de-

fective; the subject one of curiosity rather

than utility. Errors of the church of

Rome generally those of human nature.

14. Debt due to Rome; probable date of the

perversions of doctrine, and their intro-

duction into England.

15. Prayers for the dead; in early use; his-

tory of the doctrine of purgatory; com-

mon to many religions; prayers for the

dead not necessarily connected with it.

Traces of the doctrine among the Anglo-

Saxons. Popular notions of it in the time

of Bede and Alcuin.

6. Transubstantiation. Waterland's account

of the history of it; probably not received

by the Anglo-Saxons. Elfric's homily.

17. Mass; believed to be a sacrifice for the

living and dead.

Celibacy of the clergy. The council of

Nice endeavoured to impose it. Custom

of the Greek church. Early established

in England; but generally evaded. Evils

arising from it.

Early ecclesiastical establishments. Mo-

nastic establishments useful at first; fa-

vourable to civilization; attacked by the

Danes. Most of the clergy married dur-

ing these times of disturbance; depend-

ence on the apostolic see arising from

celibacy. Holy water. Service in Latin.

Lights in churches. Lord's Prayer, Creed,

and Gospel, explained to the people.

Progress of errors in the church of Eng-

land. Purgatory and transubstantiation

first believed, and then made profitable to

the priesthood. Errors introduced into

the Anglo-Saxon church by degrees from

How far the errors of the church destroyed

Christianity. When errors in doctrine

destroy the hopes of salvation. Evil ten-

dency of errors in faith.

Inadequate view of the atonement. Cor-

rect faith in the Trinity. Expressions

marking false notions of good works.

The Anglo-Saxon church much corrupted

in doctrines, and the way prepared for

greater errors.

CHAPTER II. p. 17.

51. There existed a continual struggle be-

tween the church and state.
We must

regard churchmen as advocating the

rights of their order.

67. Growth of the papal power.

68. Disputes between the crown and the

church on temporal rights drove the

church into the arms of Rome, and then

induced the crown to submit to the au-

thority of the pope.

69. The church taxes itself; the oppression

of the crown induces churchmen to ac-

quire temporal power, which could alone

defend their property.

70. Source of the power of Rome; a centre

of combination for churchmen, and of

defence against the oppression of the

crown. The vices of Rome its only

52. William I. was possessed of full power

over the church. Ecclesiastical property

subjected to civil service. Most of the

English clergy ejected. Papal legates

introduced into England. The ecclesi-

astical courts separated from the civil.

53. The influence of Rome arose from the

vices of our kings. The clergy a balance

between the crown and aristocracy, and

beneficial to the lower orders. Rome in-

terfered to support the just rights of the

church, and so gained power. Anselm

and William II.

54. Anselm appeals to Rome illegally. Wil-

liam admits the authority of the pope, and

the legate confirms Anselm, who never-102.

theless flies from England. Investitures.

55. Henry recalls Anselm; the dispute be-

tween them compromised. Celibacy of

the clergy insisted on in vain.

CHAPTER III. p. 26.

101. Abuses must become galling to the peo-

ple before they create any great anxiety

to remove them.

56. Stephen increases the power of the pope | 103.

by his injustice. The bishop of Win-

chester summons the king before him.

Perjury promoted by dispensations. The

miseries of England.

57. Henry II. accepts a grant of Ireland from

the pope. Becket. Exemption of eccle-

siastics from civil jurisdiction. Constitu-

tions of Clarendon. Becket is persecuted,

58. He is received by the court of France and

the pope; Henry very violent; Becket

equally so; an outward reconciliation is

59. Becket murdered; miracles at his tomb.

Henry submissive to the church. Beck-

et's character.

60. Heresy first punished, 1160. Gerhard and

his followers, their opinions uncertain.

61. Interference of Rome. Convent at Hack-

ington; at Lambeth. Tax imposed on

the clergy by the pope.

62. John. Dispute about the election of an

archbishop of Canterbury; Stephen Lang-

ton appointed by the pope. England laid

under an interdict, and John excommuni-

63. Philip of France proceeds to depose John;

the barons discontented; John submits to

the pope. The pope adverse to Magna

Charta. The council of the Lateran de-

clares transubstantiation to be a tenet of

64. Papal power. Further exactions from the

clergy refused.

65. Greathead opposes the papal usurpations;

esteems the pope antichrist.

66. Edward I. Increased power of the clergy.

Statutes for trying clerks by a jury, and

of mortmain. Heavy taxes imposed on

the clergy. The bull to free ecclesiastical

property from taxation was inefficacious.

Political abuses connected with the

church of Rome; attempts to limit the

papal power, not to destroy it; injustice

of the exclusive jurisdiction of the

Wealth taken out of the kingdom; papal

provisions. Foreigners holding prefer-

ments. Annates; clergy taxed by the

pope. Peter's pence; bribes for aiding

suitors; papal officers spies. The right

of sanctuary injurious to the country.

104. Statutes to restrain the papal power.

Mortmain; impolicy of the enactment.

Provisors. Præmunire.

105. Moral abuses; corruptions of the court

of Rome. Pride and luxury of the clergy;

celibacy; worldly employments; igno-

rance; mendicant orders.

106. Doctrinal errors of the church of Rome.

Idolatry; pilgrimages; pardons; tran-

substantiation.

107. Small hopes of reformation from Rome

itself; inadequacy of canons; dispensa-

tions profitable to Rome.

108. Wiclif distinguished at Oxford; writes

against the covetousness of the court of

109. Expelled from the wardenship of Can-

terbury Hall; an enemy to the friars;

disputes on the arrears claimed by the

pope; takes the degree of D. D.; reads

110. Compromise with the pope about provi-

sions. Peter's pence redemanded; Wic-

lif declares them not to be due; offends

the pope and clergy.

111. Wiclif brought before S. Sudbury, in St.

Paul's; his doctrines approved in Ox-

ford; Wiclif brought before the archbi-

shop at Lambeth; sends in a declaration

of faith on certain points.

112. He labours under a severe fever; the

friars visit him; translates the Scrip-

tures; opposes transubstantiation; sum-

moned before commissioners in Oxford;

leaves the university; reported to have

113. Prepares his mind for martyrdom. Sta- | 132. The establishment still useful as a poli-

tute against heretics; dies of the palsy.

114. His great learning and good qualities;

opposes the temporal power and the doc-

trines of Rome; both these are endan-

gered by his preaching.

115. Opinions of Wiclif adverse to the papal

116. He asserts the duty of the laity to take

away church property which is misused.

Celibacy; vows taken early in life a

great snare. The Scriptures his ultimate

117. He differs from the church of England

with regard to purgatory; and deems

episcopacy not a distinct order.

118. Seven Sacraments. Baptism. Confirma-

tion not confined to bishops. Absolution

and confession. Matrimony. Pilgrim-

119. Transubstantiation. The first formal de-

termination on it in England. He held

sound doctrines with regard to the atone-

ment and sanctification.

120. The Lollards numerous. Poor priests.

His doctrines promote disturbances. Ox-

ford friendly to his doctrines, gives him

letters testimonial.

121. Proclamation against the Lollards; their

petition. Henry IV. grants power to the

church. Statute De hæretico comburendo.

122. William Sawtrey burnt; succession of

martyrs; their examinations, chiefly on

transubstantiation, and submission to the

123. Lord Cobham had joined Henry IV. In

the reign of Henry V. he diffuses the doc-

trines of Wiclif. Henry tries to convince

him of his error.

124. He is brought to trial; his examination

resembles that of Thorpe; their answers

correspond with the opinions of Wiclif.

Lord Cobham escapes; he denies a ficti-

tious recantation which had been pub-

lished; he is hung in St. Giles's field.

125. A previous disturbance had taken place

there; with which Lord Cobham had

probably no connection.

126. Pecock promotes the Reformation by ex-

cusing Romish errors, and analyzing

what was innocent in them; he is made

bishop of St. Asaph and Chichester; and

deprived of his preferments.

127. He offended by supporting the papal power

on sound principles, and thus actually be-

traying its weakness. Images. Pilgrim-

128. Defends the supremacy, and a variety

of religious orders, but blames the abuses

into which they had run.

129. The Bible the standard of his faith; his

opinions not far from those of Wiclif;

possessed of no great talents.

130. A continued succession of martyrs. De-

pravity of the religious orders.

131. Summary of the history. Reasons why

power is given to the ministers of the

gospel. Misused by the church of Rome.

tical engine. The papacy a check to the

crown. Importance of ecclesiastical ap-

pointments; the right to them is disputed

between the lower clergy, the pope, and

133. This competition arose from the value

of preferments. Bishoprics at first elec-

tive; when they became valuable, they

were sought by the king, and the court

of Rome stepped in to defend the clergy,

and to take the appointment into her own

The wrong appointments of each party

destroyed the benefit of the establish-

ment; and as this arose from the wealth

of the preferment, the reformers inveighed

Real difficulty of the question: consider-

able power then necessary to defend the

property of the church, which was useful

in promoting peace and civilization; this

power abused, and a reformation abso-

lutely necessary. Bishoprics appointed

to by the crown. Wiclif and his followers

inveigh against any temporal power in

the hands of churchmen.

136. Offices of state in the hands of church-

men. Exclusive jurisdiction. Papal

power dependent on false doctrines, and

these attacked by Wiclif. His transla-

tion of the Bible showed the people the

truth, and persecution directed their at-

137. Steps towards a reformation. Wealth

of the clergy observed and reprobated.

The existence of an English translation,

of tracts, and preachers who were ready

to suffer. Many persons of rank con-

vinced. Wiclif foresaw the final effect

of truth. We must look up through the

instruments to the great Artificer.

rance of the clergy. Gospel of Nicode-
mus set up at Canterbury. Printing.

158. The divorce; causes of it. Henry VIII.

protests against the marriage. He fears

the curse of dying childless. Wolsey ac-

cused of insinuating scruples into the

king's mind by means of Longland.

Henry probably entertained them before

his love for Anne Boleyn.

159. Proposals made to Clement VII. Cam-

pegio sent to England; he brings a bull

with him, which he afterwards burns; he

causes delays, and at last postpones the

160. The cause transferred to Rome. Wol-

sey's fall; he is unjustly treated.

161. Wolsey submits, goes to York, and dies;

his character; a good minister; weak

after his fall.

king. Franciscans executed. Visitation
of the church. Inhibition sent to the

bishops; their ecclesiastical authority

restored to them by a commission from

the king. The bishops raise no opposi

202. The king's object in dissolving monaste-

ries. Cranmer's instructions given to the

visitors. Voluntary surrenders. All mo-

nasteries under 2001. per annum given to

the king. Number of these foundations;

they bring little profit to the crown.

203. Execution of Anne Boleyn; her inno-

cence. Divorce. Cranmer. Henry re-

conciled to Mary.

204. Henry marries Jane Seymour. Act of

Succession. Acts of parliament against

the pope's authority.

205. Convocation. Alesse argues against the

five sacraments. Parties now formed in

the church. Articles put forth.

162. The decision of the question of the di-

vorce referred to the Universities; those

of England and France declare the mar-206. Abstract of the Articles.

163. Decisions against the marriage. Cle-

ment still deceitful. The clergy in Eng-

land comply with the wishes of the king,

through fear, and with difficulty acknow-

ledge his supremacy.

164. The parliament object to the power of

the clergy. First-fruits taken from the

pope. Cranmer, archbishop of Canter-

bury; his objection to the oaths to the

165. Divorce declared. The king had refused

to appear by proxy. Difficulty of arguing

against the papal dispensation before the

pope. The delay of a messenger hastens

166. Laws against the pope. Supremacy of

the king. The power of bishops' courts

curtailed. Succession. Oath of supre-

167. More and Fisher sent to the Tower. The

168. Character of Sir Thomas More; and his

169. Character of Fisher; his death. Marga-

ret professorships.

170. The clergy are hated; the causes of this.

Persecutions: Bilney, Byfield, Tewksbu-

ry, Bainham, Tracy, Harding, Hewett,

Frith. Purgatory attacked.

171. Supplication of Beggars. Practice of

172. The papal supremacy not more arbitrary

than that of Henry. The Scriptures, and

the discussion of religious questions.

173. The effects of persecution; of burning

the Scriptures. Story of Tonstal.

174. Review of the Reformation. Character

of those who were chiefly instrumental in

producing it; Henry, Wolsey, Sir Tho-

mas More, Clement.

CHAPTER V. p. 54.

201. The church of England must be dated

from the divorce. The clergy irritate the

207. Proclamation of the clergy in favour of

208. General council assembled at Mantua.

Henry is summoned to appear. The

convocation and king reject the sum-

mons. Cardinal Pole writes against the

209. Surrender of monasteries; distress occa-

sioned thereby. Some religious houses

re-founded. Pilgrimage of grace. King's

letter to the bishops.

210. Northern rebellion suppressed. Many

211. The suppression of monasteries hastened

by this; a new visitation appointed; dis-

orders discovered in many of them; ex-

212. Surrenders; small benefit derived to the

crown. Shrines, &c., destroyed.

213. Bishops' book and king's book.

214. New line of policy adopted by Gardiner.

Corporal presence in the sacrament. Dif-

ficulty with regard to the Lutheran states

The sacramentaries.

215. Lambert; brought before Cranmer; ap-

peals to the king; his trial; the event of

it; he is burnt, with very great suffering.

216. Proclamation against the marriage of the

clergy. Cranmer screened.

217. The king angry with the Protestants

because they refused to grant him all

the church property. The Six Articles;

Cranmer argues against them; the penal-

ties imposed by them severe.

218. Act for the suppression of monasteries;

for the erection of new bishoprics; to

sanction the king's proclamations. Cran-

mer little affected by the law of the Six

Articles. Latimer and Shaxton resign

their sees.
Proclamation for printing

219. Henry marries Anne of Cleves. Fall of

Cromwell; Cranmer speaks for him; he
is condemned by an act of attainder.

220. Cromwell's character.

221. Henry divorced from Anne of Cleves; she

resides in England. He marries Catha- | 242. Monasteries originally rich, and useful
rine Howard. Power of the Roman Catho- as places where the arts of peace were
lics. Martyrdom of Barnes. Observation securely exercised.
of Lord Herbert on persecution.

222. Proclamation in favour of the Bible. Ex-

243.

The Danes restore monasteries. Benefit

of the right of asylum.

245. Architecture, literature, and trade pro-

ecution of the queen; an attempt to sup-244. Lay fiefs a premium on war; ecclesias

press the Bible; the examination of the tical foundations on peace, and therefore

translation referred to the universities.
practically beneficial.

223. Injunctions put forth by Bishop Bonner;

preaching forbidden. Homilies published.

Writing sermons. An act of parliament

for and against the reformers as to burn-

ing heretics and reading the Bible; great

power granted by it to the king.
"The

Necessary Doctrine" published.

224. Catharine Parr. Persecution at Wind-

sor. Plot against Cranmer; his forgiving

temper. Litany put forth in English;

with other prayers.

225. Reformers advanced to the bench. Cha-

pels and chantries given to the king;

alarm of the universities. The king's

judicious speech about religion; his per-

secuting conduct. Shaxton. Anne As-

kew burnt; her supposed connection with

226. Cranmer's danger; the ill conduct of the

council towards him. Danger of the

queen; she becomes acquainted with it,

and parries the blow.

227. Lord Surrey's execution. Danger of

attainders. Number of persons executed

during the reign. Henry's character; he

was ungrateful to his servants, but well

served; he was selfish.

228. He was possessed of considerable natu-

ral talents and virtues, but these were all

spoilt by want of restraint over himself;

cruel; liberal-minded when not irritated;

with all his vices a great instrument in

the hands of Providence, which worked

good out of evil.

229. The papal power thrown down by opi-

nion as well as law. The people taught

to think for themselves. The clergy

plundered, and deprived of the means of

acquiring wealth by the attack which

had been made on the doctrine of purga-

tory. The Bible dispersed, and children

230. Corporal presence still held. Celibacy.

The service in Latin. Ecclesiastical

courts. Auricular confession; evils of it.

231. The influence of the Reformation in Ger-

many not considerable during this reign.

232. The Protestants write to England and

France. Henry answers them. He sends

ambassadors to Smalcalde and Bruns-

wick. Agents sent to London. The

points to which they object. The act of

the Six Articles puts an end to the whole

APPENDIX A. TO CHAPTER V. p. 70.

ON THE DISSOLUTION OF MONASTERIES.

241. The question to be examined. Whether

the transfer of property aided the Refor-

mation, and whether it was beneficial.

246. By degrees they become less useful.

247. Monasteries favoured by the people,

because they supported the younger

branches of the nobility and gentry; and

were good landlords and charitable to

the poor. Celibacy directed the exer-

tions of every churchman to the exten-

sion of his order.

248. The monastic establishments would hard-

ly have been thrown down without some

external force; this was provided in the

rapacity of Henry. The doctrine of pur-

gatory examined. Many plans for the

application of the wealth of the dissolved

249. Henry's plans; construction of harbours.

Bacon's; a seminary for diplomacy.

250. Impropriations continued, a great evil.

251. Question as to the application of the

church revenues. Education promoted

by assisting those who are already pos-

sessed of the means of instruction. Uni-

versity wanted in the north of England.

252. Lands of corporate bodies are compara.

tively unproductive. Activity in educa-

tion promoted by competition.

253. Evils and hardships immediately arising

from the dissolution of monasteries.

254. It is wonderful how easily the property

was taken away from the monasteries;

it ultimately fell into the hands of the

255. At the time the transfer was most inju-

256. Destruction of property and libraries;

loss to history.

257. Many persons thrown out of employ-

ment; there were then too many agricul-

tural labourers.

258. Amount of the transfer of property; the

effects of it injurious at the time.

259. The ultimate results beneficial. Benefits

of a church establishment. The laity

chiefly instrumental in bad appointments.

APPENDIX B. TO CHAPTER V. p. 79.

DOCTRINES PREVALENT AT THE END OF THE

REIGN OF HENRY VIII.

271. Three treatises put forth by authority.

The doctrines contained in these retro-

272. The articles inserted in the Institution.

Points in which the Erudition had ad-
vanced towards the doctrines of our
church. The order of the Thirty-nine

Articles convenient for examining these

doctrines. Arrangement of the tracts

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