tion of commerce; and the orders which passed in 1670 were drawn up by his instructions and advice. He wrote Le Parfait Negociant, 4to.; and Avis et Conseils sur les plus Importantes Matieres du Commerce, 4to. He died in 1690; and out of seventeen children, whom he had by one wife, left eleven.

SAVARY (James and Philemon Lewis), two of the sons of the preceding, labored jointly on a Dictionnaire Universelle du Commerce, 2 vols. folio. This work was begun by James, who was inspector-general of the manufactures at the custom-house, Paris; who called in the assistance of his brother Philemon-Lewis, a canon of the royal church of St. Maur, and at his death left him to finish it. This work appeared in 1723, and Philemon afterwards added a third supplemental volume to the former.

SAVARY, an eminent French traveller and writer, born at Vitry, in Britanny, about 1748. He studied with applause at Rennes, and, in 1776, travelled into Egypt, where he remained about three years. During this period he was engaged in the study of the Arabian languages, in searching out ancient monuments, and in examining the national manners. He next visited the islands in the Archipelago, where he spent eighteen months. On his return to France, in 1780, he published, 1. A Translation of the Koran with a short Life of Mahomet, 2 vols. 8vo.; 2. The Morality of the Koran, or a collection of the most excellent maxims in the Koran; a work extracted from his translation, which is esteemed both elegant and faithful; 3. Letters on Egypt, in 3 vols. 8vo., in 1785. In these the author makes his observations with accuracy, and renders interesting every thing he relates; but he is censured for painting modern Egypt and its inhabitants in too high colors. These letters, however, were rapidly sold; and, encouraged by this flattering reception, he prepared his Letters upon Greece. But about this time he contracted a malady from too intense application. His digestion became languid; sleep forsook him; a dry and troublesome cough came on; his face appeared bloated, and his legs inflamed. In this situation he returned to Paris, in the beginning of 1788, to attend to the publication of his new work. He had then all the symptoms of a dangerous dropsy. His strength was exhausted, and he died on the 4th of February 1788.

SAUCE, n. s. & v. a. Fr. sause, saulse;

SAUCEPAN. Ital. salsa; Lat. salsus. Something eaten with food to improve it or give a relish to treat with sauce; hence to intermix: a sauce-pan is properly a pan for cooking sauce. The bitter sauce of the sport was that we had our honours for ever lost, partly by our own faults, but principally by his faulty using of our faults.

Sidney. Then fell she to sauce her desires with threatenings. Id. All the delights of love, wherein wanton youth walloweth, be but folly mixed with bitterness, and sorrow sauced with repentance. Epicurean cooks

Sharpen with cloyless sauce his appetite.

Spenser.

Shakspeare. Such was the sauce of Moab's noble feast, 'Till night far spent invites them to their rest. Cowley.

The SAUCISSE, or SAUCISSON, in mining, is a long pipe, sometimes made of leather, of about an inch and a half diameter, filled with powder, going from the chamber of the mine to the entrance of the gallery. It is generally placed in a wooden pipe called an auget, to prevent its growing damp. It serves to give fire to mines, bomb-chests, &c.

SAU'CY, adj. Fr. salace; Lat. salar. SAUCE BOX, n. s. Pert; petulant; rude; SAU'CILY, adv. impertinent: the adverb SAU CINESS, n. s. and noun-substantive corresponding: saucebox is an impertinent busy fellow.

With how sweet saws she blamed their sauciness,

To feel the panting heart, which through her side
Did beat their hands.

Sidney. You are more saucy with lords than the heraldry of your birth and virtue gives you commission. Shakspeare.

And if thou hast the mettle of a king, Being wronged as we are by this peevish town, Turn thou the mouth of thy artillery, As we will our's against these saucy walls. world before he was sent for, yet was his mother fair. Though this knave came somewhat saucily into the

is

Id.

Id. By his authority he remains here, which he thinks a patent for his sauciness.

Id.

A freed servant, who had much power with Claudius, very saucily had almost all the words; and, amongst other things, he asked in scorn one of the examinates, who was likewise a freed servant of Scribonianus, I pray, sir, if Scribonianus had been emperor, what would you have done? He answered, I would have stood behind his chair, and held my Bacon. peace.

It is sauciness in a creature, in this case, to reply. Bramhall.

I lose my patience, when with saucy pride By untuned ears I hear his numbers tried.

Roscommon.

Power's first pedigree from force derives, And calls to mind the old prerogatives Of free-born man; and with a saucy eye Searches the heart and soul of majesty. Denham. You sauciness, mind your pruning knife, or I may use it for you. Dryden's Don Sebastian. Imputing it to the natural sauciness of a pedant, they made him eat his words. L'Estrange. Homer, to express a man both timorous and sancy, makes use of a kind of point, namely, that he had the eyes of a dog, but the heart of a deer.

Addison's Spectator.

The foolish old poet says that the souls of some women are made of sea water: this has encouraged my saucebox to be witty upon me. jd.

A trumpet behaved himself very sauciły. Addison, This might make all other servants challenge the same liberty, and grow pert upon their masters; and, when this sauciness became universal, what less mischief could be expected than an old Scythian rebellion ? Collier on Pride. French sauver ; Lat. salvo. To make or keep safe; reserve; spare; salve;

SAVE, v. a., v. n., & adv.-
SA'VER, n. s.

SAVING, adj., adv., & n. s. SAVINGLY, adv. SA'VIOUR, n. s. embrace opportunely; preserve from eternal death; to be chief: a saver or saviour is one who preserves; rescues; keeps; the Redeemer of mankind: saving, frugal; parsimonious; and as an adverb with exception in favor of as a noun-substantive an escape of expense; exception: savingly agrees with saving as an adjective. He shall not feel quietness, he shall not save of Job xx. 20.

that which he desired.

One shall cry unto him, yet cannot he answer, nor save him out of his troubles. Isa. xlvi. 7.

We are not of them who draw back unto perdition; but of them that believe to the saving of the soul. Heb. x. 39. They were manifoldly acknowledged the savers of that country. Sidney.

But being all defeated, save a few,
Rather than fly, or be captived herself she slew.

Spenser. All this world's glory seemeth vain. And all their shows but shadows, saving me. Id. Whatsoever we read in Scripture concerning the endless love and saving mercy which God showeth towards his church, the only proper subject thereof Hooker.

is this church.

Saving the reverence due to so great a man, 1 doubt not but they did all creep out of their holes. Ray on the Creation.

Silvio, finding his application unsuccessful, was resolved to make a saving bargain; and, since he could not get the widow's estate, to recover what he had laid out of his own. Addison.

By reducing interest to four per cent. there was a considerable saving to the nation. Id.

However consonant to reason his precepts appeared, nothing could have tempted men to acknowledge him as their God and Saviour, but their being firmly persuaded of the miracles he wrought.

Id.

He who feareth God, and worketh righteousness, and perseveres in the faith and duties of our religion, shall certainly be saved. Rogers. She loved money; for she was saving, and applied her fortune to pay John's clamorous debts.

Arbuthnot's History of John Bull. Now save a nation, and now save a groat. They meanly pilfer, as they bravely fought,

Pope.

The same persons, who were chief confidents to Cromwell, foreseeing a restoration, seized the castles of merit sufficient. in Ireland, just saving the tide, and putting in a stock

Who dares affirm this is no pious age,
When charity begins to tread the stage?
When actors, who at best are hardly savers,
Will give a night of benefit to weavers?
Be saving of your candle.

Swift.

Id. Id.

Will no superior genius snatch the quill, And save me on the brink from writing ill? Young.

SAVE, a large river of Austrian Illyria, rising about six miles to the south of Villach, and flowing through a part of Styria and Croatia. After leaving the latter, it separates Sclavonia from Turkey, till it joins the Danube, between Semlin and Belgrade. Its course is at first winding; and it frequently overflows its banks. It is, however, of great importance to the trade of all the countries through which it passes, and is the medium by which the corn and tobacco of the Bannat and neighbouring provinces are interchanged.

SAVENDROOG, a celebrated but unhealthy fortress of the Mysore, Hindostan. It is situated on the summit of an immense rock, half a mile in perpendicular height, and surrounded by a thick wood. It was considered by the natives impregnable; but was taken by storm, without the loss of a man, by the British, in 1791. It was used by Hyder Aly and Tippoo Sultan as a state prison. Long. 77° 29′ E., lat. 12° 56′ N.

SAVERNE, a well built town in Alsace, department of the Lower Rhine. It is situated on the Sarre, and has a castle, formerly the residence of the bishops of Strasburg. Saverne has a great trade in woollens, leather, hardware, pottery, and tobacco, almost all manufactured in the town; and the surrounding country is productive in wine. The town contains a college, an hospital, and 6000 inhabitants. Twenty-two miles W.N.W. of Strasburgh.

SAVILE (Sir George), afterwards marquis of Halifax, was born about 1630; and, some time after his return from his travels, was created a peer, in consideration of his own and his father's merits. He was a strenuous opposer of the bill of exclusion; but proposed such limitations of the duke of York's authority as should disable him from doing any harm either in church or state, as the taking out of his hands all power in

ecclesiastical matters, the disposal of the public money, and the power of making peace and war; and lodging these in the two houses of parliament. After that bill was rejected in the house of lords, he pressed them, though without success, to proceed to the limitation of the duke's power; and began by moving that, during the king's life, he might be obliged to live 500 miles out of England. In August 1682 he was created a marquis, and soon after made lord privy-seal. Upon king James's accession he was made president of the council; but, on his refusal to consent to the repeal of the test, he was dismissed from all public employments. In that assembly of the lords which met after king James's withdrawing himself the first time from Whitehall, he was chosen president; and upon the king's return from Feversham he was sent, with the earl of Shrewsbury and lord Delamere, from the prince of Orange, to order his majesty to quit the palace at Whitehall. In the conventionparliament he was chosen speaker of the house of lords, and strenuously supported the motion for the vacancy of the throne, and the conjunctive sovereignty of the prince and princess; upon whose accession he was again made privy-seal. Yet, in 1689, he quitted the court, and became a zealous opposer of the measures of government till his death, in April 1695. He wrote, The Anatomy of an Equivalent; a Letter to a Dissenter; a Rough Draught of a new Model at Sea; and Maxims of State; all in one volume 8vo. He also published the character of king Charles II., 8vo.; the Character of Bishop Burnet, and Historical Observations upon the Reigns of Edward I., II., III., and Richard II., with Remarks upon their faithful Counsellors and false Favorites.

SAVILE, OF SAVILLE (Sir Henry), was born at Bradley, near Halifax, in Yorkshire, in 1549. He was entered of Merton College, Oxford in 1561, where he took the degrees in arts, and was chosen fellow. When he proceeded M. A., in 1570, he read for that degree on the Almagest of Ptolemy. In 1578 he travelled into France and other countries; and at his return was made tutor in the Greek to queen Elizabeth, who had a great esteem for him. In 1585 he was made warden of Merton College, which he governed thirtysix years with great honor, and improved it by all the means in his power. In 1596 he was chosen provost of Eton College. In 1619 he founded in the university of Oxford two professorships in geometry and in astronomy; which he endowed with a salary of £160 a-year besides a legacy of £600 to purchase more lands for the same use. He also furnished a library with mathematical books, near the mathematical school, for the use of his professors; and gave £100 to the mathematical chest of his own appointing adding afterwards a legacy of £40 ayear to the same chest, to the university, and to his professors jointly. He likewise gave £120 towards the new building of the schools, besides several rare MSS. and printed books to the Bodleian library; and a quantity of Greek types to the printing-press at Oxford. After a life spent in the encouragement of science and literature in general, he died at Eton College the 19th of

3.

February, 1622, in the seventy-third year of his age, and was buried in the chapel. The highest encomiums are bestowed on him by all the learned of his time: by Casaubon, Mercerus, Meibomius, Joseph Scaliger, and bishop Montague; who in his Diatriba upon Selden's History of Tythes, styles him, that magazine of learning, whose memory shall be honorable amongst not only the learned, but the righteous for ever.' His publications are, 1. Four Books of the Histories of Cornelius Tacitus, and the Life of Agricola; with Notes upon them, in folio, dedicated to queen Elizabeth in 1581. 2. A View of certain Military Matters, or Commmentaries concerning Roman Warfare, 1598. Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores Post Bedam, &c. 1596. 4. The Works of St. Chrysostom, in Greek, in 8 vols. folio, 1613. Several editions of this work were afterwards published in Paris. 5. In 1618 he published a Latin Work, written by Thomas Bradwardin, archbishop of Canterbury, against Pelagius, entitled De Causâ Dei contra Pelagium, et de Virtute Causarum; to which he prefixed the life of Bradwardin. 6. In 1621 he published a collection of his own Mathematical Lectures on Euclid's Elements, in 4to.-7. Oratio Coram Elizabetha Regina, Óxonia Habita, anno 1592. Oxford 1658, 4to. 8. He translated into Latin King James's Apology for the Oath of Allegiance. He also left several MSS. behind him, written by order of king James; all which are in the Bodleian library. Four of his letters to Camden are published by Smith, among Camden's Letters, 1691, 4to.

SAVIN, in botany. See JUNIPERUS.

SAVIOUR, ORDER OF ST., a religious order of the Romish church, founded by St. Bridget, about the year 1445, and so called from its being pretended that our Saviour himself declared its constitution and rules to the foundress. It is principally founded for religious women, who pay a particular honor to the holy virgin; but there are some monks of the order, to administer the sacrament and spiritual assistance to the nuns.

SAUL, Heb. 8, i. e. asked, the son of Kish, a rich man of Gibeah, of the tribe of Benjamin, the first king of Israel. Saul's fruitless journey seeking his father's asses; his meeting with the prophet Samuel; the interesting particulars foretold to him, with his anointing as king, about A. A. C. 1095, or A. M. 2909; his prophesying with the young prophets; his appointment by the lot; his modesty in hiding himself; his first victory over the Amorites; his rash sacrifice in the absence of Samuel; his equally rash curse; his victories over the Philistines and Amalekites; his sparing of king Agag, with the judgment pronounced against him for it; his jealousy and persecution of David; his barbarous massacre of the priests and people of Nob; his repeated confessions of his injustice to David; his consultation of the witch of En-dor; with his defeat and suicide, are recorded in 1 Sam. ix-xxxi. He reigned forty years, and died A. M. 2949

SAUMUR, a central town of France, in Anjou, situated on the southern bank of the Loire, over which it has two bridges, the one

from the northern bank to an island in the middle, and the other from the island to the southern bank. The former was much injured in the revolutionary war; but the latter, consisting of twelve elliptical arches, each of sixty feet span, is still one of the finest structures of the kind in France. The principal street, built on a line with this bridge, contains the theatre, and various other elegant buildings. The castle, situated on an eminence which commands the town, is a very ancient building, and is used as a depot for military stores. The cavalry barracks are spacious and handsome, and the town contains several squares and Roman and Celtic antiquities. Its chief attraction, however, is the beauty of the surrounding scenery. Saumur was formerly fortified, and has long been noted for Protestantism. In the time of Henry IV. the governor of this part of France, Duplessis Mornay, founded here a Protestant academy, much resorted to during the seventeenth century. It has manufactures of linen, woollens, leather, and some trade in wine and brandy. Saumur was the birthplace of madame Dacier. The road to Tours is along the banks of the Loire, on the great mound called the Leve. Twenty-seven miles south-east of Angers, and thirty-eight W. S. W. of Tours. SAUNDERS, in botany and dyeing. See PTEROCARPUS SANTALUM.

SAUNDERSON (Dr. Robert), an eminent preacher, born at Rotherham in Yorkshire, in 1587. He attended the grammar-school at Rotherham, where he made such rapid proficiency that at thirteen he was sent to Lincoln College, Oxford. In 1608 he was appointed logic reader. He took orders in 1611, and was promoted successively to several benefices. Archbishop Laud recommended him to king Charles I. as a profound casuist, who appointed him one of his chaplains in 1631. The king regularly attended his sermons, and said that he carried his ears to hear others, but his conscience to hear Saunderson. In 1642 Charles created him regius professor of divinity at Oxford and canon of Christ Church; but in 1648 he was ejected by the visitors from the parliament. When the parliament proposed the abolition of the episcopal form of church-government, Charles desired him to take the subject under his consideration. He accordingly wrote a treatise entitled Episcopacy as Established by law in England not Prejudicial to Regal Power. At the request of the celebrated Boyle, who sent him a present of £50, Saunderson published his book De Conscientia. On the restoration of Charles II. he recovered his professor hip and canonry, and soon after was made bishop of Lincoln. During the two years and a half in which he possessed this new office, he spent a considerable sum in augmenting poor vicarages, in repairing the palace at Bugden, &c. He died January 29th, 1663, in his seventysixth year. 1. In 1615 he published Logica Artis Compendium, which was the system of lectures he had read in the University. 2. Sermons, amounting to thirty-six, printed in 1681, folio, with the author's life by Walton. 3. Nine Cases of Conscience Resolved; 1678, 8vo. 4. De Juramenti Obligatione. This book was translated into English by Charles I. while a

prisoner in the Isle of Wight, and printed in London in 1665, 8vo. 5. De Obligatione Conscientiæ. 6. Censure of Mr. Antony Ascham, and of his book of the Confusions and Revolutions of Government. 7. Pax Ecclesiæ, concerning Predestination, or the Five Points. 8. Two Discourses in Defence of Archbishop Usher's Writings.

SAUNDERSON (Dr. Nicolas), born at Thurlstone in Yorkshire in 1682, lost his sight by the small-pox before he was a year old. But never. theless he was initiated into the Greek and Roman authors at a free school at Penniston After spending some years studying the languages, his father, who was in the excise, began to teach him arithmetic. He soon surpassed his father; and made long and difficult calculations without any sensible marks to assist his memory. At eighteen he was taught the principles of Algebra and geometry by Richard West, esq., of Undoorbank, who, though a gentleman of fortune, yet, being strongly attached to mathematical learning, undertook his education. Saunderson was also assisted in his mathematical studies by Dr. Nettleton. These two gentlemen read books to him and explained them. Some of his friends, who had remarked his perspicuous manner of communicating his ideas, proposed that he should attend the university of Cambridge as a teacher of mathematics. This proposal was immediately put in execution; and he was conducted to Cambridge, in his twenty-fifth year, by Mr. Joshua Dunn, a fellow-commouer of Christ's College. The subject of his lectures was the Principia Mathematica, the Optics, and Arithmetica Universalis of Sir Isaac Newton, and he was attended by a very numerous audience. When Whiston was removed from his professorship, Saunderson was universally allowed to be the man best qualified for the succession. The heads of the university applied to their chancellor, the duke of Somerset, who procured the royal mandate to confer upon him the degree of A. M. He was then elected Lucasian professor of mathematics in November 1711. He now devoted his whole time to his lectures. When George II., in 1728, visited the university of Cambridge, he expressed a desire to see professor Saunderson. He waited upon his majesty in the senate house, and was there, by the king's command, created LL. D. He was admitted F. R.S. in 1736. He was naturally of a vigorous constitution; but his sedentary life at length rendered him scorbutic. He died on the 19th of April, 1739, aged fifty-seven. He wrote a system of algebra, which was published in 2 vols. 4to. at London, after his death in 1740, at the expense of the University. Dr. Saunderson invented for his own use a Palpable Arithmetic; that is, a method of performing operations in arithmetic solely by the sense of touch. In the cabinet of medals, at Cambridge, he could single out the Roman medals with the utmost correctness; he could Iso perceive the slightest variation in the atmosphere. When he walked, he knew when he passed by a tree, a wall, or a house. He made these distinctions from the different way his face was affected by the motion of the air. In his youth he had been a performer on the flute; and

17-1

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in

rabla hatalments, it is easy to conceive that they A notert much sustance from the manufacture of foreign countries.

SARDIS, or Size, now called Siapo or SAX1, an ancient towa of Aaa, m Varolia, about forty miles east of Smyrna. It was much celeIrated in early antiquity, was enriched by the fertility of the soil, and had been the capital of the Lydian kings. It was seated on the side of mount Imolas; and the citadel, placed on a lofty hill, was remarkable for its great strength. It was the seat of king Croesus, and was in his time taken by Cyrus; after which the Persian satrap or commandant resided at Sardis, as the emperor did at Susa. The city was also taken, burnt, and evacuated by the Milesians in the time of Darius, and the city and fortress surrendered on the approach of Alexander after the battle of the Granicus. Under the Romans, Sardis was a very considerable place till the time of Tiberius Cæsar, when it suffered prodigiously by an earthquake. The munificence of the emperor, however, was nobly exerted to repair the damages. Julian attempted to restore the heathen worship in the place. He erected temporary altars where none had been left, and repaired the temples where any vestiges remain In the year 400 it was plundered by this, and it suffered considerably in the quent troubles of Asia. On the incursion Tartars, in 1304, the Turks were per del, were

10

ancient

m.neral town of Mamers The Cast of the Casin 1dded 0 ov te ver e 1 is, and when visitet ov Lanway. cam ur or ve temes. suit if the su

asdas, turty feet in faner and hearts 120 feet 1.11. Sars wel 1a7ng a rood win and feep i.ten, and a 360 the residence of one of the Persian princes

is crowded with innitants, we are E.

society of Armenians is estacished nae nity. It has a brisk trade with Astracan in interior. Lorg. 529 58 E.. lat. 35 35 N

SARISBURIENSIS Joannes), or of Sansbury, an English writer, born at i chester about 1110, and who went to Fans! 1126. He was sent by Henry II. to pose i genius, and was much patronised by him his successor, and by Thomas à Becset, * chancellor, whom he accompanied in his tes to France. When Becket was murdered. Ses bury was severely wounded in the arm, de ing him. He afterwards went to France, we he was made bishop of Chartres in 1179. He died about 1181. He wrote, 1. PolicrucE sive de Nugis Curialium, et Vestigiis Pho phorum; 2. Letters; 3. The Life of Thoms & Becket; and, 4. A Treatise upon Logic and losophy.

SARK, n. s. Sax. reynk. A shark or shr; in Scotland, a shirt.

Flaunting beaux gang with their breast open. their sarks over their waistcoats.

SARK, in geography, a British island in the English Channel, near the coast of France; about six miles east of Guernsey, on which its dependent, and west of Jersey. The climate s healthy, and the land, though sandy, sufficiently fertile to produce provisions for its inhabitants It is about two miles square, and contains about 450 inhabitants. The island is surrounded with steep rocks, and the air is in general serene, free from fogs and damps, and remarkably healthy.

SARLAT, a town, the capital of an arrordissement in the department of the Dordogne in the south-west of France, situated on the Sarlat. It has nothing interesting except a few Roman remains, the houses being ill built, and

Before the revolution it was the streets narrow. the seat of a bishop. Population 6000. Thirty miles south-east of Perigueux, and ninety-eight east by north of Bordeaux.

SARMATIA, in ancient geography, an exte